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The work of the great Rhineland mystics of the fourteenth century speaks to the modern reader with astonishing directness and clarity. In their emphasis on the personal, inward experience of God and their questioning of the formal, ritualistic side of religion, Meister Eckhart, Johannes Tauler, and Jan van Ruusbroec appear almost as contemporaries. This impression is heightened by vivid new translations by Oliver Davies, who also sets the Rhineland mystics in their historical and cultural context and examines why we seem to have a special sensitivity to their voice in spite of a gap of over six hundred years.

The study of the Bible is at a vital juncture. Thus begins this merger of a stellar group of scholars of both literary and historical perspectives on the Hebrew Bible: Robert Alter, Baruch Halpern, Shemaryahu Talmon, Jacob Milgrom, Nahum Sarna, and Jack Miles, and edited by Richard Elliott Friedman. In this seminal work they raise questions of conception, technique, and audience, treating both the Bible's authors and editors. At bottom, the question that all are addressing is: in what way(s) is the study of the Bible different from the study of other literature? Their answers, it should come as no surprise, all have to do with the Bible's special life as sacred literature.

The call for gender equity in leadership has become a global concern. From a Christian perspective, all forms of gender prejudice are sinful because they violate God''s intention for creating both men and women in God''s image. Although many Christian authors have published books and journal articles to address gender-based injustice, very few publications have approached the subject from an African perspective. This book is meant to fill the existing gap. With a specific reference to the African context, this book explores the phenomenon of equity in leadership from various dimensions, such as African culture and traditional religion, church tradition, biblical interpretation, as well as from the perspective of contemporary socio-economic and political realities in Africa. By giving vivid examples of success stories of men and women working together, the authors have demythologized the view that women cannot be leaders. In addition, this book is intended for general readership by Christian men and women throughout the globe. For universities and colleges that teach gender studies as a subject, the book can serve as a class text or reference resource. Seminaries and theological institutions will also find it handy for training and mentoring Christians to promote equity in the church, ministry, business, and family.""The Quest for Biblical Equity in Leadership is good biblical scholarship and engaging story-telling from a fresh African perspective that will provide new insights to readers from any continent.""--Brad Smith, President, Bakke Graduate University""This book . . . takes a particular issue of vital significance in the modern world--gender equity--[and] provides fascinating insights into a number of African cultures. It showcases some excellent African scholarship from both male and female theologians . . . and provides a fine example to the rest of the world of using biblical principles to critique culture from the inside. Congratulations to the editors and the writing team for producing such a useful compilation.""--Mary Evans, Author; Former Vice-Principal and Old Testament lecturer, London School of Theology""I have witnessed first-hand how Jewel Hyun embodies the quest for Biblical equity in leadership in Africa. Her faith-filled ministry in Kenya is a wonder to behold, and transformational to experience. As a result, the book in your hands is filled with Biblical wisdom and practical implications that will stand the test of time."" --Stephen A. Macchia, Author; Founder and President, Leadership Transformations, Inc.KeumJu Jewel Hyun is founder and president of Matthew 28 Ministries, Inc., focusing on Christian women''s leadership development and economic empowerment in Kenya. She is adjunct professor of Theology of Work at Bakke Graduate University and co-editor of Some Men Are Our Heroes: Stories by Women about the Men Who Have Greatly Influenced Their Lives. Jewel holds a Master of Arts and a Doctor of Ministries degree from Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, South Hamilton, Massachusetts, as well as a Master of Science degree in Nuclear Physics from Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea. She and her husband have two adult children and four grandchildren.Diphus C. Chemorion, an ordained minister, is director of Postgraduate Studies and Associate Professor at St. Paul''s University, Kenya. He is the author of Community Participation in Scripture Version Design: An Experiment in Translating Jonah into Sabaot and Introduction to Christian Worldview: Meaning, Origins and Perspectives. He also co-edited Contested Space: Ethnicity and Religion in Kenya. He holds a Master of Theology from Candle school of Theology, Emory University, and a Doctor of Theology in Old Testament from Stellenbosch University, South Africa.

