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Gamma-ray Burst Correlations presents an overview of the observational correlations; their physical interpretations, their use as redshift estimators, and their potential use as cosmological tools. The author describes the existing correlations as well as broaching the possible meaning and controversy behind the results of several GRB correlations.

Gas-Phase Chemistry in Space is written by a collection of experts in the field of astrochemistry. The book introduces essential concepts that govern the formation, excitation and destruction of molecules at postgraduate and research levels. A broad range of topics are covered; from early universe chemistry and stellar nucleosynthesis, to the study of bimolecular reaction kinetics.

Generalized Hypergeometric Functions explores the way in which hypergeometric functions are interlinked with special functions, and it uses group theory to illustrate these relationships. The application of group theory to the study of special functions is a relatively new approach to the subject area. It is a departure from most of the standard text books, which deal with the special functions as disjointed chapters, with each chapter dealing with the properties of the given special function.

Laser Safety: Practical knowledge and solutions provides an in-depth guide to laser safety for a wide variety of people who work regularly with lasers and similar products. The authors provide useful techniques and methods to create a safe working environment for laser culture and answer a number of laser user concerns seldom addressed. This book will be relevant to students, researchers and laser physicists.

Astrophysical Recipes: The art of AMUSE delves into the ways in which computational science and astrophysics are connected and how the bridge between observation and theory are understood. This book provides a unique outline of the basic principles of performing simulations for astrophysical phenomena, in order to better increase and understand these observations and theories.

This book describes Wigner functions and its applications in various fields of science where it has been found to be very useful in wide range of modern disciplines, including quantum information, coherent optics, and superconducting qubits.

This book reflects the broad advances that have been made in the field of medical dosimetry and medical radiation protection, and it provides information about the practical use of new information in radiation dose management of pregnant patients, pregnant staff and paediatric patients in diagnostic and interventional radiology.

This volume covers the state-of-the-art topics that investigate two significant neurological disorders, autism apectrum disorder (ASD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), from the theoretical perspective and also focuses on the practical aspects. The materials are presented in a way that can be beneficial to both advanced and layman readers.

This book presents singular optics in a gradual and systematic manner and bridges the gap between a seasoned researcher and a student who aims to pursue research in this topic. The book includes illustrations, examples and references that will enable the reader to conceive their own ideas as they discover more about singular optics.

This book is different to other electronics texts available. First, it is short. Created for a one-semester course taken by physics students, both undergraduate and graduate it includes only the essentials and covers those topics only as deeply as needed in order to understand the material in the integrated laboratory exercises. Unlike many electronics texts for physics students, this one does not delve into the physics of devices. Instead, these are largely treated as black boxes having certain properties that are important to know for designing circuits. The physics comes when the students use their acquired electronics instrumentation knowledge to construct apparatus to make measurements. Since the detailed physics has been left out, this book should be equally useful for students in any of the physical or life sciences. This is the first textbook aimed at the non-electrical engineering student, that has both the generality on analog and digital electronics circuits, coupled to the very timely technology of embedded electronics. The book also features homework exercises, parts list and a suite of useful appendices.Key FeaturesCombined lectures and laboratory courseCovers analog and digital electronicsIncludes embedded systemsHomework problems with solutionsComplete inventory of required components

This non-technical book examines the everyday physics behind hearing and vision to help readers understand more about themselves and their physical environment. It begins with a thorough discussion of sound and light waves then goes on to discuss how our eyes and ears gather and process information from those waves.The ears and eyes are examined in their physical form in humans as well as in other members of the animal kingdom to show differences in how each receive information from the same waves and how hearing and vision may have evolved in humans. The book also discusses the perception of sound by examples such as sound intensity, decibels, and masking, while also covering the basis of music and resonance. Vision and the perception of light and colour are discussed at length including the psychology of colour perception and colour mixing.This second edition includes the latest developments in hearing and vision. New topics include hearing and vision aids, electron microscopy, the third eye (pineal body), vision and hearing gene therapies and new remote sensing techniques.Key FeaturesIntroduces the science behind vision and hearing, covering both the underlying biology and the technologies we increasingly use to augment and improve our sensesWritten in a straightforward and approachable style, making the content understandable and engaging for non-expertsIncludes extensive illustrations and diagrams

