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Urban planning can be described as a technical and political process concerned with the welfare of people, control of the use of land, design of the urban environment including transportation and communication networks, and protection and enhancement of the natural environment. Firstly, we present the general information about urban planning and its definition. We also discuss a Conceptual List of Indicators on Earth Observation, A Framework of Adaptive Risk Governance and Identifying the Risk Areas and Urban Growth by ArcGIS-Tools for urban planning. Then we present a Sustainability Education Framework: Challenges, Concepts and Strategies--The Contribution from Urban Planning Perspectives and the Power of Urban Planning on Environmental Sustainability in Finland. An Evaluation Study of Urban Development Strategy Based on of Extreme Climate Conditions is also discussed.After that we described Assessment of Sustainability of Urban Water Supply and Demand Management Options: A Comprehensive Approach and Evaluating the Interests of Different Stakeholders in Beijing Wastewater Reuse Systems for Sustainable Urban Water Management. Governance Regime Factors Conducive to Innovation Uptake in Urban Water Management: Experiences from Europe and Water Sensitive Urban Design: An Investigation of Current Systems, Implementation Drivers, Community Perceptions and Potential to Supplement Urban Water Services are presented in this book. We also described Review of Improving the Impact of Plant Science on Urban Planning and Design and Urban Green Infrastructure Impacts on Climate Regulation Services in Sydney, Australia. Ecology in Urban Planning: Mitigating the Environmental Damage of Municipal Solid Waste and Integrating Urban Heat Assessment in Urban Plans are also presented.We also try to describe Urban Planning for a Renewable Energy Future: Methodological Challenges and Opportunities from a Design Perspective and Simulating the Impact of Economic and Environmental Strategies on Future Urban Growth Scenarios in Ningbo, China. . Scale-Free Relationships between Social and Landscape Factors in Urban Systems is also presented.

Explores water cycles and how they are measured and simulated on finer temporal and spatial scales with detailed models of each hydrological process, and the current and future status of the global water system. The book also examines the problems of water management in relation to agriculture and civil engineering.

This book reveals the theories, the strategies, and real-life case studies of marketing practices, explaining core principles in the context of organizations, business management practice and the changing business environment. It is equally useful for the undergraduate and postgraduate students of management, and is an essential read for all marketing and business administration students.

This timely book brings together original contributions and some relevant publications in order to provide state-of-art information on the use of wastewater. It illustrates the benefits of water reuse in integrated water resources management and its role for water cycle management, climate change adaptation and water in the cities of the future.

In the last decades, proteomics has rapidly advanced with novel developments and cutting-edge approaches, resulting in reliable platforms widely used for several purposes. Among others, food science represents one of the most dynamic and growing research areas in which proteomics is extensively applied. Food proteomics is commonly used to characterize raw materials, determine the food composition and evaluate the relationship between the food protein content and the nutritional properties. Moreover, quality control during food production can be monitored with proteomics, along with food traceability, quality and safety, in particular by detecting the presence of allergens or contaminants. Considering the complexity of food matrices and the elevated variability of food-associated proteins and peptides, it is hard to choose a single proteomic strategy. Often, a combination of multiple techniques achieves the better results, with proteomic approaches well adapted to each problem. This book covers several aspects of proteomics in food science, highlighting a range of methods and applications for analyzing the food composition, the presence of specific allergens or microorganisms, and for evaluating food identity and quality. To this aim, the book is organized into three Sections. In Section 1 are reviewed technical aspects at the basis of proteomics, focusing on concepts and challenges of proteomic analyses, sample preparation and techniques commonly used such as one- and two-dimensional electrophoresis, chromatography and mass spectrometry. In Section 2 are reported proteomic applications in food science, emphasizing on food authentication, for example producing a fingerprint typical of each food or food component. Moreover, this Section contains some interesting applications such as the identification of milk components in ancient food and the use of proteomics to evaluate ex vivo protein modifications and their effects on foods.Finally, the Section 3 focuses on proteomics and food allergies, a particularly dynamic field also called food allergenomics. Here are reported some particular proteomic applications to assess the physicochemical properties of food allergens.