Anyone Can Be Saved articulates a biblical-theological explanation of the doctrine of salvation in light of the rise of Calvinistic theology among Southern Baptist churches in the United States. Ten scholars, pastors, and leaders advocate for the ten articles of the Traditional Statement by appealing to Scripture, the Baptist Faith and Message, and a variety of biblical, theological, and philosophical writings. Although many books address the doctrine of salvation, these authors consciously set aside the Calvinist-Arminian presuppositions that have framed this discussion in western theology for centuries. The contributors are unified in their conviction that any person who hears the gospel can be saved, a view that was found among earlier Baptists as well as other Christian groups today. This book is not meant to be the final word on Southern Baptist soteriology, but is offered as a peaceable contribution to the wider conversation on the doctrine of salvation.

The three years that Calvin spent in Strasbourg are often considered a simple gap between his two periods in Geneva (1536-1538 and 1541-1564). However, this period has been shown to be extremely fertile for Calvin in literary, theological, and pastoral fields, not forgetting his marriage to Idelette de Bure. It was in Strasbourg that Calvin published the second Latin edition, greatly increased, of his ""Institution,"" and where he wrote the first French version of this summary of the reformed religion. There he lectured on ""Romans,"" replied to Cardinal Sadolet, and wrote his ""Little Treatise on Holy Communion,"" intended to reconcile Protestants. There he became familiar with Martin Bucer''s catechetical practice and with the songs of the Strasbourg parishes, which inspired his ""Some Psalms and Canticles put into Song,"" and there he gained the friendship of Philippe Melanchthon and the respect of other Reformers.Felicity McNab is a freelance translator of Huguenot descent, living in England. Her work includes the translation of History of the Conquest of Abyssinia from the French ""Histoire de la conquete d''Abyssinie,"" by Jules Perruchon (broadcast on BBC World Service), The Abductor from ""Ravisseur,"" by Leila Marouane, and True Piety from ""La vraie piete,"" by John Calvin in 2014. She has also worked for several departments of the Irish Civil Service in patent translating and as a court interpreter.

This book was forbidden by the Nazi government, as it outlines a defense against the charges brought forth against Catholicism. It is a piece of Catholic reform theology that articulated a new understanding of what it means to be church. The reprinted edition features an introduction by Ulrich L. Lehner.

Journal for the Evangelical Study of the Old Testament (JESOT) is a peer-reviewed journal devoted to the academic and evangelical study of the Old Testament. The journal seeks to fill a need in academia by providing a venue for high-level scholarship on the Old Testament from an evangelical standpoint. The journal is not affiliated with any particular academic institution, and with an international editorial board, open access format, and multi-language submissions, JESOT cultivates and promotes Old Testament scholarship in the evangelical global community. The journal differs from many evangelical journals in that it seeks to publish current academic research in the areas of ancient Near Eastern backgrounds, Dead Sea Scrolls, Rabbinics, Linguistics, Septuagint, Research Methodology, Literary Analysis, Exegesis, Text Criticism, and Theology as they pertain only to the Old Testament. JESOT also includes up-to-date book reviews on various academic studies of the Old Testament.

