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Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Enstatit-Bronzitfelse der Ultramafit-Masse von Kraubath (Steiermark).

This book guides its audience--which can range from novice users to experts-- though a 55-chapter tour of Google Earth Engine. A sequenced and diverse set of lab materials, this is the product of more than a year of effort from more than a hundred individuals, collecting new exercises from professors, undergraduates, master's students, PhD students, postdocs, and independent consultants. Cloud Based Remote Sensing with Google Earth Engine is broadly organized into two halves. The first half, Fundamentals, is a set of 31 labs designed to take the reader from being a complete Earth Engine novice to being a quite advanced user. The second half, Applications, presents a tour of the world of Earth Engine across 24 chapters, showing how it is used in a very wide variety of settings that rely on remote-sensing data This is an open access book.

This multi-authored, multi-institutional, and multi-specialty based book is designed as a guide for the medical practitioner on dentistry and dental emergencies. The book is divided into five sections for ease of use: The first section gives an overview of local head and neck anatomy; the second section provides a discussion of potential head and neck infections; the third section discusses important perioral pathology; the fourth section gives an overview on the management of soft and hard tissue trauma; the fifth section discusses some other topics which might be encountered by the medical professional like managing patient anxiety and pain. Featuring dozens of pictures and diagrams to bring each scenario to life, the editors and contributors utilize their extensive academic experience and prior publication experience with multiple scientific articles and chapters to provide a resource for handling any dental emergency. Dental Science for the Medical Professional is a must-have resource for multiple medical and surgical professionals including: Primary care physicians, Emergency room physicians, Family physicians, General surgeons, Medical and Dental Students, Urgent care providers, and Mid-level Providers.

The book provides competent assistance to all those affected by Multiple Sclerosis to better understand the disease and educates them about current diagnostic methods and treatment approaches. With independent information, the guidebook provides the key to a self-determined life with the disease. Complex medical facts such as the malfunctioning immune system or MRI findings are explained in understandable words and accompanying drawings. This companion also raises awareness beyond conventional medicine to take into account important influencing environmental factors.The author provides answers to the many questions that are asked again and again in the doctors' practices and cannot always be answered to this extent and with this clarity due to time restrictions. For this reason, it is a highly helpful tool to both MS practitioner and patient.The book is structured as follows: What is MS? - How the central nervous system is structured - What happens when the nervous system is misdirected - MS relapse and typical symptoms - The path to diagnosis - An excursion into our immune system - The MRI findings - Why lumbar puncture - What to do during an MS relapse - I'm fine, why therapy? - MS and the desire to have children - What can I do myself: Nutrition, Vitamin D, intestine and microbiome.

This book on scholarly writing offers a unique, evidence-based, technology-supported approach to writing for publication across the disciplines. It is suitable both as a graduate level textbook and as support for faculty seeking professional development in scholarly writing. It is a sequel to Writing for Publication: Transitions and Tools That Support Scholars' Success. Current issues in Academia--such as the expectation that graduate students will publish, the option for doctoral students to publish in lieu of writing the dissertation, the pressure on scholars from various countries to contribute to professional journals written in English, and the metrics used to assess impact of published work-have influenced scholarly writing. Unlike other books on the topic, every chapter includes narratives of experience, self-assessment tools, guided practice activities, reviews of research, and discussion of controversies in publishing. All chapters incorporate curated online resources and technology supports as well. Across the spectrum of experience, ranging from aspiring author to prolific, readers are guided in ways to generate manuscripts that are not only readable and publishable but also downloaded and respectfully cited by their professional peers.

1 Introduction.- 2 Charge Transport in the Volume.- 3 General Electronic Model of the Interface.- 4 Charge Transport Across the Interface.- 5 Semiconductor-Insulator Interface.- 6 Metal-Semiconductor Contact.- 7 Semiconductor Heterojunction.- 8 MOSFET Gate.- 9 Discretization.- Appendices.- A Transformation of k-Vectors.- B Conservation of Transverse Momentum.- D Approximation of Surface Mobility.- Bibliography 209 Index.

