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This book provides an informative guide to Piriformis Syndrome, a condition in which the piriformis muscle, located in the buttock region, spasms and causes buttock pain. The piriformis muscle can also irritate the nearby sciatica nerve and cause pain, numbness and tingling along the back of the leg and into the foot (similar to sciatic pain). This book examines the various clinical approaches to managing Piriformis Syndrome to ensure the best possible outcomes for patients presenting with the condition. Piriformis Syndrome incorporates a uniform design to the chapter structures and includes comprehensive coverage of the topic. Clinicians seeking guidance for the management and treatment of Piriformis syndrome will find this book to be an essential resource for clinical practice.

This book describes and analyses experiences of teaching and learning language, culture and literature based on telecollaboration, an approach that creates interactions between groups of learners from different countries through the integration of a series of virtual and intercultural collaborative tasks to the curricula of undergraduate and graduate courses. The experiences analyzed in this volume come from two telecollaborative projects developed by the São Paulo State University (UNESP), in Brazil, with universities from other countries: the Brazilian Virtual Exchange (BRaVE) Program and the Teletandem Brasil Project. The BRaVE Program aims at fostering an online collaborative learning modality that promotes intercultural contact and the exchange of ideas by connecting Brazilian undergraduate or graduate students with students from different higher education institutions around the world. The Teletandem Brasil Project is based on a mode of telecollaboration (teletandem) that creates a virtual, collaborative and autonomous context for learning foreign languages in which two students help each other to learn their own languages or a language of proficiency. They do so by using the text, voice and webcam image resources, and by adopting the three principles of tandem learning: autonomy, reciprocity, and separate use of both languages. Language, Culture and Literature in Telecollaboration Contexts will be of interest to both educational researchers and teachers as it presents, on the one hand, an innovative tool to promote the democratization of foreign language learning; and, on the other hand, discusses how telecollaborative projects can contribute to the training of language and literature teachers.

This book contains a collection of chapters that provide new insights into traditional paradigms, approaches, and methods, as well as more recent innovative studies in knowledge management. It investigates the historical root of such interaction and how it evolved over time. The book examines the ability of an organization to recognize the value of new external information and knowledge, assimilate and apply them, which plays a critical role in determining innovative output. It introduces and highlights the importance of knowledge-sharing performance. In particular, it analyzes the knowledge-sharing process and its impact on the innovation capability and innovation performance of the firms. The book is an interesting read for both researchers and practitioners in this field.

Vergleichende Versuche über Verholzungsreaktionen und Fluoreszenz.

An Introduction to Statistical Learning provides an accessible overview of the field of statistical learning, an essential toolset for making sense of the vast and complex data sets that have emerged in fields ranging from biology to finance, marketing, and astrophysics in the past twenty years. This book presents some of the most important modeling and prediction techniques, along with relevant applications. Topics include linear regression, classification, resampling methods, shrinkage approaches, tree-based methods, support vector machines, clustering, deep learning, survival analysis, multiple testing, and more. Color graphics and real-world examples are used to illustrate the methods presented. This book is targeted at statisticians and non-statisticians alike, who wish to use cutting-edge statistical learning techniques to analyze their data. Four of the authors co-wrote An Introduction to Statistical Learning, With Applications in R (ISLR), which has become a mainstay of undergraduate and graduate classrooms worldwide, as well as an important reference book for data scientists. One of the keys to its success was that each chapter contains a tutorial on implementing the analyses and methods presented in the R scientific computing environment. However, in recent years Python has become a popular language for data science, and there has been increasing demand for a Python-based alternative to ISLR. Hence, this book (ISLP) covers the same materials as ISLR but with labs implemented in Python. These labs will be useful both for Python novices, as well as experienced users.

Die konstant gedrallten Strahlflächen mit einer kubischen Zentraltorse von der konstanten Böschung ?3.

