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While the recruitment of Social Media within a firm's media plan is today nearly considered a ¿routine activity' in the vast majority of sectors, the same cannot be asserted for what concerns Social Media's adoption by industries where the Value Chain is greatly influenced by the interaction between economics, management and creative and intellectual attributes. In fact, for what concerns these sectors, the adoption of these latter has been very recent and has developed exponentially only within the last couple of years. Six different real initiatives, carried by six different companies pertaining to either the Luxury or Fashion (both low and high end) sectors have been reported and analyzed. The acclaimed discretion that these industries apply to their numbers and other types of data impaired the possibility to carry a respectable quantitative analysis. The conclusions were hence mainly drawn by the study of the six cases and supported in part by some unofficial numbers retrieved by reliable sources such as Audiweb, the Social Media Monitoring program ¿Scoutlabs' and reports from the consulting companies Nielsen and McKinsey.

With ever increasing investments both by industry and Government together with complications of the continuous explosion in technology, considerable inflation in ,cost of materials, labour, energy, etc and the changing international and national environments, decisions based on initial costs have often proved to be counter-productive and uneconomical. In particular, where public money is involved, it becomes necessary to ensure the maximum benefits out of every investment. In this situation, a systematic methodology for assessing the total cost of an asset or proposed investment over its entire operating life, particularly to equate various choices open to the decision making authority, becomes essential. Life Cycle costing is a method to arrive at such an economic equitable assessment of competing design alternatives.

This is an Educational research endeavor to apply Robert Gagne''s Instructional Design to infuse Thinking and Problem Solving skills into the instructional process of a specific discipline. It is an attempt to enhance the process of Thinking and Problem Solving skills among secondary school students. The Instructional lessons designed intended to achieve the selected learning outcomes, viz., Concept learning, Principle learning and Problem Solving learning which in turn intended the enhancement of Thinking and Problem Solving Skills in general. The Effectiveness of the Gagne''s Instructional Design was tried out on students of High, Average and Low Intelligence. This study has implications for the design and development of Instructional Materials in line with Gagne''s Instructional Design to achieve different learning outcomes. This has been found to be a systematic strategy to improve classroom instruction across various disciplines. The contents of this book are of much use to the school teachers and researchers interested in Designing Instruction and involved in Thinking and Problem Solving Research.

Infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after one year of regular intercourse without the use of contraception. In the African setting infertility is seen as a violation of socially accepted norms. Parenthood is also considered culturally mandatory making the event of childlessness unacceptable. It not only contributes to psychological distress and challenges marital interactions, it also plays a key role in the loss of social security, status and gender identity. Unexplained infertility is diagnosed when the routine investigation of semen analysis, tubal patency and assessment of ovulation show no abnormality and the couple have engaged in regular sexual intercourse. It is therefore a diagnosis of exclusion. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of homoeopathic similimum treatment in females pre-diagnosed with unexplained infertility using case studies. Cases were evaluated holistically using fertility and related fertility parameters. General and concomittant symptoms were included in each individual's holistic case. The male partner was also required to be free of structural and functional pathology.

Individuals have been successfully recovering from binge-eating disorder applying the same twelve-steps used in recovery from alcoholism for over 50 years. Binge-eating disorder affects millions of people and it is very difficult to treat. There can be multiple related problems such as depression, low self-esteem, anxiety, family issues as well as serious health related problems. This book takes a close look at 20 individuals successfully recovering from binge-eating disorder. Specific aspects of what contributes to successful recovery are described. Examples of individuals recovery experiences can help provide clinicians working with eating disorders ideas for helping their clients.

Biological hydrogen production is becoming important in the renewable fuels panorama and quite promising in the succession of fuels evolution with several technical, socio-economic and environmental benefits. Among the biological approaches, dark fermentation represents a promising and environmental process to achieve hydrogen from a wide variety of low-cost renewable feedstock. This book, can be useful to understand the basis of the process for a real scale application considering energy and practical aspects. To reach this goal, it was followed an experimental approach to find out the biological parameters and dynamics which influence the hydrogen production. Then, to obtain the energy sustainability of the whole process, the attention was focused into the integration of dark H2 bioreactor with other biotechnologies, in order to valorize the end liquid products. These attracting proposed systems can be taken in consideration as alternatives to develop cost- effective energy generator by organic refuse treatment.

