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Industrial pollution is the largest fountain of air offences in most of the developed world. Statistics from the U.S. Environmental Agency confirm that more than half of the nation''s total pollution is courtesy of industry. What''s more, six out of every ten people in the United States live in urban areas and are currently inhaling these bi-products. The consequence of air misuse is glaring: approximately four percent of all deaths in the United States are attributed to air pollution. This book highlights the sources and effects of air pollution, and also puts forth solutions. Successful pollution prevention is essential to our future well-being. Quintessential to this end, is prevention through education; the goal of this publication.

"Advances in Medicine and Biology" presents original research results on the leading edge of medicine and biology. Each article has been carefully selected in an attempt to present substantial research results across a broad spectrum. This book discusses research on topics such as the cardiac signalling of insulin and oestrogen hormones and protein kinase B; collaboration and conflict within maternity care; mass spectrometry studies in carnitine homeostasis; role of protein kinase B in nociception and chronic pain conditions; maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index; hydrogenases and nitrogenases as key enzymes in the production of H2 in the biological process; L-acetylcarnitine and Rett Syndrome; somatostatins and their receptors; diode laser in Stapes surgery; and CWH ubiquitin ligases and how they regulate key cellular events.

Ceramic materials are usually considered as most brittle since they are full of defects, sometimes difficult to determine, that affect all their properties, from functional to mechanical. This book presents the most recent advances in the synthesis, processing and characterization of some ceramic materials. Hybrid organoceramics, lead-free piezoelectric ceramics, dental zirconia, raw clays and scintillator materials are presented, as well as different methods to evaluate their suitability for certain applications, such as a new approach based on the response surface methodology, the instrumented nanoindentation, or the use of thermal phonons. The relationship between functional characteristics of these materials and the manufacturing technology used to obtain them is also discussed in some chapters. A full review of a novel processing method to fabricate ceramic nanocomposites using SPS is also included.

Millions of Americans currently use mobile devices (eg: cellphones, smartphones, and tablet computers) on a daily basis to communicate, obtain internet-based information, and share their own information, photographs, and videos. Given the extent of consumer reliance on mobile interactions, it is increasingly important that these devices be secured from expanding threats to the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of the information they maintain and share. This book explores the current challenge of threats and controls to mobile device security with a focus on cyber threats to mobile devices; wireless device theft; and how to protect the data on your phone.

In today''s world of smart phones, smart grids, and smart cars, companies are collecting, storing, and sharing more information about consumers than ever before. Although companies use this information to innovate and deliver better products and services to consumers, they should not do so at the expense of consumer privacy. This book provides an overview for how companies can act now to implement best practices to protect consumers'' private information. These best practices would include making privacy the "default setting" for commercial data practices and give consumers greater control over the collection and use of their personal data through simplified choices and increased transparency. Implementing these best practices will enhance trust and stimulate commerce.

This continuing series presents original research results on the leading edge of psychology. Each article has been carefully selected in an attempt to present substantial results across a broad spectrum. This book reviews research on cognitive illusions and its impact on reasoning, judgement and decision-making; glutamatergic neurotransmission through N-methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) receptor and its role in the pathophsyiology of schizophrenia; humanistic psychology and the mental health worker; inefficient neural control of attention in adolescent chronic cannabis abuse; behavioural choice paradigms and their mathematical representation; epistemological and clinical conceptions of perversion; critical variables in cognitive-behavioural therapy for paediatric and adult obsessive-compulsive disorders; cyber-bullying risk and protective factors; stigma and substance use disorders; and a transworld eogism and empathy study.

This series examines issues and economic matters particular to small businesses. The term Small Enterprise (or Small Organisation) is sometimes used for this same category of business or organisation. A small enterprise/organisation may also be a non-profit organisation. This volume covers several topics including: the increasing importance of credit unions in small business lending; an analysis of small business innovation in green technologies; and understanding small business activity at the state level.

In this book, the authors present current research in the study of the psychology of judgement. Topics discussed include the neuroanatomical basis and consequences for cognitive competence and risk-taking behaviours in adolescents; patients'' judgement of health risk when their personal time differs from their physicians'' time horizon; the theoretical and empirical commonalities of the theory of mind and moral judgement; and body image judgements with regard to self-esteem and eating disorders.

Congress has broad authority to impose requirements upon the federal procurement process, or the process whereby agencies obtain goods and services from the private sector. One of the many ways in which Congress has exercised this authority is by enacting measures intended to promote contracting and subcontracting with "small businesses" by federal agencies. This book describes and analyses measures that Members of the 112th Congress have enacted or proposed in response to particular issues pertaining to small business contracting and subcontracting with a focus on legal authorities; contract "bundling"; small business set-aside programs; and "preference contracts".

This book examines select research topics in the study of entrepreneurship. Technological growth, entrepreneurship, and unemployment influence each other in numerous ways, forming a trio of inter-related components. This book empirically explores the interrelationship between entrepreneurship, unemployment, and growth in a dynamic context using vector autoregression (VAR) with panel data across sectors of the U.S. economy. Also discussed are immigrant entrepreneurs and small business owners and their access to financial capital; factors affecting entrepreneurs among veterans; and an assessment as to whether the U.S. bankruptcy system is effective in providing small businesses a "fresh start" after a bankruptcy filing.