1 Introduction.- 1.1 The Intellectual Debate Until 1990.- 1.2 Progress During the Last Decade.- 1.3 Consequences for the Structure of the Book.- References.- 2 Competition in Well-Mixed Habitats: From Competitive Exclusion to Competitive Chaos.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Competition for a Single Abiotic Resource.- 2.2.1 Growth of a Single Species.- 2.2.2 Competitive Interactions.- 2.2.3 Competition for Light.- 2.3 Resource Storage.- 2.3.1 A Competition Model Based on Storage.- 2.3.2 Storage in a Constant Environment.- 2.3.3 Storage in a Variable Environment.- 2.4 Competition for a Single Biotic Resource.- 2.5 Competition for Two Resources.- 2.5.1 Essential vs. Substitutable Resources.- 2.5.2 Abiotic Resources.- 2.5.3 Biotic Resources.- 2.6 Competition for Three Resources.- 2.6.1 Competitive Oscillations.- 2.6.2 Competitive Chaos.- 2.7 Discussion.- References.- 3 Spatial Models of Competition.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Implicitly Spatial Models.- 3.2.1 Single Species Model.- 3.2.2 Two Species Models.- 3.2.3 Conclusion.- 3.3 Explicitly Spatial Models.- 3.3.1 Interacting Particle Systems.- 3.3.2 Point Process Models.- 3.3.3 Pair Approximation and Moment Methods.- 3.3.4 Reaction-Diffusion Models.- 3.4 Comparing and Connecting Methods.- 3.5 Underlying Spatial Heterogeneity.- 3.5.1 Reaction-Diffusion Models.- 3.5.2 Neighborhood Models.- 3.5.3 Patch Models.- 3.5.4 Conclusion.- 3.6 Competition and Coexistence.- 3.7 Future Directions.- 3.7.1 More Work on Environmental Heterogeneit.- 3.7.2 Combining Population and Ecosystem Perspectives.- 3.7.3 Competition for Light Among Terrestrial Plants.- 3.7.4 Evolution and Community Assembly.- References.- 4 Competition and Coexistence in Plankton Communities.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.1.1 What Makes Plankton Competition Special?.- 4.1.2 The Chemostat as an Experimental System.- 4.2 Competition Experiments in Laboratory Microcosms.- 4.2.1 Competition Experiments Under Constant Conditions.- 4.2.2 Competition Experiments Under Temporally Variable Conditions.- 4.3 Experiments in Field Mesocosms.- 4.4 Tests of the Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis by Field Data.- 4.5 Herbivory and Diversity.- 4.6 The Role of Abundance and of Seasonality.- 4.7 Conclusions.- References.- 5 Competition and Coexistence in Mobile Animals.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Competition Among Mobile Animals.- 5.3 Heterogeneity, Trade-Offs, and Competition.- 5.4 Scale and Heterogeneity.- 5.5 New Challenges.- References.- 6 Competition, Coexistence and Diversity on Rocky Shores.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.1.1 What Distinguishes Rocky Shores from Other Communities?.- 6.1.2 Evolution of Competition Theory.- 6.2 Disruption of Competitive Exclusion: The Non-Equilibrium View.- 6.2.1 Keystone Predation and Herbivory.- 6.2.2 Strong vs. Weak Interactions.- 6.2.3 The Effects of Physical Disturbance.- 6.3 Coexistence Through Trade-Offs: The Equilibrium View.- 6.3.1 The Resource-Ratio Hypothesis.- 6.3.2 The Competitive Hierarchy Hypothesis.- 6.3.3 Intransitive Competitive Networks.- 6.4 Synthesis: Integrating the Effects of Competition, Consumption and Disturbance.- 6.4.1 Consumer vs. Resource Control of Species Diversity.- 6.4.2 An Integrated Competition Model.- 6.5 Conclusion.- 6.5.1 Unifying Competition Theory.- 6.5.2 Competition, Coexistence and the Human Impact.- References.- 7 Competition and Coexistence in Terrestrial Plants.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Competition.- 7.2.1 Resource Competition.- 7.2.2 For Which Resources Do Species Compete?.- 7.2.3 Physiological and Morphological Mechanisms of Competition.- 7.2.4 Competition Summary.- 7.3 Coexistence.- 7.3.1 Neutral Theory of Biodiversity.- 7.3.2 Spatial Heterogeneity.- 7.3.3 Competition-Colonization Trade-Off.- 7.3.4 Temporal Variability.- 7.3.5 Additional Trophic Level.- 7.3.6 Multiple Mechanisms of Coexistence and Limits to Diversity.- 7.3.7 Coexistence Summary.- 7.4 Conclusion.- References.- 8 Synthesis: Back to Santa Rosalia, or No Wonder There Are So Many Species.- 8.1 Trade-Offs.- 8.2 Disturbance, ..

Worldwide, it is quoted that 85% of Melanoma cases are treated surgically. The reliability of the Keystone Perforator Island Flap (KPIF) as a reconstructive technique has wide applications. Its low complication rate is the key to its surgical success. The technique is clearly explained in this Atlas by the author, a renowned plastic and reconstructive surgeon, who established this reconstructive principle over 20 years. The illustrations range from simple to complex cases in an easy-to-follow format. Audio files, as a supplementary tool, amplify the technique to enhance the reader's experience and foster clear understanding. Chapters focussing on anatomical regions contain carefully selected cases accompanied by images to demonstrate a step-by-step surgical technique. The basic design format for all Keystones are highlighted, all sitting within the dermatomal precincts. The KPIF must contain a fascial base for lining and the island outline is an essential pre-requisite. It is hypothesized that this islanding creates a sympathectomy effect resulting in hyperaemic blood flow which optimises healing. Undermining up to 2/3 is permissible as long as there is a deep attachment of 1/3 at the base of the flap to contain the random perforator vascular support. This design allows the rotation, advancement and transposition (ART) of the flap to facilitate the reconstructive closures. Presumably, there are somatic and autonomic neural support lines accompanying the vascular pathways of these random perforator flaps. The vascular perforator tree must not be skeletonised (as in propellor flaps) to allow preservation of such anatomical elements - somatic, autonomic and lymphatic pathways, all of which are an essential component in any surgical repair. This KPIF provides an alternative to microvascular procedures where the biggest drawback is tissue match. The KPIF addresses this problem admirably with a low pain component, an excellent aesthetic match with a low vascular complication rate and a performed in an expeditious manner - these all characterise the KPIF. Simple solutions solve problems and this KPIF Atlas for Melanoma becomes a welcome companion to any surgical speciality including plastic and reconstructive surgeons, surgical oncologists, general surgeons and dermatologists.

The book conveys current approaches to digitization in companies and shows how digitization projects can be successfully and safely implemented in practice. Based on the description of a changing value creation and working world, the changes associated with digitization are explained using application scenarios: New business models and business processes are being established, the development of products is changing as is the interaction with customers, new opportunities but also new risks are emerging. The authors of the article present the basics as well as concepts for the concrete planning and implementation of the digitization of processes and applications. Aspects of IT security are not neglected either. The editors' work is based on questions from entrepreneurial practice and is also suitable for students and teachers.