Firewalls became an indispensable part of computer networks. Corporations buy commercial firewalls or use open source firewall software packages to meet their need. Most of these are Linux or FreeBSD based and few of them are OpenBSD based, which has few features or are command line tools. In this project, creating an OpenBSD based firewall software package, which has a graphical user interface, an extensible infrastructure and targets embedded systems, has been aimed.Firstly firewall has been described and then previous studies about firewall software packages have been discussed. Since this study aims OpenBSD operating system and embedded hardware, the basics of OpenBSD and the design decisions for an embedded system have been discussed. Finally the infrastructure of the implementation of this study has been explained.

The present study was designed to examine the relationship between emotional intelligence''s dimensions of employees working in service companies located in Penang and their organizational citizenship behaviors as perceived by their current supervisors in organization and to examine whether job control moderates the relationship between emotional intelligence''s dimensions and organizational citizenship behavior''s dimensions. Hypotheses were tested with 104 respondents received from 2 organizations. Results indicated that the appraisal, expression, and regulation of emotions in oneself is the most important dimension for all OCB''s dimension except for conscientiousness, it was found that the appraisal, expression, and regulation of emotions in others is the most important dimension. Also, it was found that job control only moderated the relationship between emotional intelligence''s dimensions and helping behavior dimension. Implications and limitations are also discussed and recommendations are provided for future research.

This book sets out the historical context of the current food legislation in Kenya showing the historical connection of Kenyan food law with the British food law system on which it is largely based for format. It illustrates the mechanisms through which Kenya formulates, develops and enforces its food laws and discusses the various processes through which food legislation is achieved. It examines enactment, enforcement, the role of the Kenya Bureau of Standards, and other regulatory agencies, as well as the various influences on food legislation in Kenya. The book also briefly deals with international food legislation while examining any influences these food laws may have had on the current Kenya food law system and may have in the future. The broad requirements of food import/export control systems as modelled on the work of the Codex Food Import/Export Inspection and Certification Committee are also covered adequately. It is written for final year students of Food Science and Technology, Food Marketing, Food Law and practitioners in the food industry as well as post- graduate students of Food Science and Food Law.

The aim of this study is to provide a framework of principal issues to be addressed and their application in promoting tourism destinations. In the first section, the context of tourism destination marketing is outlined and the value- chain approach is briefly presented. In the second section a review of the strategic marketing approach is carried out. The next section addresses and highlights the main issues and aspects of clustering; i.e. clusters' applications within tourism industry, their activities, as well as their contribution and benefits resulting at destination level, illustrated by a case study. The forth section consists of a comprehensive approach to electronic marketing, an issue of special interest in destination marketing. It explores the contribution of ICT and the use of viral marketing and social networks. A very recent study is presented, illustrating the advantages as well as the limits of the Internet in promoting tourism services. The study completes with conclusions, marketing implications and recommendations contributing to improve effectiveness and efficiency in destination marketing.

Leather is an important economic commodity. The feel of the leather invariably decides the quality of the leather. The rate and mode of drying alters the physico-mechanical properties of the leather significantly. Typically, in leather manufacture wet leathers with about 70% moisture levels are subjected to mechanical squeezing operation, samming, for removal of freely held water before subjecting to conventional drying processes to produce leathers with 15¿ 20% moisture. Experiments are conducted to gain a clear picture of how drying variable affects the mechanical properties of dried leathers. Shorter drying time and proper initial water content are favorable conditions to produce stronger and softer leather. Possibility have been explored of using mass quantity such as drying rate to generalize relationship between drying variables and mechanical properties. From the experiments, it can be concluded that by vacuum drying process stronger and softer leather can be achieved, which will have high tensile strength, grain crack strength and tongue tear strength. Further they would not undergo any wear and tear during finishing processes.

The use of XLPE insulation for high voltage and extra high voltage power cables is increasing. The new cable systems are installed in the field and inaccurate assembling of cable accessories could result in the precence of deffects.The after laying test is performed in the new cable system to check the quality of cable system installation.Also partial discharge test is usually carried out after cable system maintenance. In this book the author used a new technology for on-site withstand tests and partial discharge measurement of XLPE underground power cable system.In this book two methods of testing are presented ,power frequency test and variable frequency (20-300 Hz)test.