LGBTQ Christians read, love, scrutinize, become absorbed with, and find deep spiritual meaning in the Bible. As these testimonies show, lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and other queer Christians are inaugurating a fresh, exciting, new era in biblical interpretation. It is they whose rare insights into particular Bible stories and characters, told with poignancy and clarity, reveal a gay-friendly Bible and a gay-friendly God who cherishes and needs them just as they are. It is they who are running to the Bible with a longing for the Holy Spirit that far surpasses that of too many straight Christians. If given free rein, these inventive, challenging, and profoundly engaged evangelists may be the ones we have been waiting for to rescue biblical interpretation from those who too often are not only hurtful but dismal and boring. Thank God for them!""In the dialogue and debate about the place of LGBTQ persons in Christian churches, too often only the voices of straight, white, usually male, scholars and theologians are heard. Rainbow in the Word introduces us to the beautiful voices of LGBTQ persons themselves, people who, against all odds, have kept the faith and who can speak for themselves. No conversation about these courageous and articulate Christians should take place without their own voices being heard. Highly recommended!""--Brian D. McLaren, author of The Great Spiritual Migration""''Life stories can remake today''s theology,'' James Wm. McClendon, Jr. once said, and in this movingly penned, intellectually diverse, and spiritually transformative volume of story-theology, Ellin Jimmerson and her contributors show us how. Rainbow in the Word offers earthbound models of Christian desire for transcendent meaning, which is no small accomplishment. This book''s wisdom has been forged on life''s tough anvil, yet each tale in it will endure, branded by the ability to take theology in some unexpectedly new directions. One amazing read!""--Darren J. N. Middleton, Texas Christian University""When so many conversations around LGBTQ people in the church centers around debating our legitimacy, Rainbow In The Word reminds us that our sexual identity is not a liability to be defended but an essential contribution to the Church''s understanding of Scripture and of God. This unique book invites us into richer hues and brighter colors as we encounter the Creator whose divine image is reflected in us all.""-- Jamie Arpin-Ricci, author of The Cost of Community""An entire reformation was birthed when the Bible was given to the common worshiper. It''s amazing what the Spirit will do when she is not withheld from those who need her most. In Rainbow in the Word, Ellen Jimmerson invites a dying Church to free itself from the constraints of its long-held homophobia and exposes it to the biblical insights of today''s most marginalized voices. New life will emerge on the other side of this.""--John C. Dorhauer, General Minister and President, United Church of Christ""God always invites the uninvited, welcomes the unwelcome, includes the excluded, and loves the unloved. Even when we don''t. These beautiful stories by LGBTQ Christians will draw you closer to God and God''s inviting, welcoming, inclusive love.""--Nathan Hamm, Social Media TheologianEllin Sterne Jimmerson holds a PhD in US cultural and intellectual history from the University of Houston and a master''s in theological studies from Vanderbilt University. Her specialization is the intersection of Christianity and politics. An ordained Baptist minister and activist, she is most well known for having officiated at the first same-sex wedding in Alabama (2015) and for having written and directed the documentary The Second Cooler, narrated by Martin Sheen (2013).

Explorations: Studies in Culture and Communication, principally edited by Edmund Carpenter and Marshall McLuhan, was the first postwar journal to engage directly with the new ""grammars"" of mid-century new media of communication. Launched in Toronto in 1953, at the very moment that television made its national debut in Canada, Explorations presented a mosaic of approaches to contemporary media culture and became the site in which McLuhan and Carpenter first formulated their most striking insights about new media in the electric age. The extraordinary breadth of contributions to Explorations from leading thinkers across the arts, humanities, social and natural sciences makes this journal a founding publication in the now burgeoning field of media studies. Originally funded by a Ford Foundation grant, the eight coedited issues of Explorations ran from 1953 to 1957 and are reprinted here for the first time in sixty years.For a listing of all articles in this series, refer to the Summaries at the end of the series foreword.

Explorations: Studies in Culture and Communication, principally edited by Edmund Carpenter and Marshall McLuhan, was the first postwar journal to engage directly with the new ""grammars"" of mid-century new media of communication. Launched in Toronto in 1953, at the very moment that television made its national debut in Canada, Explorations presented a mosaic of approaches to contemporary media culture and became the site in which McLuhan and Carpenter first formulated their most striking insights about new media in the electric age. The extraordinary breadth of contributions to Explorations from leading thinkers across the arts, humanities, social and natural sciences makes this journal a founding publication in the now burgeoning field of media studies. Originally funded by a Ford Foundation grant, the eight coedited issues of Explorations ran from 1953 to 1957 and are reprinted here for the first time in sixty years.For a listing of all articles in this series, refer to the Summaries at the end of the series foreword.

Explorations: Studies in Culture and Communication, principally edited by Edmund Carpenter and Marshall McLuhan, was the first postwar journal to engage directly with the new ""grammars"" of mid-century new media of communication. Launched in Toronto in 1953, at the very moment that television made its national debut in Canada, Explorations presented a mosaic of approaches to contemporary media culture and became the site in which McLuhan and Carpenter first formulated their most striking insights about new media in the electric age. The extraordinary breadth of contributions to Explorations from leading thinkers across the arts, humanities, social and natural sciences makes this journal a founding publication in the now burgeoning field of media studies. Originally funded by a Ford Foundation grant, the eight coedited issues of Explorations ran from 1953 to 1957 and are reprinted here for the first time in sixty years.For a listing of all articles in this series, refer to the Summaries at the end of the series foreword.