This book provides a scientific and practical guide for training and supervision in cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). It builds on more general fundamentals of clinical supervision with a theory-driven approach backed by empirical support for training and supervising clinicians in the practice of CBT. The book dispels the myth of "do it, teach it" as it relates to supervision and addresses the importance of recognizing that one size does not fit all with CBT supervision. The volume synthesizes CBT research on supervision and links it to the practice of supervision. It reviews components of supervision that warrant consideration (e.g., therapeutic alliance, ethics), specific settings (e.g., medical setting, schools) and clients (e.g., culture, individual, group, disability, and high-risk). In addition, it addresses a neglected area of developing competency, including developmental models as well as measuring trainee and supervisor competency in the provision of clinical supervision. The book recommends future directions on how to integrate technology into supervision to enhance the quality of supervision and, ultimately, client outcome. Key areas of coverage include: Major constructs in CBT supervision and training.Supervising work with various clients, including individuals, children, adolescents, families, and couples.Supervision and high-risk cases.Teaching and supervision within a behavioral medicine context.Issues of diversity, technology, and ethics of supervision.The Handbook of Training and Supervision in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy is an essential resource for researchers, professors, and graduate students as well as clinicians, therapists, and other professionals in clinical and school psychology, pediatrics, social work, developmental psychology, behavioral therapy/rehabilitation, child and adolescent psychiatry, nursing, and special education.

This open access book investigates whether and how theoretical findings and insights in contemporary art conservation can be translated into the daily work practices of conservators or, vice versa, whether and how the problems and dilemmas encountered in conservation practice can inform broader research questions and projects. For several decades now, the conservation of contemporary art has been a dynamic field of research and reflection. Because of contemporary art's variable constitution, its care and management calls for a fundamental rethinking of the overall research landscape of museums, heritage institutions, private-sector organizations and universities. At first, this research was primarily pursued by conservation professionals working in or with museums and other heritage organizations, but increasingly academic researchers and universities became involved, for instance through collaborative projects. This book is the result of such collaboration. It sets out to bridge the "gap" between theory and practice by investigating conservation practices as a form of reflection and reflection as a form of practice.

I: Grundlagen.- 1 Einleitung.- 1.1 Bedeutung des Themas.- 1.2 Ziele und Aufbau der Arbeit.- 1.3 Begriffsdefinitionen.- 1.3.1 Rating, Ranking, Screening.- 1.3.2 Ökologieorientierte Informationen, ökologieorientierte Daten.- 1.3.3 Ökologieorientierte Berichterstattung.- 1.3.4 Öko-Rating.- 2 Ökologieorientierte Bewertungen als Grundlage ökologieorientierten Handelns.- 2.1 Informieren, Bewerten, Entscheiden, Handeln.- 2.2 Alternativen, Umweltzustände, Ziele und Präferenzen als Determinanten einer Bewertung.- 2.2.1 Ziele und Kriterien.- 2.2.2 Präferenzen.- 2.2.3 Umweltzustände.- 2.2.4 Alternativenraum.- 2.2.5 Bewertungen durch Nutzenfunktionen.- 2.3 Delegation von ökologieorientierten Bewertungen im Rahmen eines Öko-Ratings.- 2.3.1 Delegation als Metaentscheidungsproblem.- 2.3.2 Informationsökonomische Aspekte.- 2.3.3 Agency-Problematik.- 3 Die Bewertung von Öko-Rating-Ansätzen.- 3.1 Bewertungsziele.- 3.2 Bewertungskriterien.- 3.3 Zielbeziehungen.- II: Bisherige öko-Rating-Ansätze.- 1 Kurzbeschreibung bestehender Öko-Rating-Organisationen.- 1.1 Ökom.- 1.2 CSH.- 1.3 Eco-Rating International.- 1.4 Hamburger Umweltinstitut.- 2 Vergleich und Analyse eingesetzter Verfahren.- 2.1 Treffsicherheit.- 2.1.1 Alternativenraum.- 2.1.2 Ziele.- 2.1.3 Präferenzen.- 2.1.4 Umweltzustände.- 2.2 Kosten.- 2.3 Transparenz.- 2.4 Verfälschende Anreize.- 3 Zusammenfassende Würdigung bestehender Öko-Rating-Ansätze.- III: Handlungsorientiertes öko-Rating.- 1 Ziel der Weiterentwicklung.- 2 Verbesserung der Zielorientierung.- 2.1.1 Arten von Zielen.- 2.1. Arten von Kriterien.- 2.2 Zusammenfassung.- 3 Verbesserung der Präferenzgerechtigkeit der Aggregation.- 3.1 Das zugrundeliegende Aggregationsproblem.- 3.2 Arten von Präferenzen.- 3.3 Nutzwertanalysen: Die Wahl der Praxis.- 3.3.1 Vorgehensweise.- 3.3.2 Prämissen und geeignete Bewertungssituationen.- 3.4 Nutzwertanalyse zweiter Generation: Die theoretische Weiterentwicklung.- 3.4.1 Vorgehensweise.- 3.4.2 Prämissen und geeignete Bewertungssituationen.- 3.5 Scoringverfahren auf der Basis unscharfer Logik.- 3.5.1 Modellierung nicht-linearer Zusammenhänge: Das Beispiel Steuerungstechnik.- 3.5.2 Fuzzy Logic: Die Philosophie.- 3.5.3 Fuzzy Control: Die Anwendung.- 3.5.4 Beispiel.- 3.5.5 Prämissen und geeignete Bewertungssituationen.- 4 Aufbau eines handlungsorientierten öko-Ratings-Ein Ablaufschema.- Iv: Fallstudie.- 1 Analyse der Entscheidungssituation.- 2 Beschreibung und Abgrenzung der Bewertungsaufgabe.- 3 Aufbau des Bewertungsmodells.- 3.1 Instrumentalziel-/Kriteriengenerierung.- 3.2 Feststellung der Präferenzen/Strukturierung.- 3.3 Umsetzung durch Wertfunktionen.- 4 Bewertung.- 5 Analyse des Öko-Ratings der Fallstudie.- V: Zusammenfassung.- Exkurs A: Erweiterung Fuzzy Logic.- 1 Weitere Operatoren.- 2 Verallgemeinerung auf den n-Faktorenfall.- 3 Parametrisierte Operatoren.- 4 Weitere Defuzzifizierungsmethoden.- Exkurs B: Skalentypen, Skalentransformationen.