This book describes the history, development, current status of numerical weather prediction (NWP), in both operational and research modes, and various applications of NWP models, which have been made by the scientists in East Asian countries. In particular, it introduces the major contributions to the worldwide NWP community achieved by East Asian scientists, including parameterizations, data assimilation techniques, parameter optimizations, and applications of the NWP models to improve the forecasts of high-impact weather systems in East Asia. This book provides both research scientists and graduate students with basic knowledge and insights on the development of NWP in East Asia.

This book initiates the conversation about the metaverse in science and practice. What will the metaverse look like? What is it about? Where do we stand? What do we need? Where is the journey going? To begin with: Is the metaverse an idea or a promise? Ralf T. Kreutzer and Sonja Klose try to make the vision tangible and imaginable. As with the Internet, it is difficult at this point to predict which developments and technologies will be created and combined by which individuals and companies and in what way.The authors take you by the hand and recommend: Don't ignore these developments! There is no need to make extensive investments in the metaverse today. But a few hands-on exercises are provided to help you be ready when the bandwagon picks up speed. In addition, it can help you to gain advantages in employer branding if it becomes visible that you are also dealing with exciting future topics.

This book presents recent findings and results concerning the solutions of especially finite state-space Markov decision problems and determining Nash equilibria for related stochastic games with average and total expected discounted reward payoffs. In addition, it focuses on a new class of stochastic games: stochastic positional games that extend and generalize the classic deterministic positional games. It presents new algorithmic results on the suitable implementation of quasi-monotonic programming techniques. Moreover, the book presents applications of positional games within a class of multi-objective discrete control problems and hierarchical control problems on networks. Given its scope, the book will benefit all researchers and graduate students who are interested in Markov theory, control theory, optimization and games.

This book critically examines the relationship between the United Nations Organization and the small states of the Pacific islands. It provides an in-depth coverage of the United Nations, coupled with how Pacific Small Island Developing States interact. It covers three themes, the first one being the position of the UN on the Pacific Islands, which examines the role of the many UN organs, agencies and programs in strengthening individual countries and the region as a whole. It examines the manner in which the UN¿s activities have benefited Pacific nations, territories and peoples. The second theme deals with the Pacific states in the UN, and examines the participation of Pacific nations and territories in the UN¿s various organs, agencies, and programmes. It analyses the contribution they have made to the effectiveness of the organization, as distinct from the benefits they have sought to gain from it. The third and last theme deals with small states in global public policy, taking a broader look at how small states are faring within the UN system in the age of global discourse on shared public goods/public policy concerns.

This book reviews and synthesizes studies on local and regional occupancy and abundance of Neotropical mammals from central Mexico to South America. The book focuses primarily on addressing issues of a wide array of mammalian species from a population level in different habitats and ecosystems across the Neotropical region. Occupancy and abundance analyzed through hierarchical approaches with a variety of statistical tools are the central ecological parameters treated in the chapters of this volume. This book will be an updated reference for researchers, professionals, students, wildlife managers, and people interested in mammal ecology and conservation in tropical and subtropical regions.

Eduard Wirsing was an outstanding number theorist. In his research he made significant contributions to various subfields of number theory and also collaborated with other eminent scientists (e.g., with the Fields Medalist Alan Baker as well as Don Zagier). This commemorative volume includes numerous papers on current research in number theory by well-known experts, as well as some personal recollections by companions of Wirsing. The topics covered in this volume include arithmetical functions, continued fractions, elementary proofs of the prime number theorem, friable integers, the Goldbach problem, Dirichlet series, Euler products, and more. There is something for every interested reader.