In this book, the reader will be presented with a series of studies dealing with some of the essential aspects of the functioning of any business: operations, information and technology. After an introduction to the basic understanding of those concepts, studies uncovering particular aspects of each of those elements will guide the reader towards a deeper understanding of the mechanisms and procedures behind each of those company components. With special attention to the value chain and to the role of information and knowledge creation in an industrial setting, the reader will gain the ability to systematically reason with the aid of those concepts in mind to create an organic view of competitive business management.

In the last decades, the consumers' demand for safe and high quality food has highly increased in developed countries. A strong confidence in food and food industries contributes to the demand and the whole market, assuring food safety, quality and health benefits for everyone. At the same time, the food industry needs to guarantee adequate, efficient and robust technologies in the entire production chain to fulfill these requests. Many studies and approaches have been proposed, along with innovative methods, including different processes such as packaging, application of antimicrobials, high pressure processing, and many others, in order to reduce contamination levels and ensure safe products. In addition, the number of health conscious consumers has significantly increased, thus promoting new discoveries in food manufacture. Indeed, several innovations in food production concerning the development of products enriched with functional ingredients, the removal of specific components (e.g. lactose-free or gluten-free), with an overall improve in food quality. In this framework, enormous technological improvements have been made to ensure food quality and safety. In addition to classical approaches, "omics" technologies for the quality and safety control of food have been successfully exploited, originating a new field named "foodomics". In particular, the use of "omics" strategies implies the development of powerful and reliable analytical instruments. Mass spectrometry (MS) with high reproducibility, specificity, sensitivity and high-throughput features, represents the ideal methodological choice to analyze food quality and safety. Moreover, MS can be easily coupled to robust separation tools. With all these features, the use of MS in food science is gaining an always increasing interest. In this book, MS-based approaches for the study of food quality and safety are described and discussed, in order to illustrate recent innovative approaches and present the huge potential of MS. The book is structured in three sections.The Section 1 is a brief presentation of the state-of-the-art about food safety as a global challenge, highlighting the continuous need of attention to ensure food safety in all the food supply chain. In addition, the role of consumers in seafood quality and safety is reported as an example. The Section 2 is a methodological part, presenting some basic principles of classical MS-based approaches, such as tandem MS/MS, used to study peptides and glycoproteins, but also metabolomics. Recent MS-based approaches and platform are also reported, including high resolution MS (HR-MS) using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) and Orbitrap instruments. Besides MS/MS methods, gas chromatography MS (GC-MS) is another commonly used approach to evaluate food composition and traceability. Finally, some recent advances in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) MS, such as MALDI imaging MS, and ion mobility MS are also reported. The Section 3 analyzes recent MS-based applications for food quality and safety. Among others, food quality can be ensured by monitoring the geographic origin, as reported for the Parmigiano Reggiano Cheese with a non-targeted MS-based approach. Moreover, the virgin olive oil quality can be evaluated by analyzing the volatile compound profiling by a combined MS platform, and also the antioxidant quality of bread can be improved and monitored by MS. The quality of other commonly used food products as vinegar, milk and cheese can be checked by using MS-based methods. Finally, few examples of MS-based approach to ensure food safety are reported, including the determination of pesticides in cucumber by GC-MS, and the search of contaminants as mycotoxins and aflatoxins in food, including bread and grains.Overall, this book is a tool to demonstrate the huge usefulness of MS-based approaches to study and improve food quality, safety and traceability.