Karl Menger and Vienna's Golden Autumn.- Commentary on Menger's Work on Dimension Theory.- Zur Dimensions- und Kurventheorie. Unveröffentlichte Aufsätze aus den Jahren 1921-1923, Monatshefte für Mathematik und Physik 36 (1929), 411-432.- Das Hauptproblem über die dimensionelle Struktur der Räume, Proceedings Amsterdam 30 (1927), 138-144.- Dimension und Zusammenhangsstufe, Mathematische Annalen 100 (1928), 618-633.- Allgemeine Räume und Cartesische Räume. I., Proceedings Amsterdam 29 (1926), 476-482.- Allgemeine Räume und Cartesische Räume. II.: Über umfassendste n-dimensionale Mengen, Proceedings Amsterdam 29 (1926), 1125-1128.- Über die Dimension von Punktmengen III. Zur Begründung einer axiomatischen Theorie der Dimension, Monatshefte für Mathematik und Physik 36 (1929), 193-218.- Axiomatische Einführung des Dimensionsbegriffes, Comptes Rendus du Premier Congrès des Mathématiciens des Pays Slaves. Warszawa. 1929, 57-65.- Remarques sur la théorie axiomatique de la dimension, Monatshefte für Mathematik und Physik 37 (1930), 169-174.- Über die Hinweise auf Brouwer in Urysohns Mémoire, Selbstverlag, Wien 1932.- Commentary on Menger's Work on Curve Theory and Topology.- Einige Überdeckungssätze der Punktmengenlehre, Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Wien, Sitzungsberichte 133 (1924), 421-444.- Grundzüge einer Theorie der Kurven, Mathematische Annalen 95 (1925), 277-306.- Grundzüge einer Theorie der Kurven, Proceedings Amsterdam 28 (1925), 67-71.- Une forme abstraite du théorème de Borel-Lebesgue généralisé, Comptes Rendus Acad. Paris 206 (1938), 563-565.- On the Origin of the n-Arc Theorem, Journal of Graph Theory 5 (1981), 341-350.- Commentary on Menger's "Untersuchungen über allgemeine Metrik".- Untersuchungen über allgemeine Metrik (Erste Untersuchung: Theorie der Konvexität; Zweite Untersuchung: Die euklidische Metrik; Dritte Untersuchung: Entwurf einer Theorie der n-dimensionalen Metrik), Mathematische Annalen 100 (1928), 75-163.- Bemerkungen zur zweiten Untersuchung über allgemeine Metrik, Proceedings Amsterdam 30 (1927), 710-714.- Untersuchungen über allgemeine Metrik. Teil IV: Zur Metrik der Kurven, Mathematische Annalen 103 (1930), 466-501.- Commentary on Menger's Work on the Calculus of Variation and Metric Geometry.- Sur un théoréme général du calcul des variations, Comptes Rendus Acad. Paris 201 (1935), 705-707.- Calcul des variations dans les espaces distanciés généraux, Comptes Rendus Acad. Paris 202 (1936), 1007-1009.- Courbes minimisantes non rectifiables et champs généraux de courbes admissibles dans le calcul des variations, Comptes Rendus Acad. Paris 202 (1936), 1648-1650.- Metric Methods in Calculus of Variations, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 23 (1937), 244-250.- A Theory of Length and its Applications to the Calculus of Variations, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 25 (1939), 474-478.- Commentary on Menger's Work on the Algebra of Geometry.- Bemerkungen zu Grundlagenfragen. IV: Axiomatik der endlichen Mengen und der elementargeometrischen Verknüpfungsbeziehungen, Jahresbericht der Deutschen Mathematikervereinigung 37 (1928), 309-325.- New Foundations of Projective and Affine Geometry. Algebra of Geometry, Annals of Mathematics, II. Ser. 37 (1936), 456-482.- A Note on a Previous Paper "New Foundations of Projective and Affine Geometry", Annals of Mathematics, II. Ser. 38 (1937), 450.- A New Foundation of Non-Euclidean, Affine, Real Projective and Euclidean Geometry, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 24 (1938), 486-490.- Self-Dual Fragments of the Ordinary Plane, The American Mathematical Monthly 56 (1949), 545-546.- The Projective Space, Duke Math. Journal 17 (1950), 1-14.- Frammenti piani autoduali e relative sostituzioni, Rendiconti Accad. Nazionale di Lincei 30 (1961), 713-717.- The New Foundation of Hyperbolic Geometry, in: A Spectrum of Mathematics (Essays Presented to H. G. Forder), ed. by J. C. Butcher, Auckland University Press 1971, 86-97.- Commentary on Menger's Expository Papers on Geo