Explorations: Studies in Culture and Communication, principally edited by Edmund Carpenter and Marshall McLuhan, was the first postwar journal to engage directly with the new ""grammars"" of mid-century new media of communication. Launched in Toronto in 1953, at the very moment that television made its national debut in Canada, Explorations presented a mosaic of approaches to contemporary media culture and became the site in which McLuhan and Carpenter first formulated their most striking insights about new media in the electric age. The extraordinary breadth of contributions to Explorations from leading thinkers across the arts, humanities, social and natural sciences makes this journal a founding publication in the now burgeoning field of media studies. Originally funded by a Ford Foundation grant, the eight coedited issues of Explorations ran from 1953 to 1957 and are reprinted here for the first time in sixty years.For a listing of all articles in this series, refer to the Summaries at the end of the series foreword.

Explorations: Studies in Culture and Communication, principally edited by Edmund Carpenter and Marshall McLuhan, was the first postwar journal to engage directly with the new ""grammars"" of mid-century new media of communication. Launched in Toronto in 1953, at the very moment that television made its national debut in Canada, Explorations presented a mosaic of approaches to contemporary media culture and became the site in which McLuhan and Carpenter first formulated their most striking insights about new media in the electric age. The extraordinary breadth of contributions to Explorations from leading thinkers across the arts, humanities, social and natural sciences makes this journal a founding publication in the now burgeoning field of media studies. Originally funded by a Ford Foundation grant, the eight coedited issues of Explorations ran from 1953 to 1957 and are reprinted here for the first time in sixty years.For a listing of all articles in this series, refer to the Summaries at the end of the series foreword.

Explorations: Studies in Culture and Communication, principally edited by Edmund Carpenter and Marshall McLuhan, was the first postwar journal to engage directly with the new ""grammars"" of mid-century new media of communication. Launched in Toronto in 1953, at the very moment that television made its national debut in Canada, Explorations presented a mosaic of approaches to contemporary media culture and became the site in which McLuhan and Carpenter first formulated their most striking insights about new media in the electric age. The extraordinary breadth of contributions to Explorations from leading thinkers across the arts, humanities, social and natural sciences makes this journal a founding publication in the now burgeoning field of media studies. Originally funded by a Ford Foundation grant, the eight coedited issues of Explorations ran from 1953 to 1957 and are reprinted here for the first time in sixty years.For a listing of all articles in this series, refer to the Summaries at the end of the series foreword.

Explorations: Studies in Culture and Communication, principally edited by Edmund Carpenter and Marshall McLuhan, was the first postwar journal to engage directly with the new ""grammars"" of mid-century new media of communication. Launched in Toronto in 1953, at the very moment that television made its national debut in Canada, Explorations presented a mosaic of approaches to contemporary media culture and became the site in which McLuhan and Carpenter first formulated their most striking insights about new media in the electric age. The extraordinary breadth of contributions to Explorations from leading thinkers across the arts, humanities, social and natural sciences makes this journal a founding publication in the now burgeoning field of media studies. Originally funded by a Ford Foundation grant, the eight coedited issues of Explorations ran from 1953 to 1957 and are reprinted here for the first time in sixty years.For a listing of all articles in this series, refer to the Summaries at the end of the series foreword.

There is an inherent connection between the Christian faith and special education. For example, both focus on the worth of the individual. Both also focus on fairness and on caring for, or helping, the weak. Similarly, both aim to equip and support others. This book helps the readers perceive this integral relationship that exists between the Christian faith and the special education discipline. This book utilizes the chapters that stem from real life professional experiences and scholarship of the contributors to model and encourage special education practice from a Christian faith angle. It is our view that special education practiced from this faith perspective will transform what is currently accepted as best practice, into a new system of special education experience that is wholesome, biblically-based, and characteristic of Shalom as wholeness (not just peace). Shalom in this sense has strong relevance in both the Christian faith and special education. The first three chapters highlight the connection between special education and Christian theology, and draw attention to the pivotal role worldview plays in being an effective special educator. The bulk of the body of the text looks at different aspects of instructional effectiveness in special education from a Christian faith perspective.""Integrating Faith and Special Education provides an opportunity for practitioners to meaningfully engage the intersection of theology, diversity, and implications for effectively meeting the needs of students. A great resource for educators.""  --Pamela M. Christian, Vice Provost of Inclusion and Cross-Cultural Engagement, Biola University ¿ ""This book is essential for the field of special education, especially for teacher practitioners who are engaging in responding to the call to serve children with disabilities. This book is an excellent resource for those who are seeking ways to integrate their faith into their teaching practices. I strongly recommend this book as a required text for Christian Institutions of Higher Education charged with teacher training programs."" --Nilsa J. Thorsos, Professor of Special Education, National University""There is a natural connection between Christian faith and special education, with both focusing on compassion for the weak and the inherent dignity of every human being. Dr. Ben Nworie, a remarkable special education scholar and practitioner, models this integration well in his life, teaching, and now in his important new book, [which] advances special education practice by drawing from the wisdom of the Christian tradition. I hope it is read widely.""--Barry H. Corey, President of Biola University; Author of Love Kindness: Discover the Power of a Forgotten Christian VirtueBen Nworie is a Professor of Special Education with over thirty years of research, teaching, and administrative experiences from K-12 to college. He holds a PhD in Special Education, with Clinical Psychology as a second area of emphasis. Dr. Nworie also holds two graduate degrees in Theology. His most recent faculty positions have been at the schools of education at Azusa Pacific University, and Biola University, in California. He is the author of Critical and Enduring Issues in Special Education (2016).