In this book, the authors discuss the structure, technology and applications of sapphire. Topics include the advances in machining technology of sapphire wafers; the growth and surface investigations of synthetic sapphire; laser-assisted micro-fabrication of sapphire; and the heat-physical processes of sapphire crystal growth by horizontal directed crystallisation.

This book examines the design technologies and developments in refrigeration systems. Topics discussed include sorption refrigeration systems; improving the performance of heat pumps in air-conditioning plants by using membrane contactor dehumidification/regeneration systems; the correct size of the condenser as one of the significant issues for the optimal performance of refrigerating and air conditioning systems; prototyping and experimental evaluation of an air filtration system; and irreversible estimation possibilities of an absorption refrigeration cycle.

In this book, the authors gather and present research from across the globe in the study of the political, economic and social issues of developing countries. Topics discussed include food security in Yemen; urban housing and social development in Nigeria; beef production in Southern Africa; NGOs partnering with universities to overcome evaluation challenges; colorectal cancer in relation to country development; social health protection and maternal health and the Millennium Development Goals; improving economic growth in South Africa; disparity in trauma burden between high-income countries and low- and middle-income countries; energy system transition research for developing countries; and skills and business cycle in Uruguay.

Balancing the capacity enhancing needs of the national airspace system with the need to protect the environment can be challenging. The FAA estimates that the annual number of passengers travelling by air in the United States will grow from 750 million in 2012 to over 1 billion by 2023. It also forecasts a corresponding 20 percent increase in the number of flights, which could add to existing flight delays and air traffic congestion. Even while the aviation system has grown and continues to grow, airports have sought to limit the environmental impacts generated by their construction and operations - such as noise, water, air, and waste pollution - in part, to meet applicable legal requirements. However, airports'' environmental impacts have been a source of friction with neighbouring communities. This book addresses the actions that airports have taken to reduce the environmental impacts of airport operations and development; and the strategies they can adopt to mitigate delays in implementing capital projects and operational changes.

According to Homeland Security Presidential Directive 10 (HSPD-10): Biodefense for the 21st Century, a national bioawareness capability providing early warning, detection, or recognition of a biological weapon attack is an essential component of biodefense. To contribute to this national capability, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) operates the BioWatch program, which uses routine laboratory testing designed to detect an aerosolised biological attack for five specific biological agents considered high risk for use as biological weapons. The BioWatch program is a federally-managed, locally operated system with collectors deployed primarily in outdoor locations in more than 30 major metropolitan areas. This book provides an overview of the BioWatch Generation-3 Acquisition program with a focus on meeting mission needs for effective biosurveillance.

The 2007-2009 financial crisis focused attention on weaknesses in the U.S. regulatory structure, including the lack of an agency or mechanism responsible for monitoring and addressing risks across the financial system and a shortage of timely information to facilitate that oversight. In response to the crisis, Congress passed the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (Dodd-Frank Act) in July 2010, which provided a broad range of regulatory reforms. Among many other things, the act established the Financial Stability Oversight Council (FSOC) to monitor the stability of the U.S. financial system and take actions to mitigate risks that might destabilise the system. This book provides an overview of elements and assessments of the Financial Stability Oversight Council and Office of Financial Research with a focus on Frequently Asked Questions.

Income tax rates have been at the centre of recent policy debates over taxes. Some policy-makers have argued that raising tax rates, especially on higher income taxpayers, to increase tax revenues is part of the solution for long-term debt reduction. For example, the Senate recently passed the Middle Class Tax Cut, which would allow the 2001 and 2003 Bush tax cuts to expire for taxpayers with income over $250,000. The Senate recently considered legislation, the Paying a Fair Share Act of 2012, that would implement the "Buffett rule" by raising the tax rate on millionaires. Other recent budget and deficit reduction proposals would reduce tax rates. This book examines individual income tax rates since 1945 in relation to these arguments and seeks to establish what, if any, relationship exists between the top tax rates and economic growth, using statistical analysis.

Despite the increasing success of conventional medical treatment and the continued development and improvement of mechanical revascularization approaches, a significant number of patients continue to have severe angina. This volume is intended to present a clear and concise up-to-date understanding of the pathophysiology and management concepts of stable ischemic heart disease (SIHD). This book reflects the key issues relevant to practising cardiologists and internists in their care of patients with SIHD and summarizes the clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of SIHD in an easy to read format. In particular, it provides a scientific evidence-based management approach to patients with suspected and diagnosed SIHD in clinical settings.

This book explores specific theories on ageing grounded through examination of several issues in social welfare. The book will review different understandings of becoming and being old and how these have been reflected in society in general and social policy in particular. The text aims to explore current debates about ageing populations as well as to understand issues affecting individual older people. A key focus is the crucial relationship between old age and the welfare state, to a large extent concerned with the provision of support to older people. It attempts to understand and evaluate these important welfare issues by exploring conceptual coverage derived from both macro and micro theories of ageing.