Throughout the past five decades, research and development in the world of nuclear fusion has been led by large publicly funded national laboratories. Currently, fusion energy technology development is being embraced by small, fast-moving start-up companies.This edited book provides an overview of the commercialisation of fusion energy technology, stressing the role to be played by small businesses and the ongoing importance of public sector efforts. All chapters were peer-reviewed by experts before publication to ensure the reliability of the scientific content. The editors are of the opinion that "there is a need for a good overview of a complex phenomenon that has the potential to transform fusion energy research after decades of leadership by governmental and inter-governmental efforts." The book addresses not only the science and technology of fusion commercialisation, but also the associated innovation management. The first section of the book provides an introduction to private fusion and explains that the marketed product will not necessarily be electricity. The policy context of a global need for decarbonisation is introduced and compared to the timescales of fusion commercialisation. The second section introduces some of the leading private sector initiatives in fusion from around the world. Then, the third section outlines the public sector's ongoing efforts toward commercialisation. And finally, the fourth section discusses the challenges and future opportunities of private fusion.Key FeaturesThis book tells a story about a technology in transitionProvides an overview of the commercialisation of fusion energy technology, stressing the emerging role being played by small businessesExplores not only the science and technology behind fusion commercialisation but also innovation managementSuitable for both academic and non-academic researchers and scholars

This book explores and explains the structural evolution of galaxies, how we measure it, how these measurements change with time, and how observing this reveals important information about galaxy formation and evolution. It also explains the future of the field, including through the use of machine learning tools.

Semiconducting metal oxide thin-film transistors (TFTs) are promising candidates for functional electronic devices and have attracted considerable attention due to their superior electrical performance, high transparency, excellent stability and uniformity.The book introduces the concepts and working mechanisms of semiconducting metal oxide TFTs, with a focus on metal oxide thin films that have desirable electrical and optical properties. The relationship between material properties and device performance is analysed, and materials and device challenges, as well as possible strategies, are included to promote the commercial translation of metal oxide TFT-based optoelectronic devices.Valuable as a reference text for researchers, and graduate students working in the fields of device physics, semiconducting materials and flexible electronics, the book is also essential reading for engineers working with semiconducting metal oxide TFTs in industry, particularly display and memory technologies.Key FeaturesFirst book to focus on the applications of semiconducting metal oxide TFTsCovers the latest technologies in the field, including displays, sensors, logic operations, data storage and neuromorphic computing for artificial intelligenceAnalyses the relationship between material properties and device performanceIncludes possible strategies to overcome materials and device challenges to promote the commercial translation of the technologyIncludes video demonstrations to help readers understand how the devices work

This book offers an overview of the state-of-the-art of visible light communication systems across emerging areas of increasing importance within the field. It is divided into two parts, with the first describing the latest developments in data communication using VLC technologies. It includes the fundamental mechanics of the semiconductor light-emitting diodes (LEDs) used in academic and commercial systems, areas of high-speed circuit design including circuit diagrams and small-signal analysis. Exotic modulation formats and digital signal processing including machine learning architectures are then covered before the book looks at emerging areas within the VLC research community, including colour balancing and colour-based modulation. The second part of the book looks at applications that do not consider indoor data communication in general, such as localisation/positioning, sensing and the intelligent transport systems paradigm. Finally, the completely new area of oxygen sensing is also included with the aim of inspiring researchers to test news fields and apply ideas across domains.Visible Light is aimed at new researchers entering the VLC domain, particularly at the PhD stage, or those wishing to explore new areas within it, and readers should be comfortable with undergraduate-level mathematics and physics to make the most of the derivations and descriptions written throughout the book. It will provide researchers with a solid summary of the global progress in VLC systems that can be used to generate new ideas and advancements in the field.Key FeaturesA new approach to VLC literature: describing both communications and new applicationsEnables interdisciplinary new approaches to research and industry through the collection of ideas from separate disciplines that researchers and industrialists may not be aware ofDiscussion of technological enablers from semiconductor materials, through to devices, circuits, systems and applications: the first book on the subject to do soThe first book that brings healthcare sensing to the general VLC community, potentially adding significant value to the research community through ideas generation and awareness of literatureA reference text for researchers and industrialists to discover immediately any of the key advances in the field from any subdomain, enabling off-the-shelf knowledge generation