VII: Personalwirtschaft.- 1 Grundfragen der Personalwirtschaft.- 1.1 Grundsätzliches.- 1.1.1 Begriff, Ziele und Teilbereiche der Personalwirtschaft.- 1.1.2 Erscheinungsformen menschlicher Arbeit.- 1.1.3 Begriff, Ziele und Teilbereiche der Arbeitswissenschaft.- 1.1.3.1 Grundlagen der Arbeitswissenschaft.- 1.1.3.2 Arbeitswissenschaftliche Teildisziplinen.- 1.1.4 Gegenstände der produktionswirtschaftlichen Personalwirtschaft.- 1.2 Rechtliche Rahmenbedingungen der Personalwirtschaft.- 1.2.1 Grundlagen des Arbeitsrechts.- 1.2.2 Rechtsetzende vertragliche Vereinbarungen.- 1.2.2.1 Tarifvertrag.- 1.2.2.2 Betriebsvereinbarung.- 1.2.2.3 Arbeitsvertrag.- 1.2.3 Betriebliche Mitbestimmung der Arbeitnehmer und Arbeitnehmervertreter.- 1.2.3.1 Grundsätzliches zur Mitbestimmung in Unternehmungen.- 1.2.3.2 Mitbestimmungsrechte im Rahmen der betrieblichen Mitbestimmung.- 1.3 Personalplanung.- 1.3.1 Planung des Personalbedarfs und der Personalbeschaffung.- 1.3.1.1 Planung des Personalbedarfs.- 1.3.1.2 Planung der Personalbeschaffung.- 1.3.2 Planung des Personaleinsatzes.- 1.3.3 Planung der Personalentwicklung.- 1.3.4 Planung der Personalerhaltung.- 1.3.5 Planung der Personalfreistellung.- 2 Arbeitsgestaltung.- 2.1 Grundsätzliches zur Arbeitsgestaltung.- 2.2 Arbeitsplatz- und Betriebsmittelgestaltung.- 2.2.1 Personenbezogene Arbeitsplatz- und Betriebsmittelgestaltung.- 2.2.1.1 Ergonomische Gestaltung.- 2.2.1.2 Organisatorische Gestaltung.- 2.2.1.3 Technologische Gestaltung.- 2.2.2 Gruppenbezogene Arbeitsplatz- und Betriebsmittelgestaltung.- 2.3 Arbeitsfeldgestaltung.- 2.3.1 Personenbezogene Arbeitsfeldgestaltung.- 2.3.2 Gruppenbezogene Arbeitsfeldgestaltung.- 2.3.3 Arbeitsfeldgestaltung bei unterschiedlichen Produktionstypen.- 2.3.4 Charakterisierung und ablauforganisatorische Gliederung von Arbeitssituationen.- 2.4 Führungsstile/-formen.- 3 Arbeits- und Betriebszeitgestaltung.- 3.1 Grundsätzliches zur Arbeits- und Betriebszeitgestaltung.- 3.2 Gestaltungsmüglichkeiten der individuellen Arbeitszeit.- 3.2.1 Starre Arbeitszeitgestaltung.- 3.2.2 Flexible Arbeitszeitgestaltung.- 3.2.2.1 Grundsätzliches.- 3.2.2.2 Modelle chronometrisch variabler Arbeitszeit.- 3.2.2.3 Modelle chronologisch variabler Arbeitszeit.- 3.2.2.4 Modelle chronometrisch und chronologisch variabler Arbeitszeit.- 3.3 Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten der Betriebszeit.- 3.3.1 Starre Betriebszeitgestaltung.- 3.3.2 Flexible Betriebszeitgestaltung.- 4 Arbeitsentgeltgestaltung.- 4.1 Grundsätzliches zur Arbeitsentgeltgestaltung.- 4.1.1 Bedeutung des Arbeitsentgeltes in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland.- 4.1.2 Ziele und Bestandteile der betrieblichen Entlohnung.- 4.2 Anforderungsorientierte Arbeitsentgeltgestaltung.- 4.2.1 Grundsätzliches zur anforderungsorientierten Arbeitsentgeltgestaltung.- 4.2.2 Methoden der Arbeitsbewertung.- 4.2.3 Ermittlung des anforderungsbezogenen Arbeitsentgelts.- 4.2.4 Aktuelle Probleme anforderungsorientierter Arbeitsentgeltgestaltung.- 4.3 Qualifikationsorientierte Arbeitsentgeltgestaltung.- 4.3.1 Grundsätzliches zur qualifikationsorientierten Arbeitsentgeltgestaltung.- 4.3.2 Aktuelle Probleme qualifikationsorientierter Arbeitsentgeltgestaltung.- 4.4 Leistungsorientierte Arbeitsentgeltgestaltung.- 4.4.1 Grundsätzliches zur leistungsorientierten Arbeitsentgeltgestaltung.- 4.4.2 Methoden der Leistungsbewertung.- 4.4.3 Ermittlung des leistungsbezogenen Arbeitsentgeltes (Lohnformen).- 4.4.4 Aktuelle Probleme leistungsorientierter Arbeitsentgeltgestaltung.- 4.5 Sozialorientierte Arbeitsentgeltgestaltung.- 4.5.1 Begriff und Ziele betrieblicher Sozialleistungen.- 4.5.2 Ausgestaltungsmöglichkeiten betrieblicher Sozialleistungen.- 4.6 Gestaltung von Erfolgsbeteiligungen.- 4.6.1 Begriff und Ziele der Erfolgsbeteiligung.- 4.6.2 Ausgestaltungsmöglichkeiten der Erfolgsbeteiligung von Mitarbeitern.- 4.7 Gestaltung des Betrieblichen Vorschlagswesens.- 4.7.1 Begriff und Ziele des Betrieblichen Vorschlagswesens.- 4.7.2 Ausgestaltungsmöglichkeiten des Betrieblichen Vorschl