This book profiles Venezuela with a focus foreign relations and human rights issues. Under the rule of populist President Hugo Chavez, first elected in 1998 and reelected to a six-year term in December 2006, Venezuela has undergone enormous political changes, with a new constitution and unicameral legislature, and even a new name for the country, the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela. Human rights organizations have expressed concerns about the deterioration of democratic institutions and threats to freedom of expression under the Chavez government. Venezuela is scheduled to hold its next presidential election on 7 October 2012, with President Chavez running against Henrique Capriles Radonski, the unified opposition candidate. While Chavez''s continued popularity and use of state resources bode well for his re-election, high rates of crime, inflation, and other economic problems could erode his support. Looking ahead, however, Chavez''s health status, after recovering from two bouts of an undisclosed form of cancer, raise questions about Venezuela''s political future.

This book examines the federal prison population in the United States with a focus on growing inmate crowding and the eligibility and capacity impact to reduce inmates'' time in prison. Issues discussed include the effects of a growing federal prison population on operations within the Bureau of Prisons (BOP) facilities and the extent to which BOP has taken actions to mitigate these effects. Also discussed is the extent to which BOP utilizes its authorities to reduce a federal prisoner''s period of incarceration.

In this book, the authors discuss the stereotypes and myths, psychology and role of culture in masculinity and femininity gender issues. Topics include student teachers'' changing perceptions of gender advantages and disadvantages in the New Zealand primary school environment; the performance of black masculinity in Michael Jackson''s "Bad" video; masculinity among Latino men in the wake of Arizona''s 1070 Senate bill; changing masculinity norms in China and India from advertising-based observations; "Mulan" and western military mothers; gendered attitudes, beliefs and behaviors of Latino and Caucasian men; the effect of culture and gender on the relationship between justice and organizational outcomes in Korea and Malaysia; measuring gender myths and gender-sensitive research in experimental psychology; and the influence of perceived masculinity upon college males'' health and wellness.

In this book, the authors discuss the occurrences, physical properties and applications of spinels. Topics include optical spectroscopy of transition metals in a-ZnAl2S4 wide band gap semiconductors; development of spinel NiZn ferrites for power field applications; spinel ferrites as catalysts for light alkanes combustion; application of magnesium spinel nanometric coating on aluminum oxide as an ionizing radiation sensor for personal and environmental dosimetry; chromium spinel oxides in high magnetic fields; the structural behavior of natural Cr-bearing spinels compared with synthetic ones; negative temperature coefficient thermistors based on spinel-type ceramics; and synthesis of high surface area MgAl2O4 spinel particles by a new method.

In this book, the authors present current research in the study of the functions, health benefits and adverse effects of beta-carotene. Topics include the role of carotenoids and its metabolites in adipocyte biology; B-carotene and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gammas; beta-carotene''s effects on human health and its applications in food; the different formulations and techniques useful for beta-carotene stabilization and administration; and the effects of dietary beta-carotene on lung function, respiratory symptoms and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

We know that taking steps now to prevent disease before it starts is crucial to keeping people healthier, living longer, and reducing health care costs. Yet, health systems around the globe continue to focus more attention and devote enormous resources on medical services to treat illnesses and injuries after the fact rather than taking steps to prevent them from occurring in the first place. Each of the articles presented in this book are examples of innovative community efforts that take a step back from the common practice of merely treating medical conditions, and instead implement effective prevention strategies that address the underlying conditions that lead to death, illness, injury, and health inequities. This book provides a glimpse into some public health prevention projects being carried out in diverse communities around the globe. Each chapter offers details about a unique problem faced within a community, the prevention strategies and partnerships that were developed, and the results that were achieved.

Aggression, as a psychologically hostile and violent behaviour, is an act intended to cause physical, mental or social harm, particularly between members of the same species. While we often think of aggressive behaviour as physical violence, psychologists also consider instances of a more subtle nature. For example, using rumour to damage another''s reputation and public ridicule are both forms of social aggression. In this book, the authors present current research in the study of aggressive behaviour. Topics include evolutionary perspectives on aggression; impulsive-aggressive behaviour in adolescents; new methods for predicting dominant individuals in mammalian social structure (Sazepuri method); dealing with aggressive patients in healthcare; children''s aggressive behaviour in cultural context; and prenatal smoking, anger regulation and impulsive aggressive behaviours.

Filled with novel research and actionable ideas, Perspectives in Leadership offers a unique collection of concepts and findings related to leadership practices in a variety of settings and situations. Within this book, a distinguished group of leadership experts offers a variety of theoretical, empirical, and practical contributions to the study of leadership. Whether the reader is a student, an academic researcher, a leadership consultant, or a practical leader, this book is designed to share information that can help enhance leadership performance. In a contemporary business environment, leadership at every level throughout an organizational construct is a requisite for company-wide resilience and survival. Each chapter within Perspectives in Leadership presents information related to an array of means that can influence operations of organizations and the people that comprise them. The authors'' collective central theme posits that leadership is everyone''s business albeit practices may vary depending upon circumstances applied. Written in a reader-friendly manner this book, grounded in leadership theory, conveys fundamental aspects of leadership within each chapter and illustrates applicability to real-life leadership situations.