Diabetes Systems Biology provides senior undergraduate students and junior scientists, interested in diabetes systems biology, with a tool to learn more about the mathematical models and methods used to understand macroscopically and microscopically beta-cell behaviour in health and disease. The book introduces readers to the quantitative methods used to examine beta-cell dynamics, islet biology and architecture, as well as diabetes etiology and implications. The goal is to allow junior researchers in the fields of mathematical biology and biophysics to obtain a broad understanding of these quantitative methods, and guide them into taking the first steps into the field of diabetes systems biology. At the end of each chapter, several problem-solving exercises (that require both analytical and computational skills) are provided for the readers to help them become more proficient in this field.Key FeaturesComprehensive overview of all relevant aspects of diabetes systems biology and biological mathematical modellingCovers quantitative aspects of this discipline with embedded examplesFeatures contributions from world-class researchers in the fieldProvides extensive references for further readingIncludes problem solving exercises at the end of each chapter

Biopotential signals are often used by physicians to measure the activities of organs and tissues in the human body. This book describes the sources and characteristics of different biopotential signals and provides an understanding of how a range of signals can be modelled and analysed. The resulting information can be used to assist in the identification of disorders such as epilepsy, schizophrenia, PTSD and heart disease, among others. An emphasis is placed on the real challenges in biopotential signal processing due to the complex and non-stationary nature of signals.Following on from volume one, this book starts with a collection of chapters covering some of the latest developments in electroencephalography (EEG) signal analysis, then moves on to applications of electrocardiography (ECG) and otoscope signals. The volume concludes with a discussion of other monitoring techniques. The chapters include biomedical examples and discussions of how each method can be used to study human organs. It is a valuable guide for all researchers and practitioners who are engaged in studies and research in the area of biomedical signals and their applications.Key FeaturesModelling and acquisition of biomedical signals for different disordersImplementation of methodologies and their impact on different casesCase studies and research directions Design and simulation examples

This book is a practical guide for astronomy instructors who want to develop their first online course as well as those who want to add new tools to their existing courses. It explores online course design, integrating new and social media into online learning experiences, adaptive learning systems, massive open online classes (MOOCs), and the use of virtual worlds and virtual reality to teach astronomy.

Advances in Optical Surface Texture Metrology covers the latest advances in the development of optical surface texture measuring instruments. Rather than concentrate on the basic principles of the optical measurement methods, this book takes a deeper dive into the operation of the instruments and the new application areas where they can be applied, with an emphasis on advanced manufacturing. Latest advances discussed will include the drive towards faster instruments for in-process applications, the ability to measure highly complex surfaces (in e.g. additive manufacturing) and advances in the use of machine learning to enhance data analysis. Key Features∩╗┐Cutting-edge advances in the fieldNew ISO framework for calibrationIncludes advances in artificial intelligenceIncludes advances in in-process measurement

This second edition of Lens Design: Automatic and quasi-autonomous computational methods and techniques shows how these new tools can design systems in minutes that would have required weeks or months of labor using older methods.Powerful search routines that can quickly produce excellent designs starting with plane-parallel plates are described. The principles are explained, and data files are provided so the user can duplicate these systems and learn how to use the new software to solve unexpected problems should they occur. Automatic substitution of real glass types for a glass model, and automatic matching to the testplates of a selected vendor are fully explained with examples.Key FeaturesDiscusses the pros and cons of traditional design tools and the role of aberration theory todayExplains the topology of the lens design landscape and why there are many different solutionsShows how to quickly achieve many potential solutions and how to select a preferred solutionDescribes tools for modifying a lens form by automatically inserting or deleting elementsLists a variety of tips and ideas that resulted from 50 years of experience

This book is an overview of state-of-the-art analytical homogenization formalisms used to estimate the effective electromagnetic properties of complex composite materials. Beginning with an introduction to homogenization, the book progresses to cover both constitutive and depolarization dyadics. The homogenization formalisms for linear and non-linear materials are examined, followed by their applications and multiple examples using Mathematica code. This text is a valuable reference for PhD students and researchers working on the electromagnetic theory of complex composite materials.Key FeaturesExplicit formulas provided for the homogenization of isotropic, anisotropic, and bianisotropic composite materialsNumerical data provided for a wide range of representative homogenized composite materialsIncludes Mathematica codes to enable readers to readily perform their own calculations

Intended for science and engineering students with a background in introductory physics and calculus, this textbook creates a bridge between classical and modern physics, filling the gap between descriptive elementary texts and formal graduate textbooks.