Understanding the complexity of biological processes involved in the regulation of cellular functions is an important goal. It is clear that the deep characterization of molecules necessary to construct and maintain a complex system represents the key to understand this conundrum. In particular, high-throughput strategies to investigate the functions, amount, and modification status of these biomolecules within the system context are required. Mass spectrometry (MS) is a classical analytical technique in which ionized chemical species are sorted on the basis of their mass-to-charge (m/z) ratio. The ion signals are plotted as a function of the m/z ratio, thus providing the so-called mass spectrum, typically used to gain information about the isotopic signature, the mass and the chemical structure of a sample. Potentially, each ionizable molecule can be analyzed by MS, thus extending the use of this technique to proteins and peptides, nucleic acids, lipids, metabolites and many others.With the development of recent qualitative and quantitative cutting-edge approaches, MS has emerged as a reliable, versatile and high-throughput tool easily applicable in several fields, including biomedicine, pharmacy, environment, food science and others. In particular, MS-based proteomics, i.e. the large-scale analysis of proteins by using MS, represents a prolific field in which one of the most promising purposes is the identification and the quantification of potential biomarkers to detect cancer. This book covers different aspects of quantitative MS, giving a first basic overview followed by some recent intriguing approaches, and several examples in biomedicine and other fields. The Section 1 focuses on a general overview of quantitative MS, reporting the state-of-the-art of MS-based proteomics, and distinguishes between label-based, such as iTRAQ, and label-free MS approaches. The Section 2 focuses on some interesting recent advances in quantitative MS, including the Parallel Reaction Monitoring (PRM), a powerful high resolution/accurate mass targeted methodology, the use of beads for interactomic studies, Data-Independent and Data-Dependent Acquisition (DIA and DDA, respectively), the ion mobility separation and other approaches for glycomic studies. The Section 3 reports some recent examples of quantitative MS applications in biomedicine. Several of these examples are focused on cancer, and in particular on the identification of potential biomarkers for kidney, lung and colorectal cancers. Moreover, cancer invasiveness was evaluated by analyzing endosomal cargoes controlling and the serum glycoproteome profile was used for distinguishing intestinal fibrosis from inflammation in Crohn's disease. Finally, the Section 4 reports some particular applications of quantitative MS in different fields, such as the study of chemical kinetics and food science. As an example, specific compounds as the mebendazole, a broad-spectrum anthelmintic with toxic effects in humans, can detected and quantified, thus verifying if their levels are in agreement with the international legislation.

Introduces the field of neuroscience that theoretically and experimentally studies how neurons work. In particular, the conductance-based model of Hodgkin-Huxley, its simplified version of FitzHugh-Nagumo and nonlinear integrate-and-fire models are discussed. Moreover, the dynamics of both neuronal populations and cognition are considered.

Focuses on the latest theoretical and experimental achievements in the field of spin-based electronics in semiconductors. In particular, the properties of dilute and ferromagnetic semiconductors, and the optical responses of electron spins are studied. Moreover, the dynamics, manipulation and transport of spin-polarized electrons are considered.

Quantum Monte-Carlo methods represent a systematic alternative to the diagonalization of the Hamiltonian. They are generalizations of the classical Monte Carlo methods to quantum statistical physics and are based on path integral formulation of quantum mechanics. In such way, the many-body problem is reduced to a set of many one-body problems describing independent particles that casually walk in fluctuating external fields. In this way, exact wave functions are restored by statistically averaging independent-particle states.The book begins with the Section 1 providing a brief introduction to the Monte Carlo method and its historical origin, the basilar statistical concepts. Moreover, some of the future impacts of Quantum Monte Carlo techniques in the field of ab initio methods is explored. Section 2 discusses a new application of variational Monte Carlo method that can describe the compression effect for the helium atom, a new variational Monte Carlo approach based on the Krylov subspace for large-scale shell-model calculations, and a comparison between the variational Monte Carlo and the diffusion Monte Carlo in a study of the Lanthanum atom. Section 3 present recent works about the auxiliary-field quantum Monte Carlo method, also known in nuclear physics as the shell model Monte Carlo method. In particular, applications of the method in heavy nuclei and honeycomb lattice are discussed. Finally, the last Section 4 focuses on path integral representation of Wigner functions, on constrained path quantum Monte Carlo methods and on a new quantum Monte Carlo scheme able to directly sample the full density matrix of a many-body system.

Metabolites are produced by plant cells as a defense mechanism against bacteria. This book discusses the antimicrobial property of different secondary metabolites, presenting a collection of recent research studies by scientists.

