Bøker utgitt av World Scientific Publ.

Experimental economics involves the use of controlled, experimental methods both in the laboratory and the field to better comprehend how individuals and groups make economic decisions and to more clearly identify causal relationships. This book takes the reader to the frontier of research in this exciting and rapidly growing field. Unlike other texts, this book discusses both the methodology of experimental economics and some of the main application areas.The material is organized as a series of 12 chapters or lectures that can be covered in a single academic term. The first five chapters cover the reasons for experimentation as well as basic experimental methodology. The last seven chapters discuss applications of experimental economics to areas such as game theory, public economics, social preferences, auctions and markets. The book assumes only a basic knowledge of economics and game theory and is written at a level that is suitable for advanced undergraduate, master's or PhD students.

This book is dedicated to the theory of supernovae, focusing on new computational methods and simulations. It contains three parts: basic principles, numerical methods, and applications. The first part contains a non-formal introduction into the basics of supernovae, Boltzmann kinetic equations - with details of two particles reaction rate calculations - and the transformation of Boltzmann kinetic equations into hydrodynamic elements of statistical physics. It also contains the equation of state for matter of high energy density, with details of calculations for thermodynamic parameters, weak interactions, reaction rate details, and thermonuclear burning. The second part introduces elements of computational physics.The book closes with a presentation of original thought regarding the regime of burning in degenerate carbon-oxygen cores, a neutrino transport in Type II supernovae, a simulation of general relativity (GR) coalescence of neutron stars, aspherical nucleosynthesis in a core-collapse supernova, and thermalization in a pair of plasma winds from a compact strange star.This book brings together generally accepted simulations methods as well as original material written by two respected members of Russian research groups: the Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics and Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics. It contains the necessary information for a person to start independent research in this fast-developing field, and is therefore an important read for new researchers in this subject.

As more of our lives are spent interacting digitally - sending and receiving payments, interacting on social media, using certified delivery, playing games online, and generally participating in the digital world - the fair exchange of our digital belongings becomes increasingly essential.This book delves into the theory of fair exchange, from the historic to the cutting-edge, and presents a unified framework for understanding fair exchange protocols. Every exchange starts with a handshake, which is followed by four additional operations: deposit; verification; synchronization; and release or restoration. The environments in which these operations take place determine the properties of the resulting protocol, and the characteristics of the items that can be exchanged.Existing protocols are examined through this framework, including escrow-based protocols, optimistic protocols, and gradual release protocols. A new family of fair exchange protocols is developed which make use of attestables, a novel interface for exfiltration-resistant computing. An attestable-based protocol called FEWD is also introduced and several variations are described which are suitable for the exchange of different classes of items.Finally, a number of special topics for fair exchange are introduced, including legal issues that can emerge in practical applications of fair exchange, a legal analysis of the basic operations of fair exchange, commercial applications of FEWD, and an analysis of additional risks including participant expectations and implementations of attestable-based protocols. We conclude with a collection of topics for future research in making fair exchange more ubiquitous in our lives for a fairer digital world.

This book introduces the physics and technology of the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (LHC), highlighting the most recent modifications that shaped the final configuration, which is now in the advanced stages of its construction.This new High-Luminosity configuration of the LHC is the major accelerator project of this decade and will give new life to the LHC after its first fifteen years of operation, allowing for more precise measurements of the Higgs Boson and extending the mass limit reach for new particles.The LHC is such a highly optimized machine that upgrading it requires breakthroughs in many areas. Unsurprisingly, the High-Luminosity LHC required a long R&D period to bring into life an innovative accelerator magnet, based on Nb3Sn and capable of generating fields in the 11-12 T range, as well as many other new accelerator technologies such as superconducting compact RF crab cavities, advanced collimation concepts, a novel powering technology based on high temperature superconducting links, and others.The book is a self-consistent series of papers, which addresses all technology and design issues. Each paper can be read separately as well. The first few papers provide a summary of the whole project, the physics motivation, and the accelerator challenges. Altogether, this book brings the reader to the heart of the technologies that will also be key for the next generation of hadron colliders.This book is an essential reference for physicists and engineers in the field of hadron colliders and LHC related issues and can also be read by postgraduate students.