A critical reading and interpretation of key Bonhoeffer texts, including 'Sanctorum Communio', 'Discipleship' and 'Life Together'. Analysis of these texts is integrated with an exploration of Bonhoeffer's personal development, as interpreted by his biographer, Eberhard Bethge. Particular attention is given to the intentional community at Finkenwalde during the years 1935-1937 with a view to assessing Bonhoeffer's monastic convictions. It is these convictions that allow us to compare Finkenwalde with the contemporary movement known as New Monasticism. If we can connect the two, we have argued for the recognition of Bonhoeffer's training experiment as a prototype community of the New Monasticism, and located the beginning of a discrete era - not only in monasticism, but in the history of Christianity.

Fractal forms found in nature have the potential to create a resonant aesthetic, which may also provide restorative effects from stress. This study tested 36 participants for physiological effect during stress and recovery while viewing four art images, a Pollock, a savannah, an abstract and a plain grey field. When compared to a grey field the Pollack image with a fractal dimension of 1.5 was shown to be restorative by physiological response as measured by blood volume amplitude during stress. When compared to a grey field the savannah with a fractal dimension of 1.4 though not statistically significant, yielded a trend toward restoration. No statistical differences were found between the savannah and Pollock images; supporting the hypothesis that the underlying fractal form, not just nature, provides for a restorative effect. Fractal forms provide designers a tool for creating spaces which can conform to aesthetic and cultural preference.

Transparent oxide semiconducting films have continued to receive considerable attention, from a fundamental and application-based point of view, primarily because of their useful fundamental properties. Of particular interest is zinc oxide (ZnO), an n-type semiconductor that exhibits excellent optical, electrical, catalytic and gas-sensing properties, and has many applications in various fields. In this work, thin film transistor (TFT) arrays based on ZnO have been prepared by reactive radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering. The sputtering process was carried out at room temperature with no intentional heating. The aim of this is to prepare ZnO thin films with stable semiconducting electrical properties to be used as the active channel in TFTs; and to understand the role of intrinsic point defects in device performance and stability. The effect of oxygen (O2) adsorption on TFT device characteristics is also investigated. TFTs incorporating silicon dioxide, and different high-k dielectrics are also investigated.

This work deals maily with following areas of XRD line profile analysis: In chapter II methods of precise and accurate estimation of crystallographic parameters using statistical techniques such as maximum likelyhood method & Min-Max method, have been developed and applied to extract different crystallographic parameters. In Chapter III methods were developed to ascertain which analytical function can describe an experimentally observed XRD peak best. In chapter IV short-commings of Voigt & pseudo- Voigt functions when subjected to Warren Averbach and variance method of size-strain analysis ,were discussed. In Chapter V a new method of structure refinement - an alternative to the rietveld method, was proposed and applied to powder data of tungsten oxide .This method requires no apriori assumption regarding the functional nature of observed peaks .

Community Based Organizations are self-help movements/associations.These organisations play important roles in the development of the rural areas in Nigeria.Such organisations as the Mwaghavul Development Association have come to harness communal efforts for development especially where government efforts directed to projects such education,commerce and agriculture have fialed to address local needs. Mwaghavul Development Association embarks on such projects of mutual benefits in addition to being a social network for communal living and political mobilization.The study assesses the strength of this organisation in the provision of infrastructures like roads,school, hospitals, banks etc,aimed at developing the local community. The recommendations reached as a result of the findings is that the organization have done quite well in providing education.The organisation should priorities by embarking on revenue yielding activities. The findings are relevant in explaining the need for the utilisation of self-help development spirits more vigorously.This work is important for students interested in Nigeria community development and Local Government.

In recent years it has emerged that SME's are the backbone of the European economy and a major source of entrepreneurial innovation and skills. Very little academic literature exists on how these enterprises cope with decision making and how family owned enterprises differ in their decision making processes. This book investigates decision logic and outcomes, drawing conclusions as to whether these determine organisational performance and goals. The case study entrepreneurial team is explored by applying theories in relation to their cognitive processes and decision making. Heuristics, biases and entrepreneurial characteristics are prevalent and although difficult to eliminate completely, they can be used to the organisations advantage in conjunction with decision making modes. Finally, exit strategies and recommendations are offered to the entrepreneurial team to ensure the companies long term prosperity and survival.