1 Functional Properties of the Feeding Musculature.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Functional Properties of Individual Muscle Fibers.- 3 Fiber Types and Contractile Properties in Vertebrate Feeding Muscles.- References.- 2 Feeding Mechanisms in Sharks and Other Elasmobranchs T.H Frazzetta.- 1 Chondrichthyian Fishes.- 2 Elasmobranchs.- 3 The Shark Jaw Apparatus.- 4 Feeding behavior.- 5 Morphomechanics and function.- 6 Other Elasmobranchs.- 7 Conclusions.- References.- 3 The Pharyngeal Apparatus in Teleost Feeding.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Morphology.- 3 Role of the Pharyngeal Apparatus in Food Processing.- 4 Development of the Pharyngeal Jaws.- 5 Polymorphism and Plasticity of the Pharyngeal Jaw Apparatus.- 6 Concluding Remarks.- References.- 4 Feeding in Tetrapods.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Problems and Solutions for Terrestrial Feeding.- 3 Amphibians: Conflict and Prey Ingestion.- 4 Reptilian and Mammalian Prey Ingestion.- 5 Teeth, Crushing and Mastication.- 6 The Adductor Muscles and Their Action Patterns.- 7 Cycles.- 8 Overview.- References.- 5 Sensorimotor Processes That Underlie Feeding Behavior in Tetrapods.- 1 Behavior Patterns Related to Feeding.- 2 Definitions Referring to "Sensori-", "Motor-", and "Command-".- 3 The Motor Part of Prey Snapping in Toads.- 4 The Feature-Analyzing Part of Prey Catching.- 5 A Concept of a Neuronal Circuit for the Tongue Flip.- References.- 6 Amphibian Feeding Behavior: Comparative Biomechanics and Evolution.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Overview of Feeding Mechanics in Fishes.- 3 Salamander Feeding Mechanics.- 4 Frog Feeding Mechanics.- 5 Comparative Analysis of Amphibian Feeding.- 6 Recommendations and Future Directions.- References.- 7 Biomechanics of the Hyolingual System in Squamata.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Functional and Biomechanical Studies of the Hyolingual System.- 3 Evolutionary Comparison of Hyolingual Biomechanics 234 References.- 8 Behavioral Mechanisms of Avian Feeding.- 1 Introduction.- 2 General Food Acquisition Mechanism: Pecking.- 3 Specific Food-Handling Mechanisms: Husking and Storage.- 4 Specific Food Acquisition Mechanisms.- 5 Sensory Control and Motor Patterning.- 6 Principles of Avian Food Acquisition.- References.- 9 Evolutionary Approach of Masticatory Motor Patterns in Mammals W.A Weijs.- 1 Introduction and Scope.- 2 The Evolutionary Development of the Mammalian Jaw Apparatus.- 3 Mammalian Jaw Muscles and Feeding Cycles: Definitions.- 4 Feeding in Primitive Mammals.- 5 Bats.- 6 Primates.- 7 Carnivores.- 8 Ungulate Grinding Type.- 9 Rodents.- 10 Discussion.- References.- 10 Differential Wear of Enamel: A Mechanism for Maintaining Sharp Cutting Edges A.W Crompton, C.B Wood and D.N Stern.- 1 Introduction.- 2 Material and Methods.- 3 Results.- 4 Discussion.- References.- Conclusion: A General Theory for Feeding Mechanics?.

This book Introduces the extensive applications of metabolomics from all possible areas of research and development so that not only an undergraduate can understand the advancement of metabolomics, but an entrepreneur can harness the knowledge to address possible problems to make a perfect tool to address their research question.Topics covered include the role of metabolomics in the development of agriculture, plant pathology, and their applications; the generalized application of the metabolomics and use of related technologies in various sectors of industries; and the future of metabolomics and upcoming related technologies that can fill the gap between different -omics and their applications for the betterment of humankind. This is an ideal book for university professors, researchers, and advanced-level scientists who are exploring different avenues in metabolomics. Availability of this concise information in one place will aid scientists by expanding their arsenal of techniques and can be helpful to bring more collaborations and to identify the expert at the global level.

This open access book makes a comparative overview of the demographic evolution of the Mediterranean populations. It addresses all the demographic issues since 1950 such as fertility, mortality, growth, demographic aging, and the age structure of the population. The book discusses the major demographic changes and its consequences for the Mediterranean region and describes the socio-economic and societal opportunities such as the silver economy, improvement in health of the population, and progress in education. By providing insights into the past demographic evolutions and analyzing the most recent indicators, this book constitutes an essential reference work for those who wish to better understand the major transformations that Mediterranean societies are undergoing.

This book is a comprehensive reference guide for team physicians to manage common or rare clinical issues that may occur on the sidelines and field of play in recreational, professional or elite sports. Musculoskeletal injuries and health-related clinical issues that may occur on the field of play can directly impact the ability of athletes to safely participate in sport. Indeed, the ability to urgently respond to the myriad of health-related issues is critical during both sideline and event coverage. The variety of challenges may be more prevalent according to the type of sport, the athletes' physical condition, the field of play, the level of competition, as well as the environmental conditions. Initial assessment, proper investigation of athletes' clinical complaints and findings, followed by a well-practiced intervention protocol play an essential role in optimizing the outcome of each case. Written by an international team of experts, and published in partnership with ISAKOS, this book is an excellent source of knowledge for sports physicians, orthopedists and physiotherapists alike.

1 Arithmetik reeller Zahlen.- 2 Ebene Trigonometrie.- 3 Funktionen einer reellen Veränderlichen.- 4 Arithmetik komplexer Zahlen.- 5 Komplexe Funktionen einer reellen Veränderlichen.- 6 Gleichungen. Lineare Systeme.- Namen- und Sachverzeichnis.

