Slavery's Fugitives and the Making of the United States Constitution

"Timothy Messer-Kruse's study boldly argues that a critical factor in the convening of the Constitutional Convention of 1787 was white American fury at the British evacuation of enslaved Black Americans at the end of the Revolutionary War. Historians have well documented that after Virginia's royal governor-Lord Dunmore-offered freedom to enslaved persons in exchange for their service to the Crown in 1775, the British provided encouragement and sanctuary to them throughout the Revolutionary War. In the conflict's last years, British forces evacuated many such fugitives from Charleston and Savannah. They also gathered thousands of runaways in their last stronghold in New York City. Once the war ended, the American Continental Congress issued orders to its diplomats negotiating peace terms to demand the return of these "fugitives." As a result, in the Treaty of Paris, the British agreed not to remove any enslaved Americans. Nevertheless, as Messer-Kruse shows, when the British finally quit Manhattan, they transported with them thousands of fugitives from American slavery. Several states immediately passed laws to pressure the United Kingdom to return them by seizing Loyalist property and canceling debts to English merchants. Soon, it became apparent to patriot leaders that such state actions imperiled the peace, American trade, and the future of the West. Unlike other crises in this so-called "crucial era," there was no route for Congress to resolve state violations of a duly ratified international treaty under the Articles of Confederation. This impasse pushed key national leaders to embrace the call for a complete restructuring of the fundamental charter of government. However, even after states ratified the Constitution, the issue of the "carried-off" resonated through American society and animated such pivotal events as the Jay Treaty Controversy of 1795-1796 that bred the first formal political parties. Surprisingly, no other books link the issue of British protection of the formerly enslaved and the road to the United States Constitution. Though many historians have documented the salience of slavery in the drafting of the Constitution, none have explicitly linked it to the events leading to the Convention. Instead, the story of the determined efforts of patriot leaders to recapture formerly enslaved persons, even at the risk of renewed war and international isolation, seems to have been systematically silenced. Messer-Kruse's study is thus a novel and paradigm-shifting interpretation of America's origins that should attract much academic and popular attention"--