1. Physiology of the GABA and Glycine System. 2. The Molecular Architecture of GABA A Receptors. 3. Pharmacology and Pathophysiology of GAB A-Receptor Subtypes by Genetic Dissection. 4. Steroid Modulation of GABA A Receptors. 5. Allosteric Modulation of GABA A Receptor Function by General Anesthetics and Alcohols. 6. Anticonvulsants Acting on the GABA-System. 7. Heterologous Regulation of GABA A Receptors: Protein Phoyphorylation. 8. Tolerance and Dependence to Ligands of the Benzodiazepine Recognition Sites Expressed by GABA A Receptors. 9. GABA A Receptors and Disease. 10. GABA C Receptors: Structure, Function and Pharmacology. 11. Structure of GABA B Receptors. 12. Pharmacology of GABA B Receptors. 13. GABA B Receptor Signaling Pathways. 14. Structure and Function of GABA Transporters. 15. Pharmacology of GABA Transporters. 16. Structures, Diversity and Pharmacology of Glycine Receptors and Transporters.

This book offers an innovative approach to the recovery of areas degraded by international seabed mining, one that considers the feasibility of a standard that would allow mining in these areas in apparent antinomy with their other potential present and future uses. The book begins by identifying and explaining the legal norms that allow mining in these areas and the rights and obligations in mining exploitation concomitant to other uses of them, based on an analysis of mining operations' duty of Recovery of Degraded Areas. It reveals an antinomy in international law, namely the compatibility of degraded areas and their various present and future uses with the mining of the international seabed. The freedom to mine these areas could destroy the least impacted biome on the planet and undermine the international law system represented by the Cultural Heritage of Mankind and the Third United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ("UNCLOS III"). Recovery of Degraded Areas is an obligation in mining and, as such, requires structural changes in the reading of UNCLOS III; recognizing international roles other than those related to sovereignty; projecting the law into the future; and rereading it in light of international environmental law and its instruments.