The book depicts processes for making industrial graphite products from both natural and synthetic graphite. State of art in this subject up to date has been covered in the book. Commercial aspect of making industrial graphite products have been discussed in the book. This book while will serve as a reference material for graduate and research students, will also serve as a source material for information related to industrial graphite products.

The objective of the harnessing of such non-conventional energy sources could be achieved in a big way by the development of the suitable low cost generating systems. The self excited induction generator (SEIG) is a suitable power generation source utilizing renewable energy sources due to its advantages as compared to conventional synchronous generator. SEIG can generate single phase and three phase power using three phase induction motor. The SEIG has a major drawback of poor voltage regulation. For this purpose, a suitable control scheme is to be developed such that the load on the SEIG remains constant despite the change in the consumer load. One way to regulate the voltage and frequency of the SEIG is to maintain a constant load at its terminals. Also, such control scheme should be simple, economical, rugged and reliable. The use of DSP gives cost effective solution with least hardware complexity. The performance of SEIG can be further improved with STACOM based controller for reactive power compensation or voltage source converter with bidirectional active and reactive power flow capability.

In this age of immense sources of information and media for communication, people are vulnerable to manipulation by various kinds of ideologies unless they have the skills necessary for critical thinking. Also, mere intake of information without processing it so as to make it useful to understand and connect with other related ideas, and to judge the value of the outcome, would create a person perhaps full of information, but not useful knowledge. In language teaching classes, peer feedback discussions, commonly used in cooperative learning classrooms, are a good environment for the practice of critical thinking skills. However, in the literature, the choice of language during such discussions has received little attention, as has the issue of whether critical thinking skills are transferable between first and second language. The purpose of this work, therefore, is to investigate whether there are qualitative or quantitative differences in the critical thinking expressed in these discussions when they are conducted in first and second language.

In the era of digital technologies many field- geologists still find it difficult to dismiss the analogical instrumentation they usually employ in their outdoor activities. They are still bound to paper maps and coloured pencils for collecting and recording data. This book is devoted to those geologists looking for an help to make a step in the digital era and take advance of all benefits of new technologies. The book is written as a technical manual and covers with an high level of detail the whole workflow from data schematization to result dissemination. The steps involved cover the analysis of to-be-collected information, the choice of most suitable hardware, the adoption and customization of software, the on-field best practices, the office data reworking, the 2D geological map dissemination and, as the final glimpse, the data transfer to 3D modelling environments. Most of the suggested software is either open source or freeware. Commercial software is used just where no adequate free tool is available for the specific purpose.

Mountain bike suspension systems have been designed to improve riding performance and comfort for the cyclist. Additionally, a suspension system may reduce fatigue, energy expenditure, and enhance time trial performance. It has also been proposed, however, that using a rear suspension system on a mountain bike may be detrimental to the cyclist, causing the cyclist¿s energy to be dissipated via the rear suspension system. This book presents an investigation into mountain bike suspension systems and their effect on rider performance, quantifying the dynamic loads exerted on the bike frame and rider. Both the psychological and physiological effects of using a rear suspension system on cross-country cycling are also considered.

How does one ¿teach¿ social justice? How can teacher educators present issues of equity that have relevance to teachers and their students? What strategies can be employed to teach this critical discipline? What inspires teachers to initiate action and lead change? Social justice advocates and educators must ask these questions if they are to succeed in teaching social justice. This book explores the power of the expressive arts to identify, examine, and address issues of inequity in the context of social justice teacher education. Current literature outlines effective social justice teacher education including identity, reflection, and dialogue. However, little has been written about the utilization and power of the arts as a pedagogical tool in general teacher education for social justice. This book provides a study of the author''s journey as she develops a ¿palpable pedagogy¿ to teach social justice education through the arts. It will provide welcome insights and guidance for teacher educators and teachers on how the expressive arts can be utilized to catalyze social justice learning and leadership.