The discipline of social policy, oftentimes deemed a part of social work as a profession, was born in the West. Unlike social policy that started with the post-war idea of a welfare state in the mid-20th century, social work traces its roots to individual casework pioneered by the Charity Organization Society (COS), early social administration including state-wide poverty relief (an advocacy effort of the COS but with deep roots in the English Poor Laws of the 17th century), and social action emphasizing political activities to improve social conditions (originating from the Settlement House Movement which began in the 1880s).The development of social work is historically intertwined with that of public welfare, philanthropy, and charity and is an inherently international subject. This conception is broader than "international social work" as a discrete field of professional practice, which crosses geopolitical borders and all levels of social and economic organizations with a focus on development. However, each nation has a story of its own in terms of professionalization of social work in the evolution of public welfare and philanthropic/charitable undertaking within its particular economic, political, social, and cultural settings. A wide-ranging and in-depth study of various (especially non-Western) country cases is essential to an adequate, comprehensive understanding of the social work profession, which is also a basic requirement of its value of diversity.China is undoubtedly an important case with the largest population on earth. It's also unique in view of so-called Chinese characteristics which are sometimes fundamentally different from other (particularly Western) societies. It's even intriguing given the country's lengthy, complex history and its recent, rapid rise to a global superpower with a claim of national goals and core values that seem to be rather considerable to social work as a helping profession. Therefore, any significant lessons learned from the Chinese experiences would help with a better international understanding and further advancement of social work and public welfare at a global scale.

This textbook covers the scientific basics of molecular bioengineering, a new field where technology meets biology and chemistry, and the fundamental knowledge required for students to understand molecular mechanisms beyond biological phenomena. The textbook focuses on the role of proteins in biomolecular machinery, and it is divided into 2 parts: Part I covers the molecular thermodynamics of biological systems, and Part II discusses the computational aspects behind protein structure prediction and molecular dynamics. In the first part of the textbook, students will find comprehensive explanations of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics, which are the basis to understand how molecular properties translate into macroscopic. Part I also offers an introduction to proteins and concepts like intermolecular forces, volumetric properties of fluids, ionization equilibria and salting-out, and protein binding and protein-protein interactions. In the second part of the textbook, students will learn about protein structure prediction and analysis, systems biology and structure-based protein networks, and computational tools and approaches for molecular dynamics simulations and protein binding and protein-protein interactions.This textbook adds to the scholarly debate with a unique contribution, addressing important new areas of biophysical chemistry and molecular biophysics not covered in currently available textbooks. Given its breadth, the textbook is suitable for courses in molecular biophysics, biochemistry, physical chemistry and bioengineering, and will also appeal to researchers and professionals in these fields.Part I of this book is a translation from its Italian original manuscript done with the help of artificial intelligence. A subsequent human revision of the content was done by the author. Springer Nature works continuously to further the development of tools for the production of books and on the related technologiesto support the authors.

The book "Field Manual on Alien Flora of Kashmir Himalaya: Casual, Naturalised and Invasive Plants" has been prepared with two main goals in mind: (i) to promote awareness on the threats of invasive alien plants to biodiversity, ecology and environment, and (ii) to encourage research on, and management of, the alien plants. The Manual contains concise information on the taxonomy, ecology, invasion status, impacts, distribution and illustrated photo-plates of the alien plant species of Kashmir Himalaya, India. The Manual has three chapters: Chapter-I provides a general introduction to the discipline of invasion ecology. Chapter-II guides the readers on how to use the Manual, including brief information on the study region, methods, definitions and terminology used. Chapter-III comprises the bulk of this Manual, providing profile of 100alien plant species with scientific information on the botanical, english and local names, taxonomic characters, ecological traits, current invasion status (casual, naturalised and invasive), impacts, native range, species' distribution-map in Kashmir Himalaya and coloured illustrations that will aid in field identification. It is hoped that the Manual will increase awareness on the threats posed by plant invasions among all the stakeholders - researchers, land managers, policy makers, environmentalists, naturalists, citizen-scientists, students, and the general public. It will also help in promoting research, formulating policies and planning management actions to deal with invasive alien species.

This book explores the independence of official statistics and describes the various legal and professional norms, institutional arrangements, instruments and practices that statisticians have developed over recent decades to protect their work from political interference. It argues that this 'drive for independence', which saw the replication of these norms, arrangements, and instruments across countries, was largely led by the international epistemic community of statisticians, and it identifies some of the paths and processes that enabled this drive.The study conducts an overall, multi-dimensional, and detailed comparative examination of the thirty-eight OECD countries' norms, arrangements, and practices regarding the institutional and professional independence of official statistics. For that purpose, several dimensions have been surveyed and an index has been built that allows patterns and clusters to be uncovered among the OECD countries, shedding light on the variationsthat can be observed from one subgroup of countries to another.The issue of the independence of official statistics has been at the heart of several recent statistical controversies, including that of Greece's debt, censuses in Canada and the United States, the Argentinian cost of living index, and some recent cases of resignation or dismissal of senior statisticians in various countries. Such independence has been a major topic of discussion in the epistemic community since the turn of the century, and concerns have also been addressed more widely, in the media. The subject of the book is particularly relevant as official statistics also play a significant role in monitoring the progress of the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals. This book will appeal to anyone interested in the topic of official statistics and to students of government in general.

This work will be volume 124 in the Flora Neotropica Monograph book Series, Lawrence M. Kelly (Editor-in-Chief). Flora Neotropica volumes provide taxonomic treatments of plant groups or families growing in the Americas between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. This monograph on Panicum (Poaceae), known as panicgrass, was written by the world-leading authority on this plant group. A total of one genus and 63 species are described. It also includes information on conservation, phylogenetic relationships, taxonomic history, ecology, cytology, and anatomy, among other topics. This is the first comprehensive volume on this topic since the 1920s and is lavishly illustrated with line drawings, black and white photographs, and distribution maps.