The host and the parasite are the two different biological organisms involved in host parasite interactions. The parasite or pathogen is a benefited organism which is dependent on the host for its existence. This book iscusses the plant host parasite relationship, presenting research papers on the interactions of parasitic plants/fungi with host plants.

Geographic information systems provide a great deal of information and analytical capacity for people's understanding of how human's activities impact the environment. This book covers land use sustainability, natural resources management and planning, novel modelling methods for environment and geography, environmental management assessment tools and decision-making approaches.

Environmental accounting is usually used as a subset of accounting, aiming to incorporate both economic and environmental information. In this book environmental accounting is considered as an environmental tool where environmental research also considers economic effect. The book presents in-depth research about how the environmental and ecological fields consider economic factors.

As a transitional zone between aquatic ecosystems and terrestrial ecosystems, wetlands play important roles in water balance, flood conservation, regulation of the local climate, removal of pollutants, provide wildlife habitat and recreational tourism. This book discusses wetland ecosystem services.

Hydrologic models are usually simplified, conceptual or physical models which allow people to simulate and predict water cycling procedures. In this book, the authors present state-of-the-art hydrological models and case studies of their applications. Topics such as aquatic biogeochemistry, fate and transport of bacteria in a coastal area, and water management policies are also addressed.

Contributes to bridging this knowledge gap whereas providing the successful design and implementation of land use policies. The impact of policy on land-use change depends on the price elasticity of land supply in greenfields and this book provides a full overview of land-use change and development, a wide range of applications, a mix of theory and practice, a synthesis of recent research progress

A reference guide, which integrates the mass spectrometry, and the common purification or separation techniques used in chemistry and biological sciences. This book looks at the common techniques used to prepare, purify and identify chemicals, offering a blend of practice-oriented information and theoretical background as well as numerous references, clear illustrations, and useful data tables.

Billions of spots of tiny genetic code comprise the human genome. It was DNA sequencing technology that had revolutionized genomic research by decoding the valuable genetic information by giving the picture of an exact order of occurrence of nucleotides in a DNA. The inception of first-generation sequencing method, also called Sanger sequencing took place in 1975. The first major breakthrough of first-generation sequencing comes, when the 13 year log Human Genome Project (HGP) was completed in 2003 at a cost $3 million. With ever increasing demands of researchers and clinicians, complex genomic research require a depth of information which is however beyond the capacity of traditional DNA sequencing technologies. These research questions gaps are very well addressed by Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has filled that gap of cheaper as well as faster sequencing technology. It is just a decade old technology, but it has popularize the next-generation sequencing to high-throughput sequencing hat allow millions to trillions of observations to be made in parallel during a single instrument run. Since the introduction of these technologies, the number of applications and methods that influence the power of genome-scale sequencing has increased exponentially. Although in genome research NGS has mostly superseded conventional Sanger sequencing, it has not yet translated into routine clinical practice. The following chapter will highlight the concepts, technologies, and methods of next-generation sequencing to illustrate the breadth and depth of the applications and research areas that are driving progress in genomics.

Spintronics takes its name after the possibility to achieve an electronic kind of dynamics based solely on the intrinsic spin of electrons. Researchers expect that by understanding the behavior of the spin of the electron in the materials, can be learn something fundamentally new about Solid State Physics leading to a new generation of electronic devices based on the spin flux, in addition to the load flow electric. An advantage of the spin of the electron is that it can be easily manipulated by applied external magnetic fields, a property already used in the magnetic storage technology. Another advantage potentially significant, is the spin coherence or relaxation time, once created tends to stay that way for a long time, unlike the states of electrons in motion, which are easily destroyed by dispersion of defects, impurities or other currents. Indeed, the holy grail of spintronics is a perfect multifunctional integration of electronics, opto-electronics and magneto-electronics in a single device that can perform a lot more than is possible in the current microelectronic devices. The purpose of this work, is to present a description on the developments in Spintronics.The book starts with an Introduction of spintronics, especially from an historical view. Section 1 is a brief journey to the physics behind spintronics.Section 2 takes the reader to very principles of how spin is a valuable an good property to manipulate and use.Section 3 is devoted to some applications, physical properties and advantages.