The thirteen essays in this volume engage biblical texts from the three books in the Hebrew Bible associated with the wisdom tradition in ancient Israel: Proverbs, Job, and Ecclesiastes. These three books provide deep theological reflection on everyday life and practical ethics. Often ignored in the development of theology, these books contain a richness and usefulness the North American church desperately needs to hear in our contemporary cultural contexts. These essays affirm the value of these books, not just for understanding Israel''s ideas about wisdom, or even Israel''s ideas about faith, but also for the continuing theological witness and development of the church.--From the Introduction, by Steven SchweitzerThis collection of textual studies is a welcome contribution to our continued learning. The focus on wisdom takes up a much neglected part of scripture and opens for us large theological affirmations and demanding ethical summonses. In a society that has majored in foolishness on a large scale, the book is a reminder that wisdom that can generate life is rooted elsewhere in a hidden governance that is nonnegotiable and cannot be outflanked. The reader will find these several studies suggestive and accessible, grounded good scholarship but addressed to a church audience that seeks practical guidance for faith. --Walter Brueggemann, Columbia Theological Seminary

The three years that Calvin spent in Strasbourg are often considered a simple gap between his two periods in Geneva (1536-1538 and 1541-1564). However, this period has been shown to be extremely fertile for Calvin in literary, theological, and pastoral fields, not forgetting his marriage to Idelette de Bure. It was in Strasbourg that Calvin published the second Latin edition, greatly increased, of his ""Institution,"" and where he wrote the first French version of this summary of the reformed religion. There he lectured on ""Romans,"" replied to Cardinal Sadolet, and wrote his ""Little Treatise on Holy Communion,"" intended to reconcile Protestants. There he became familiar with Martin Bucer's catechetical practice and with the songs of the Strasbourg parishes, which inspired his ""Some Psalms and Canticles put into Song,"" and there he gained the friendship of Philippe Melanchthon and the respect of other Reformers.Felicity McNab is a freelance translator of Huguenot descent, living in England. Her work includes the translation of History of the Conquest of Abyssinia from the French ""Histoire de la conquete d'Abyssinie,"" by Jules Perruchon (broadcast on BBC World Service), The Abductor from ""Ravisseur,"" by Leila Marouane, and True Piety from ""La vraie piete,"" by John Calvin in 2014. She has also worked for several departments of the Irish Civil Service in patent translating and as a court interpreter.

The Old Testament prophets were people who looked at the world and heard God speaking. They looked at the creation and felt God's power. They looked at pain and poverty and felt God's compassion. They looked at oppression, corruption and idolatry and felt God's anger. They looked at faithful believers and felt God's encouragement. They looked to the future and envisaged God's action. They knew doubt, discouragement and rejection but they stood firm because in looking at God's world they had sensed God's love. They were real people speaking into real situations in a world where people's behavior and reactions were, in spite of all the advances of modern technology, not so very different from our own. Mary Evans, who lectured in Old Testament Studies for many years, firmly believes that these people who spoke from God so many years ago are dynamically relevant in church and society today. This book helps you understand the prophets and appreciate their relevance.