Alcohol is one of the major risk factors for negative health outcomes worldwide. It accounts for more than 60 alcohol-related diseases, ranging from addiction, through liver cirrhosis, to cancer. Collectively, these conditions account for mortality and morbidity that make alcohol use one of the leading preventable causes of disability adjusted life-years (DALYs) lost globally. In this book, an international faculty covers all aspects of alcohol-related disorders, ranging from addiction/alcohol use disorders (AUD) to alcohol-related diseases of other organs such as liver, heart or cancer. A special focus is to reach out to primary care physicians who are in the front line of this major health problem. The book also provides an update for addiction specialists, as well as specialists in internal medicine, gastroenterology and hepatology. The book is divided into sections that include epidemiology, alcohol use disorders and addiction, alcohol-related liver disease, alcoholic hepatitis, primary care and interdisciplinary approaches and other alcohol-related diseases. Besides current diagnostic measures and treatment strategies, the book deals with the many underlying molecular and genetic mechanisms of alcohol toxicity. Novel insights include prospective data on all-cause mortality and the emerging major role of alcohol-mediated hemolysis and enhanced red blood cell turnover. The book also aims at guiding policy makers to handle the topic of alcohol in our society more responsibly.

This second edition, comprising 28 chapters, explains every aspect of the role of radiographers in performing CT colonography (CTC) and interpreting CTC images with the aim of enabling radiographers to extend the scope of their practice. It provides information required with respect to communication with the patient, procurement of informed consent, the principles of CT as well as dual-energy CT and photon counting CT, radiation dose, patient preparation and positioning, the use of contrast media, the performance of diagnostic and screening CTC studies, the interpretation and reporting of images, legal and professional requirements, and the importance of clinical audits.A wide range of CTC findings is described and depicted, covering normal anatomy, artefacts, haemorrhoids, polyps, colon cancer, diverticular disease, lipomas, extracolonic structures, opportunistic screening for osteoporosis and metabolic associated fatty disease, and CTC in incomplete or failed colonoscopy. The role of other modalities such as ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, and nuclear medicine in colorectal cancer patients is discussed. In addition, the text covers the role of artificial intelligence and machine learning in imaging of the colon for the detection of polyps, diagnosis and staging of colorectal cancer. Lastly, a chapter focusing on self-assessment of image interpretation will aid learning.This book provides the support that radiographers need in order to perform CTC studies to the standard required in terms of advances in imaging and interpretation of images.

With the recent debacle of cryptocurrency exchange FTX and the crypto trading company Alameda Research, the importance of comprehending the security and regulations of Web3, cryptocurrency, and blockchain projects has been magnified. To avoid similar economic and security failures in future Web3 projects, the book provides an essential guide that offers a comprehensive and systematic approach to addressing security concerns. Written by experts in tech and finance, it provides an objective, professional, and in-depth analysis of security and privacy issues associated with Web3 and blockchain projects.This book highlights the security related to foundational Web3 building blocks such as blockchain, crypto wallets, smart contracts, and token economics, and describes recommended security processes and procedures for Web3 application development such as DevSecOps, data analytics, and data authenticity via the oracle. Moreover, the book discusses the legal and regulatory aspects of Web3 and the reasons behind the failures of well-known Web3 projects. It also contains detailed case studies of web3 projects, analyses of the reasons for their failures, and some pending legal cases.This book is an excellent resource for a diverse range of readers, with particular appeal to web3 developers, architects, project owners, and cybersecurity professionals seeking to deepen their knowledge of Web3 security.