Inhaltsverzeichnis Autorenverzeichnis Einleitung Allgemeine psychopathologische Aspekte 'Age at onset' - Ein Hinweis für das Verständnis psychopathologischer Phänomene (H. G. Zapotoczky, P. Hofmann) - Einleitung - Major Depression - Schizophrenie - Schizoaffektive Störung - Hypochondrischer, Verfolgungs- und Eifersuchtswahn - Bipolare Störungen - Dysthymie - Angststörungen - Zwangsstörungen - Somatoforme Störungen - Eßstörungen - Abhängigkeiten - Zusammenfassende Erläuterungen Denk- und Gefühlswelt des Schulkindes - kognitive Fähigkeiten, Selbstkonzept und Angst (C. Spiel, U. Sirsch) - Einleitung - Menschliche Entwicklung: Kontinuität oder Diskontinuität? - Jean Piagets Strukturmodell der geistigen Entwicklung - Selbstkonzept - Angst im Schulalter - Zur Beziehung zwischen kognitiven Fähigkeiten, Selbstkonzept und Angst - lernspsychologische Implikationen Risikoverhalten und seelische Störungen in Pubertät und Adoleszenz (F. Resch) - Zu den Begriffen Pubertät und Adoleszenz - Entwicklungspsychopathologie - Entwicklungsaufgaben der Adoleszenz - Risikoverhaltensweisen der Adoleszenz - Typische Störungsbilder des Adoleszenzalters - Entwicklungsschema psychopathologischer Phänomene im Jugendalter Das Netzwerkmodell in der Individualpsychologie aus erkenntnistheoretischer Sicht (G. G. Rovera) - Einleitung - Epistemologie - Entwicklungszyklen des Lebens - Vom Gemeinschaftsgefühl zur Zusammenarbeit innerhalb der - Gemeinschaft - Transkulturelle Argumente und Wertorientierung - Ansätze zum Lebensstil - Schlußfolgerung Krisen im mittleren Lebensalter: 'Lebensmitte - Wendezeit' (M. Steinbauer) - Soziologisch-historische Aspekte - Soziokulturelle Aspekte - Physiologische Aspekte Die Glorifizierung der Kindheit in der Erinnerung älterer Menschen (A. Fasching) Die spezifischen psychiatrischen Störungen im Lichteverschiedener Lebensepochen Psychogene Störungen (G. Langs, V. Lupke) - Somatoforme Störungen - Angststörungen - Psychogene Störungen - Störungen eines Lebensalters? Affektive Störungen (H. G. Zapotoczky) Schizophrene und schizophreniforme Störungen (H. Fabisch, K. Fabisch, P. K. Fischhof) - Zum Begriff 'Schizophrenie' - Die Schizophrenien im Kindes- und Jugendalter - Die Schizophrenien im frühen Erwachsenenalter - Die Schizophrenien im mittleren und späteren Erwachsenenalter - Abschließende Bemerkung Schizoaffektive Störungen (P. K. Fischhof, K. Fabisch, H. Fabisch) - Zur Entwicklung des Konzeptes schizoaffektiver Störungen - Diagnostische Kriterien schizoaffektiver Störungen - Erscheinungsbild schizoaffektiver Störungen - Schizoaffektive Störungen im Kindes- und Jugendalter - Schizoaffektive Störungen im Erwachsenenalter - Schizoaffektive Störungen im höheren Lebensalter - Abschließende Bemerkungen Organisch bedingte Störungen (P. Fischer) - Einleitung - Begriffsbestimmungen - Hirnläsion + Kompensation = Funktion - Akute organisch bedingte psychiatrische Störungen - akute exogene Reaktionstypen - Chronische organische psychiatrische Störungen - chronische exogene Reaktionstypen Wahnerkrankungen (I. Oberhummer) - Klinisches Erscheinungsbild - Wahnsyndrome in bezug auf Alter und Lebensabschnitt - Therapiemöglichkeiten Sexualentwicklung und Sexualpathologie der Lebensabschnitte (N. Kriechbaum) - Pränatale Phase - Geburt und Säuglingszeit - Kleinkinderzeit - Schulkind - Pubertät - Junge Erwachsene - Mittlere Erwachsene - Sexualität im Klimakterium - Sexualität im Alter - Schlußbemerkung Abhängigkeiten in unterschiedlichen Lebensphasen (H. Scholz) - Einleitung - Mißbrauch und Abhängigkeit in der Kindheit - Abhängigkeiten im mittleren Lebensalter - Abhängigkeitsprozesse im höheren Lebensalter -

This book outlines the scientific, methodological and practical foundations for applying High Resolution Seismic (HRS)-Geo Technology in order to build detailed 2D and 3D seismic acoustic models in the form of acoustic impedances (AI) and reflection coefficients (RC) and the most important geological indicators. Particular attention is paid to improving the process of searching for AI and RC models using the vector of objective functions, in which various types of residuals between real and model data are iteratively calculated. The well-known criteria for predicting the oil and gas potential of productive deposits from the standpoint of the system analysis principles and the set of geological indicators found from the HRS data are analyzed. The features of solving the main seismogeological problems using HRS-Geo Technology modules are shown, illustrated by numerous examples, and using a special (optimal) processing graph and a set of additional seismic record regularization procedures that provide maximum detail of high-resolution seismic data. The book is meant for scientists and specialists involved in in-depth complex geological interpretation of seismic data in the search and exploration of oil and gas deposits, as well as students of geophysical and geological specialties, graduate students of these specializations and developers.

This book presents an interdisciplinary exploration of digital sovereignty in China, which are addressed mainly from political, legal and historical point of views. The text leverages a large number of native Chinese experts among the authors at a time when literature on Chinäs involvement in internet governance is more widespread in the so-called ¿West¿. Numerous Chinese-language documents have been analysed in the making of this title and furthermore, literature conceptualising digital sovereignty is still limited to journal articles, making this one of the earliest collective attempts at defining this concept in the form of a book. Such characteristics position this text as an innovative academic resource for students, researchers and practitioners in international relations (IR), law, history, media studies and philosophy.

