Advances in the Treatment of Kidney and Upper Urinary Tract Cancers

Kidney and Upper Tract Urinary Cancers (UTUCs) are diseases of increasing population coverage, the treatment of which is undergoing a continuous process of evolution. A characteristic feature of renal cell cancer (RCC) treatment is the significant heterogeneity of patients (including different stages of local advancement and different locations of metastases). Importantly, it is estimated that up to 30% of newly diagnosed RCC cases are patients with disseminated disease at the time of diagnosis. Therefore, predicting the response to modern treatment remains the unmet need of modern urologic oncology. Recent advancements in systematic treatment, i.e., immunotherapy, shed additional light on adjuvant treatment to be implemented in new clinical scenarios, including localized disease.