Rays Waves and Photons presents the foundational concepts of optical science. Written by subject, each topic is presented in a standalone chapter with a brief historical foundation, current developments, and future predictions. With non-technical language, this book provides accessible content with terms, concepts and definitions, a glossary, and appendices to enhance the reader''s experience. More than 40 subjects are discussed, including optical design, lenses, cameras, microscopes, telescopes, lasers, fibers, missiles, autonomous cars and remote sensing. This book will provide a useful resource for students, teachers, professionals, and general audiences interested in the complexity of optical phenomena and devices. Key FeaturesProvides foundations of the knowledge of light and its many applicationsUses simplified language for non-specialistsTerms and definitions are provided throughout, including a glossary

This book describes basic principles of electromagnetic induction measurements and consolidates the outcomes of recent research. It encompasses pipeline electromagnetic flow meters, electromagnetic flow meters, multiphase flow electromagnetic flowmeters and flow field of electromagnetic induction reconstruction.

This book describes the methodology and applications of solid-state NMR spectroscopy to studies of membrane proteins, membrane-active peptides and model biological membranes. As well as structural studies it contains coverage of membrane interactions and molecular motions. Advances in biological solid-state NMR are very pertinent with high-field developments seeing applications in biological membranes and whole cells. Many of the chapter authors and contributors are world-class experts and leaders in the development and application of biological solid-state NMR. Key Features Addresses principles, methods and applications of solid-state NMR methods to biomembrane studiesIntroduction to biological solid-state NMR and applications to biological membranesStructure and dynamics of membrane lipids, proteins and peptidesNMR studies of membrane interactions and molecular motion

Advances in Optical Form and Coordinate Metrology covers the latest advances in the development of optical form and coordinate measuring instruments plus the manipulation of point cloud data. The book presents some basic principles of the optical measurement methods and takes a deeper look at the operation of the instruments and the new application areas where they can be applied, with an emphasis on advanced manufacturing. Latest advances discussed include the drive towards faster instruments for in-process applications, the ability to measure highly complex objects (e.g. in additive manufacturing), performance verification and advances in the use of machine learning to enhance data analysis.Key FeaturesProvides cutting-edge advances in the fieldIncludes new ISO framework for performance verificationPresents advances in artificial intelligenceIncludes advances in in-process measurementDiscusses a forward look at calibration

Gas discharge plasma is the most common type of low-temperature plasma, with a large number of practical applications covering almost all areas of modern science and technology. This book is an introduction to the numerical modeling methods for gas discharge plasmas. It is intended to assist and direct graduate students and junior researchers, whose research activity deals with computational plasma physics. Topics covered include the essentials of basic modelling approaches (particle, fluid, and hybrid) for gas discharges, and the implementation of these methods with examples of glow (DC and RF) discharges. Numerical studies of nonlinear dynamics and formation of spatio-temporal patterns in gas discharge systems are also presented.Key FeaturesFocuses solely on gas discharge plasmasCovers basic modelling techniques, including particle, fluid, and hybridProvides details of applications and implementation for the considered methodsSpecial emphasis is given to the applicability and reliability of different modelling techniquesProvides specific examples of numerical simulations of the gas discharge plasmas

This book provides a thorough introduction to the topic of mathematical modeling of electrical activity in the heart, from molecular details of ionic channel dynamics to clinically derived patient-specific models.

How do astronomers know what they know about the stars and planets? That is the question behind today''s rapid pace of cosmic discovery, for every new finding rests upon a centuries-long foundation of astronomical practice. Introduction to Stars and Planets: An activities-based exploration reveals the methods by which Earthbound observers have deduced the physical attributes of celestial bodies, whether situated within our solar neighborhood or at the far ends of the galaxy. The book''s 28 mildly mathematical activities invite readers to carry out the essential work of the astronomer by utilizing real observational data sets and high-quality celestial photographs to establish the innate properties of a range of cosmic systems. Taken in sequence, these activities illustrate the epic advancement of stellar and planetary astronomy over the past century, up to the present day.Key FeaturesWide-ranging topical coverage of both historical and up-to-the-minute aspects of astronomical discoveryUses a learning-by-doing approachStructured, goal-oriented framework centered on the methods and physical principles by which astronomers study the universeProvides real-time educational feedback to studentsIntroduces elementary mathematics for students to gain a truer sense of the work astronomers do

Encompasses the physics, design characteristics, simulation and interface electronics and including case studies, future challenges, as well as several other aspects of wider sensor technology, Advances in Modern Sensors provides an overview of modern sensors and their applications. The broad scope will appeal to industrial and academic researchers, and application engineers.