The lack of pediatric drug formulation for the existing as well as new molecules is a worldwide concern. Pediatricians are forced to fragment adults'' dosage forms. For quinine, tablets (200 or 300 mg quinine sulphate)are broken to get pediatric doses. The author observed weight variations when quinine tablets were broken into halves and quarters and proposed pellets as alternative to tablet breaking since they offer more flexibility for the dose adaptation to the child body weight. Taste-masked pellets of 300¿700 µm of diameter have been produced. The bioavailability of quinine formulated as taste-masked pellets was good compared to the tablets on the market. Quinine efficacy was assessed in 56 children under five years'' age. The mean Parasitaemia Clearance Time (PCT) was 72.8 ± 16.5 h. Concentrations during steady state (10.4 ± 2.1-14.9 ± 1.0 µg/ml)were in the therapeutic range. No treatment failure was observed, making thereby taste-masked quinine sulphate pellets a means for flexible dose adaptation to the body weight of children during malaria treatment.

Almost all of the breakthroughs in understanding the ocean have been initiated by observations, using a range of instrumental techniques. Nowadays, satellite application is a good answer to the common requirement of meteorology and oceanography for comprehensive information on the ocean and atmosphere. Many different instruments have been installed on earth observation satellites. Among them the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is the only instrument which up to now can provide high-resolution, two dimensional sea surface information on a global scale. Written as a comprehensive introduction to the techniques of SAR application into ocean for the oceanographic scientist, research student or undergraduate. It focuses on the systematic validation and comparison of met-ocean parameters like significant wave height, wind speed and mean wave period obtained from ERS SAR image using empirical algorithms, in situ and satellite observations, reanalysis and model results.

The present research is concerned in analyzing the auditorium buildings in terms of all factors relating to architecture, buildings and activities. A critical study has been done on the examples of well known auditoriums. Information about their architects, construction dates, plan form, section, elevation, and seating arrangements was given. The developments in auditoriums in the last fifty years were studied. With this study it is hoped to give design ideas for new auditoriums, and designers of contemporary auditoriums. The study aims to become a kind of reference for those who will be designing new auditoriums. It is important to note that all these researches have contributed to close the gap between design and developments, and attribute to developing the interactions between man and architecture. The research is divided into three parts: Part one is the context provided, background information, classification of the auditoriums, history of auditoriums and the methodology of the research. Part two contained the data and the analysis of developments in auditorium design. Part three covers discussion and conclusion of the research.

This book is concerned with developing a self-balancing two- wheeled robot. The robot is a based on the classical inverted pendulum control problem. The main focus of this book is how to design a suitable controller to keep the robot balancing at the upright position. This involves writing a control code for the robot to balance and modifications of the robot design structure. A secondary objective is to investigate the robot''s ability to be in motion whilst balancing. A robot controller has been designed and simulated using Simulink© environment to study the robot response. Afterwards, a controlling code has been implemented and deployed on the robot microcontroller board to study the realtime response of the robot. Detailed simulations and programming code steps are provided and explained in full within the book chapters. A study and analysis of the robot behaviour is presented to show the robot response to the controller. The design had many constraints and challenges. Proposed solutions were demonstrated and applied. This book will provide researchers of this classical problem a demonstration of how to apply a simple controlling algorithm to similar problems.

In 21st century, social networks and blogs are gaining a lot of popularity among youth. Social networking sites and blogs have played a crucial role in bridging boundaries and crossing the seas and enabling them to communicate on a common platform. It has become a popular and a potential mean for them to stay friends with the existing ones and to grow up their social circle at least in terms of acquaintances. Through this book, I try to find out the impact of social networks and blogs on buy behavior of consumer influencing their personal and professional lives. The book is initiated with the definition of the objective followed with the research methodology used along with the research design, sample size, methods used for the purpose of conducting survey followed by the brief description of the most popular sites and the issues of concern which have come up along the way in all these years since these sites gained popularity are discussed. The next part of the research has the literature surveys comprise of different theories, terminology followed by some practical examples.

Toxins can be defined by many ways on basis of origin, chemical nature and site of actions. Any microbial product, when present at low concentration in cells or tissues of a higher organism, can cause injury by interfering with the structural and functional integrity of those cells or tissues. Toxins are produced by bacteria, fungi, algae and various other micro-organisms. This review will put some light on various types of microbial toxins their structure and function and how they affect the human body. The book is of benefit to all the students of microbiology, biochemistry medical science, biotechnology and to all individuals interested in the subject.