Bøker utgitt av Springer Nature Switzerland AG

This book presents Ibn Khald¿n's anticipatory sociology of civilisations and power. Half a millennium before the birth of modern sociology in the West, Ibn Khald¿n¿scholar, political counsellor, and Malikite judge¿wrote a revolutionary sociological-philosophical treatise, the Muqaddima. This book places his broad, complex, and refined treatise against the background of the Islamo-Greek culture of his time and analyses its main sociological, but also philosophical, historical, and scientific perspectives. Finally, thanks to its "universalisable" core, the author recontextualizes the teachings from the Muqaddima to reveal the deep insights it provides into the society, politics and law of contemporary liberal and multicultural civilisations.A deeper reception of Ibn Khald¿n's perspective is not only important in understanding the Arab contribution to social theory, social history and philosophy, but also diversifies the sociological project beyond the Euro-American standpoint.Given its interdisciplinary appeal, the book addresses a wide readership of students and scholars in sociology, the sociology of law, philosophy of law, philosophy of history, political philosophy, history of civilisations, political sociology, and Arabic studies.

This book gathers a set of works highlighting significant advances in the areas of music and sound. They report on innovative music technologies, acoustics, findings in musicology, new perspectives and techniques for composition, sound design and sound synthesis, and methods for music education and therapy.

Part I: Understanding Musical IntelligenceCognitive Neuroscience of Music Stefan KoelshThe Musical Brain Aniruddh PatelThe Neuroscience of Musical Improvisation Psyche LouiPart II: Machine Perception and AnalysisMachine Listening of Music Juan Pablo BelloConvolutional Neural Networks for Audio Spectrogram Representation Lonce WyseRobot Musicianship Gil WeinbergRobot Understanding of Conductor Gestures Atsuo TakahishiHuman-Robot Emotional Musical Interaction Massimiliano ZeccaMachine Recognition of Musical Emotion Yi-Hsuan Yang and Homer H. ChenOptical Recognition of Music Notation Ana BebeloMusic Transcription: from Audio to Music Notation Emmanouil BenetosMachine Learning System for Harmonic Analysis of Music Tijl De BieMachine Learning of Jazz Jon GillickArtificial Intelligence Data Mining for Music Tao LiMachine Learning of Body Movement in Instrumental Music Performance Federico VisiMachine Learning of Orchestral Conductor''s Baton Movements Donald G. DansereauMachine Recognition of Music Emotion Yi-Hsuan Yang and Homer H. ChenPart III: Machine Composing and PerformanceFlow Machines Francois PachetMachine Improvisation Shlomo DubnovArtificial Agents for Collaborative Free Improvisation Adam LinsonSymbolic Computational Creativity David CopeTracing the Compositional Process Hanns Holger RutzComposing with Intelligent Interactive Musical Agents Marcelo GimenesCreating Music Autonomously with Evolutionary Algorithms Francisco J. VicoConstraint-Solving System for Generating Music Scores Orjan SandredConstraint Modeling of Music Theories Torsten AndersMachine Learning Algorithm for Musical Composition Rebecca FierbinkAn Artificial Intelligence Approach to Concatenative Sound Synthesis Noris Modh NorowiSound Synthesis with Deep Neural Networks Jesse EngelOn Computer-Aided Orchestration Marcelo CaetanoGesture Data in Musical Composition Marlon Schumacher and Marcelo WanderleySurveying Systems for Expressive Musical Performance by Computer Alexis KirkeComputer-Assisted Analysis of Musical Interpretation Gerhard WidmerGesture Recognition in Interactive Music Performance Dan OverholtDesigning Constraints for Composition and Performance with Computers Thor MagnussonPart IV: Emerging Developments in Musical AIMachine Learning for Brain-Computer Music Interfacing Eduardo R. Miranda and Satvik VenkateshBiological Neural Networks Synthesiser Guy Ben-ArySound and Music Biocomputing Eduardo R. Miranda and Edward BraundMusical Machine Learning with Biomemristors Eduardo R. Miranda and Edward BraundThe Dawn of Quantum Computer Music Eduardo R. Miranda