Provides a thorough exposition of an emerging and increasingly important topic, the theory of quantum computing. Providing the big picture of the key elements of quantum computation and communication theories and their applications, this book is ideal for graduate students and researchers entering this field as it allows for the fruitful transfer of paradigms and ideas amongst different areas.

The agriculture, chemical, food and pharmaceutical industries have benefited by applying enzymes in their production processes. Mobilizing enzymes for various purposes generally necessitate engineering them for enhanced activity and improved stability. This book offers an introduction to enzyme engineering.

Econophysics was born on the need, the triumph and the curiosity and convergence of many areas. Physics is the result of applying the scientific method in the most fundamental level, making it often a science of strong mathematical background and hence a fruitful place for other areas to support itself.Economics wasn't the exception, it was given a boost into economics once physicists, sometimes guide by economist hit the ground in the finance world and begin to observe those incredible similarities and patrons emerge, patrons that to the moment belonged only to realm of physics. This didn't occur without resistance, since like in social science, the economy is a chaotic, apparently unpredictable phenomenon.The aim of this book is to guide the reader into Econophysics, a brief approach to their methods and how economics has seemed a major impulse to become a predictable phenomenon. Major advances Econophysics are being made, that includes now, more distanced areas of physics and may have new impacts in our understanding of the modern world economy.The book starts with an introduction to Econophysics, historical and basis and go on to cover statistical approaches to economics, and the near relation with physics models, probability in economics, few models and its reach. Also, the relation of economics with present interest in our lives, and in physics, justifying the use of probabilistic methods to analyze the markets and other approaches with modern physics in economics.

Drawing on basic introduction to quantum optics further it focuses on the modern characteristics of quantum systems in optics. It is also devoted to some applications, physical properties and advantages. Ideal for students of quantum optics, as well as to researchers in this field, this book provides an up-to-date account of the basic principles and applications.

Explores the actual practice of criminal law and forms of murder in contemporary societies. This book will be of interest to students taking courses on homicide, sexual homicide, and serial homicide as well as for all those wanting to get to grips with the fascinating and sometimes challenging area of criminal law.

This book is packed with methods and techniques to guide the reader into encryption, as how is cryptography present in their lives, at almost every aspect without even notice it.

The studies of molecular machines and their application are very active at this moment because of their long-standing prospective. All that attention of the whole scientific community started with the award of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry to John Walker and Paul Boyer in 1997 for their work in elucidating the mechanism of the rotary generator of ATP in the mitochondrion. The expected benefits of their uses are now well known: ultimate size, possibility to design finely-tuned molecular devices and their low energy consumption. All above has inspired the design and synthesis of a variety of compounds that resemble macroscopic machinery. This book brought together different research works which discuss different strategies to synthesize and study molecules demonstrating original mechanical properties at the nanometre and at the atomic scale.The book is divided on three parts, as the first one provides detailed introduction to the field of molecular machines and motors, and their advances and perspectives. The next part of the book commences with a description of the functions of the molecular motors, including kinesins and dyneins, as well as their putative roles in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, after which R. Erickson et al. presents the significant evidence that cargos in vivo are carried by multiple motors. Three studies on molecular microtubule motors then follow -- by M. Gazzola et al., by K. Bartoli et al. and by Z. Katsimitsoulia et al. This part ends with two articles which discuss the structure and role of the bacterial flagellar motor. The last third part gives a detailed review of real examples for natural and artificial molecular machines used in the practise. The area of knowledge for the molecular machine is expanding continuously. Therefore, molecular machines for sensing, for nucleotide recognition, and molecular machines involved in distinct steps in neurotransmitter release are also discussed here.

This book is important both for democracy and for individual freedom and explains how building a core common infrastructure is a necessary precondition to allow us to shift away from a society of passive consumers buying products from a small number of commercial producers.

Presents the state-of-the-art in the field of molecular dynamics, from both a methodological and application perspective. The topics covered of this book include molecular dynamics simulations of biological membranes, proteins, polymers, peptides, and nanotubes.