Relic Gravitons delves into the cosmic backgrounds of stochastic gravitational waves, exploring their potential as a unique source of information on the early physical conditions of the Universe close to the Planck epoch. Drawing on various lecture notes, articles, and reviews since the early 1990s, the monograph presents a topical account of the subject. The aim is to offer students and practitioners a useful tool for understanding the most recent developments of a lively field that is now thriving also thanks to forthcoming observational data.While the detection of diffuse backgrounds of gravitational radiation might improve current bounds on the supplementary polarizations of gravitational waves, the author explores across the sixteen chapters of the monograph the sensitivity of cosmic gravitons to the new physics beyond the standard lore of fundamental interactions. It is argued that the discovery of relic gravitons may trigger a paradigm shift whose implications are yet to be fully understood.In different respects, the physics of relic gravitons bridges the microworld of the standard model of fundamental interactions with the macroworld of gravity and cosmology. The ultimate purpose of this book is then to provide, at once, a systematic and self-contained presentation which is still sorely lacking in the current literature.

With the continued improvements in computing power and digital information availability, we are witnessing the increasing use of high-performance computers to enhance simulations for the forecasting of hazards, disasters, and responses. This major reference work summarizes the theories, analysis methods, and computational results of various earthquake simulations by the use of supercomputers. It covers simulations in the fields of seismology, physical geology, earthquake engineering - specifically the seismic response of structures - and the socioeconomic impact of post-earthquake recovery on cities and societies. Individual chapters address phenomena such as earthquake cycles and plate boundary behavior, tsunamis, structural response to strong ground motion, and post-disaster traffic flow and economic activity. The methods used for these simulations include finite element methods, discrete element methods, smoothed particle hydrodynamics, and multi-agent models, among others.The simulations included in this book provide an effective bird's-eye view of cutting-edge simulations enhanced with high-performance computing for earthquake occurrence, earthquake damage, and recovery from the damage, combining three of the major fields of earthquake studies: earth science, earthquake engineering, and disaster-mitigation-related social science. The book is suitable for advanced undergraduates, graduates, and researchers in these fields.

In 2006, the Signal Processing Department at Blekinge Institute of Technology and Axiom EduTECH in Sweden worked with National Instruments Corporation in Texas, USA, to set up the Virtual Instrument Systems in Reality (VISIR) Project, which operates as a remote laboratory for electric and electronic circuits.The VISIR remote laboratory is currently the only system that delivers practical experiments with electronics without the need to go to a traditional lab. This is of increasing importance given the expansion of online education. There is a mass of scientific literature that collects results on the use of VISIR remote laboratory, however, there are few reference works that provide an in-depth exploration of the laboratory's performance and potential.VISIR Handbook acts as a guide for users, demonstrating many of the real (remote) experiments that can be achieved and replicated with this laboratory. Most importantly, this book demonstrates how VISIR can be used as a learning tool for students. The approach of the book is designed on two levels, with an administrator/researcher approach and a teacher/student approach.

Very-high-energy astrophysics studies the most energetic photons in the sky, allowing the exploration of violent and extreme non-thermal phenomena in the Universe. Significant advances in knowledge have been made in this field using ground-based imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (IACTs) as detectors, to study these physical processes in the Universe. This book reviews the progress in the field since the advent of the second generation IACTs around 2004. Going through the scientific highlights obtained by the three current instruments of this kind, H.E.S.S., MAGIC and VERITAS, operating now for more than 15 years, this book presents a state-of-the-art knowledge in four areas of modern astrophysics and cosmology, namely the origin of the cosmic rays, the physics of compact objects and their resulting relativistic outflows, gamma-ray cosmology, and the search for dark matter. Along with a detailed review of the outstanding scientific outcomes, a summary of the key technological developments that yielded the recognized success of the technique is also provided.This book is written for early-career academics in the fields of astrophysics, high energy physics and cosmology. At the same time, it can serve as a source of reference for the expert in the field.