This textbook offers a complete one-semester course in probability, covering the essential topics necessary for further study in the areas of probability and statistics. The book begins with a review of the fundamentals of measure theory and integration. Probability measures, random variables, and their laws are introduced next, along with the main analytic tools for their investigation, accompanied by some applications to statistics. Questions of convergence lead to classical results such as the law of large numbers and the central limit theorem with their applications also to statistical analysis and more. Conditioning is the next main topic, followed by a thorough introduction to discrete time martingales. Some attention is given to computer simulation. Through the text, over 150 exercises with full solutions not only reinforce the concepts presented, but also provide students with opportunities to develop their problem-solving skills, and make this textbook suitable forguided self-study. Based on years of teaching experience, the author's expertise will be evident in the clear presentation of material and the carefully chosen exercises. Assuming familiarity with measure and integration theory as well as elementary notions of probability, the book is specifically designed for teaching in parallel with a first course in measure theory. An invaluable resource for both instructors and students alike, it offers ideal preparation for further courses in statistics or probability, such as stochastic calculus, as covered in the author's book on the topic.

Skull-base surgery is a minimally invasive endoscopic procedure, which involves the surgeon inserting instruments through the natural openings in the skull--the nose or mouth--or by making a small hole just above the eyebrow. This type of surgery requires a team of specialists, which may include ENT (ear, nose, and throat), maxillofacial and neurosurgeons, as well as radiologists. The craniovertebral junction (CVJ) has a unique anatomical bone and neurovascular structure, which not only separates the subaxial cervical spine but also provides a special cranial flexion, extension and axial rotation pattern. As such, a sound knowledge of the basic principles of spine instrumentation and the region's kinematics are essential when it comes to strategic preoperative planning. Skull-base, craniovertebral junction, spine demolitive and reconstructive surgery, neuromodulation, bioengineering and transplantation are recent tools used to improve reconstruction, restoration and rehabilitation - three key words central to the core aim of the Neurorehabilitation and Reconstruction Committee of the WFNS, which is to promte mechanical morphological and functional restoration.

This edited volume brings together some of the best papers from the 2022 Conference on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM), held at the Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj, Romania. The volume seeks to expand the current research on PLS-SEM and promote the method's application in the scientific community. It gathers research from scholars in many different fields who work on the advancement of PLS-SEM and who apply the method to explain and predict behavioral phenomena. Researchers today can draw on a wide array of different PLS-SEM-based algorithms, complementary methods, and model evaluation metrics. Tying in with these developments, the first part of this book documents methodological advances of PLS-SEM, which extend the researchers' current toolbox of methods. The following parts demonstrate state-of-the-art applications of PLS-SEM in various fields such as consumer behavior, hospitality, human resource management, entrepreneurship, and organizational behavior. Special emphasis is placed on studies that apply complementary methods to offer a more nuanced analysis of the research questions.

This open access book explains how leading business organizations attempt to achieve the responsible and ethical use of artificial intelligence (AI) and other advanced information technologies. These technologies can produce tremendous insights and benefits. But they can also invade privacy, perpetuate bias, and otherwise injure people and society. To use these technologies successfully, organizations need to implement them responsibly and ethically. The question is: how to do this? Data ethics management, and this book, provide some answers. The authors interviewed and surveyed data ethics managers at leading companies. They asked why these experts see data ethics as important and how they seek to achieve it. This book conveys the results of that research on a concise, accessible way. Much of the existing writing on data and AI ethics focuses either on macro-level ethical principles, or on micro-level product design and tooling. The interviews showed that companies need a third component: data ethics management. This third element consists of the management structures, processes, training and substantive benchmarks that companies use to operationalize their high-level ethical principles and to guide and hold accountable their developers. Data ethics management is the connective tissue makes ethical principles real. It is the focus of this book. This book should be of use to organizations that wish to improve their own data ethics management efforts, legislators and policymakers who hope to build on existing management practices, scholars who study beyond compliance business behavior, and members of the public who want to understand better the threats that AI poses and how to reduce them.