1 Introduction.- 1.1 Preliminary Remarks.- 1.2 Chains of Mass Points.- 1.3 Contents of the Book.- 2 Geometry.- 2.1 Reference and Current Configurations.- Remark 2.1. On Non-material Vectors.- Remark 2.2. On Non-integrable Deformation Gradients.- 2.2 Polar Decomposition of the Deformation Gradient.- Example 2.1. Deformation of a Prism in the Homogeneous Extension.- Example 2.2. Deformation of a Prism in the Simple Shearing.- Example 2.3. A Polar Decomposition and Elastic-plastic Deformation.- 2.3 Some Other Measures of Deformation.- Remark 2.3. On Universal Solutions - Part.- 3 Kinematics.- 3.1 Description of Motion.- 3.2 Time Changes of Some Geometric Objects.- 3.3 Change of the Reference Frame.- Remark 3.1. On Objective Time Derivatives.- 4 Balance Equations.- 4.1 Preliminary Remarks.- 4.2 Global Balance Equations.- 4.3 Local Balance Equations.- 4.4 Local Conservation Laws.- 4.5 Spatial Form of Balance Equations.- 4.6 Spatial Form of the Local Conservation Laws.- Example 4.1. Stresses in the Homogeneous Extension of a Prism.- 4.7 Conservation Laws in a Non-Inertial Frame of Reference.- 5 Structure of Field Equations.- 5.1 Introductory Remarks.- Example 5.1. Isothermal Processes in a Linearly Elastic Rod.- Example 5.2. The Heat Conducting Linearly Elastic Rod.- 5.2 Isotropic Functions.- Example 5.3. Euler; the Basic Invariants and Generators for m Vector Variables.- Example 5.4. The Basic Invariants and Generators for one Vector and one Symmetric Tensor Variable.- Example 5.5. The Linearization for one Vector and one Symmetric Tensor Variable.- 5.3 Galilean Invariance of Field Equations.- Example 5.6. The Field Equations for Thirteen Fields.- Remark 5.1. On the Moments of the Boltzmann Equation.- Remark 5.2. On the Material Objectivity.- 6 Entropy Principle.- 6.1 Preliminary Remarks.- 6.2 Entropy Inequality.- Example 6.1. Eulerian Heat Conducting Fluid.- Example 6.2. Thermo-Viscoelastic Rod.- 6.3 Hyperbolicity of Field Equations.- 6.4 Thermoelastic Materials with Mechanical Constraints.- Example 6.3. Non-linear Thermoelastic Materials.- Example 6.4. Incompressible Materials.- Example 6.5. Inextensible Materials.- Example 6.6. Rigid Bodies.- Remark 6.1. On the Universal Solutions - Part II.- 6.5 Solid Interfaces.- 7 Ideal Gase.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Galilean Invariance; Material Frame Indifference.- 7.3 Entropy Inequality.- 7.4 Hyperbolicity.- 8 Maxwellian Fluids; Viscoelastic Solids Part 1: Maxwellian Fluids.- 8.1 Background of the Models of Maxwellian Fluids.- 8.1.1 Example 8.1. One-dimensional NthGrade Models.- 8.2 Constitutive Relations for a Non-Conducting Non-Newtonian Fluid; Field Equations.- 8.3 Entropy Principle.- 8.4 Thermodynamical Stability; Shear Pulses.- 8.5 Incompressibility; 2nd Grade Fluids.- 8.6 Field Equations in the Lagrangian Description.- 8.7 Second-Order Model of Isotropic Materials.- 8.8 Linear Viscoelastic Solids.- 9 Second Sound.- 9.1 Preliminary Remarks.- Remark 9.1. On the Moments of the Boltzmann-Peierls Equation.- 9.2 Thermodynamical Model of the Phonon Gas.- 9.3 Four-Field Model.- 9.4 Thermal Waves.- Example 9.1. Characteristic Speeds for the Four-Field Model.- 10 Some Multicomponent System.- 10.1 Introduction.- 10.2 Lagrangian Description.- Remark 10.1. On the Measurability of the Temperature.- Remark 10.2. On the Natural Mechanical Boundary Conditions.- 10.3 Balance Equation for Porosity.- 10.4 Second Law of Thermodynamics for a Thermoelastic Skeleton and Ideal Fluid Components.- 10.5 Small Deviations from the Thermodynamical Equilibrium.- 10.6 Propagation of Plane Waves of Small Amplitude.- 10.7 Final Remarks.- Appendix A: Thermostatics.- Appendix B: Curvilinear Coordinates.- Appendix C: Hyperbolic Systems of PDE.- C.l. Preliminaries.- C.2. Single Equation of Two Independent Variables.- C.3. Set of Equations with Two Independent Variables.- C.4. Time of Existence of Classical Solutions.- C.5. Systems with Many Independent Variables.- References.

I Einleitung: Organismus, Sprache und Welt.- II Zeichen, Ausdruck, Symbol.- III Die Einheiten des sprachlichen Geschehens.- IV Sprache und Kommunikation.- V Die Wahrscheinlichkeitsstruktur der Sprache.- VI Phänomenologie sprachlicher Assoziationen.- VII Der "Mechanismus" der Assoziation.- VIII Die philosophischen Hintergründe der modernen Psycholinguistik.- IX Bedeutung als feldartiger Zusammenhang.- X Mediation-Theorien sprachlichen Geschehens.- XI Die Conditionierungstheorie der Bedeutung: ihre Leistung, ihre Schwäche, ihre Weiterentwicklung.- XII Lautnachahmung und Lautsymbolik.- XIII Die psychologische Realität der Grammatik.- XIV Die Entwicklungs- und Kinderpsychologie als Erfahrungsfeld der Sprachpsychologie.- XV Der Einfluß der Sprache auf die Weltansicht des Menschen.- Namenverzeichnis.

This Open Access book explores the role of morality in social movements. Morality has always been central to social movements whether it be in the form of the moral foundations of movement claims, politics and ideologies, the values motivating participation, the new moral principles envisioned and practiced among movement participants, or the overall struggle over society's moral values that movements engage in. This is evident in movements emerging from recent interlinked crises: the crisis of human rights, the climate crisis, and the developing crisis of democracy. In analyzing these current events through a variety of theoretical, methodological, and empirical lenses, this book brings morality to the forefront of the discussion, allowing for a rethinking of its role.The book is divided into five parts. The first part introduces and explores the central concept of the book, outlining the dominant existing approaches to morality and ethics in the extant movement and civil society literature. The following three parts investigate morality in relation to topics and movements that are either prominent to contemporary politics or salient to the question of morality. In these empirically informed parts, the authors apply a diverse selection of methods spanning fieldwork, historiography, traditional and novel statistical analytical methods, and big data analysis to a diverse selection of data. Topics discussed include refugee solidarity movements, male privilege and anti-feminism movement, environmental and climate justice movements, and religious activism. The fifth and closing part of the book focuses on the more abstract theoretical question of the relationship between morality and ethics and activist practices and points to future research agendas. This book will be of general interest to students, scholars and academics within the disciplines of political sociology, -science and -anthropology and of particular interest to academics in the subfields of social movement and civil society studies.

This book aims to encourage the reading of "On the Origin of Species" and to include it in the teaching of evolution. With a comprehensive overview of the development of Darwin's theory, the volume provides relevant aspects of Darwin's life and work in connection with the broader context of his time. The historical and philosophical analysis, mirrored in the socio-cultural scope, enables the diachronic reading of the text. It is built on various sources of historians and philosophers of science and sheds fresh light on them. Its uniqueness is the broad structure that covers four parts: the pre-Darwinian concepts of species changes; some key elements of Darwin's pursuit of the causes of evolution, from his voyage on Beagle to the publication of his groundbreaking work; chapter-by-chapter analysis of the "Origin"; and subsequent developments in evolutionary thought. This book is of interest to undergraduate and graduate students, scholars in history, philosophy, and sociology of science and science education, as well as the general public.