Since the early days of liberation theology, Northern Hemisphere theological education has used the phrase "solidarity with the oppressed" to denote the religiously and morally appropriate response to situations of violence and oppression. Yet efforts to inculcate solidarity of heart and mind often devolve into a kind of "theological tourism" wherein professors and students visit oppressed communities without truly participating as subjects in the subjectivity of the marginalized.'Beyond Theological Tourism' shows how one group of theological teacher-mentors and students attempt to overcome the limits of visits as "tourists of the revolution" to exotic locations. Starting from the challenge of Robert Evans of the Plowshares Institute, a group of Chicago-based Christians struggled with new modes of education for prospective ministers.The editors and contributors--Claude Marie Barbour, Clinton E. Stockwell, Anthony J. Gittins, C.S.Sp., Eleanor Doidge, Yoshiro Ishida, Heidi Hadsell, Dow Edgerton, Kathleen Billman, Peggy DesJarlait, and Depaul Genska, O.F.M.--have put together a book of active collaboration, insightful debate, and self-critical analysis. Theological tourism, they find, is counterproductive and may give the wrong lessons. An immersion that respects the subjectivity and cultural integrity of the persons among whom middle-class trainees work and live can be marvelous experiences for both host communities and their visitors . . . but successful immersion is dauntingly difficult to do.

A comprehensive introduction to preaching, emphasizing the encounter with God''s grace as the goal and heart of the sermon.""Many people outside the church take a dim view of preaching precisely because they regard it as an overly directive, overly confident . . . even chastising form of speech. Ironically, some of us inside the church know what Paul Scott Wilson knows . . . in recent years, preaching has often stopped well short of such bold speech. In this inspiring volume, Wilson invites preachers back to the sermon''s first, best purpose: to proclaim the glorious reality of God''s new world in Christ. Wilson mines the riches of the past to inspire preachers in this present time to engage proclamation in its many forms so that all preachers may become eager and exuberant proclaimers of the best news the world has ever heard.""−Scott Hoezee, Director for The Center for Excellence in Preaching, Calvin Theological Seminary""With characteristic flair and scholarship, Wilson reconnects proclamation with teaching as the dual parts of preaching. Championing an urgent need for proclamation, he presents nine subgenres, drenching them with sermon examples drawn from the early church to the present. A rich sermon fare to savor in-depth. It challenges intellect and spirit.""−Michael Quicke, Koller Professor of Preaching and Communication, Northern Seminary""Wilson weaves a conversation with a cast that spans nearly every century of the church''s life. Mining sermons old and new, Wilson reflects on what they do well and how preachers can implement similar proclamatory practices in order to make their sermons more meaningful. Paul Wilson is one of our important cartographers, producing important and reliable maps for students, homileticians, and preachers. Yet, what drives his academic passion is his warm, personal faith and deep conviction in the reality of the gospel--the living, loving, redeeming, and saving God who continues to pursue a troubled and troubling creation.""−Andre Resner, Professor of Homiletics and Church Worship, Hood Theological Seminary""Summoning as fellow guides a host of great homileticians from twenty centuries of Christian tradition, Wilson leads preachers on a kind of pilgrimage from teaching about God to proclaiming God''s presence. His catalogue of genres of proclamation, illustrated with clips from such a rich assortment of voices, will offer practical encouragement to preachers and homileticians alike.""−Linda Lee Clader, Dean of Academic Affairs and Professor of Homiletics, Church Divinity School of the PacificPaul Scott Wilson is Professor of Homiletics at Emmanuel College of the University of Toronto. He is one of the most respected and recognized teachers of homiletics in North America. He is the author of a number of books, including The Practice of Preaching, Imagination of the Heart, God Sense: Reading the Bible for Preaching, and The Four Pages of the Sermon, all published by Abingdon Press. He is the general editor of The New Interpreter''s Handbook of Preaching.

The work of the great Rhineland mystics of the fourteenth century speaks to the modern reader with astonishing directness and clarity. In their emphasis on the personal, inward experience of God and their questioning of the formal, ritualistic side of religion, Meister Eckhart, Johannes Tauler, and Jan van Ruusbroec appear almost as contemporaries. This impression is heightened by vivid new translations by Oliver Davies, who also sets the Rhineland mystics in their historical and cultural context and examines why we seem to have a special sensitivity to their voice in spite of a gap of over six hundred years.