This book examines why authoritarian governments are willing to address environmental problems that have an international impact, such as CO2 emissions, but are reluctant to address problems that have only a domestic impact. In a case study of Azerbaijani oil politics, it demonstrates how the incumbent Azerbaijani regime has taken important measures trying to address CO2 emissions while ignoring the damage caused by oil pollution on the Caspian coast. The book argues that resource-rich authoritarian governments are eager to join international environmental initiatives to improve their image, but they address domestic environmental issues mainly if they threaten their hold on power.This book is an important contribution to scholarship on environmental governance in the post-Soviet space, an area that is poorly researched. Therefore, it is a must-read for researchers and scholars interested in post-Soviet studies, as well as in the nexus between mineral-rich regions and how social policy is created, e.g., environment, education, and healthcare. In addition, this book will be of tremendous importance for policymakers and international organizations as it looks into the motivation of authoritarian states in the post-Soviet space for environmental measures.

This Open Access book¿s main focus is agriculture and natural resource management, disaster risk reduction, and human resource development in the countries of East and Southeast Asia and Japan.Asia is one of the regions which is the most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change. More than sixty percent of the world¿s people live in the region, making it the growth center of the world. Asia is vast and includes various countries and regions, this book is focused on East and Southeast Asia including Japan. It is essential to share the knowledge and experiences for adapting climate change among these areas.In order to tackle these issues, the book aims to:Promote inter-local lessons learnt sharing climate change adaptations; "agriculture and natural resource management" and "disaster risk reduction and human resource development"Provides insights into new adaptation measures and research approaches that can consider the regional natureof Southeast AsiaShare practical adaptation options permeated by society in each country/regionThis book will be of interest to researchers and students examining climate change impacts in East and Southeast Asia.

This book discusses current evidence on human viruses and provides an extensive coverage of newly emerged viruses and current strategies for treatment. Offering a new perspective in view of the re-emergence of Ebola in African countries and Dengue in India and Pakistan, the contents include chapters on emergence, pathogenicity, epidemiology and vaccine uptake. Human Viruses: Diseases, Treatments and Vaccines: The New Insights discusses a range of viruses from the most common such as Influenza and Hepatitis to Zika, Poliomyelitis and Chikungunya among many others. It is authored by a team of experts on viral disease and will be of immense use to virologists, public health experts and clinicians.

With the ongoing evolution of the digital society challenging the boundaries of the law, new questions are arising ¿ and new answers being given ¿ even now, almost three decades on from the digital revolution. Written by a panel of legal specialists and edited by experts on EU Internet law, this book provides an overview of the most recent developments affecting the European Internet legal framework, specifically focusing on four current debates. Firstly, it discusses the changes in online copyright law, especially after the enactment of the new directive on the single digital market. Secondly, it analyzes the increasing significance of artificial intelligence in our daily life. The book then addresses emerging issues in EU digital law, exploring out of the box approaches in Internet law. It also presents the last cyber-criminality law trends (offenses, international instrument, behaviors), and discusses the evolution of personal data protection. Lastly, it evaluates the degree of consumer and corporate protection in the digital environment, demonstrating that now, more than ever, EU Internet law is based on a combination of copyright, civil, administrative, criminal, commercial and banking laws.

This book analyzes the implication of secular/liberal values in Western and human rights law and its impact on Muslim women. It offers an innovative reading of the tension between the religious and secular spheres. The author does not view the two as binary opposites. Rather, she believes they are twin categories that define specific forms of lives as well as a specific notion of womanhood. This divergence from the usual dichotomy opens the doors for a reinterpretation of secularism in contemporary Europe.This method also helps readers to view the study of religion vs. secularism in a new light. It allows for a better understanding of the challenges that contemporary Europe now faces regarding the accommodation of different religious identities. For instance, one entire section of the book concerns the practice of veiling and explores the contentious headscarf debate. It features case studies from Switzerland, France, and the UK. In addition, the analysis combines a wide range of disciplines and employs an integrated, comparative, and inter-disciplinary approach. The author successfully brings together arguments from different fields with a comparative legal and political analysis of Western and Islamic law and politics. This innovative study appeals to students and researchers while offering an important contribution to the debate over the role of religion in contemporary secular Europe and its impact on women's rights and gender equality.

PrefaceChapter titles and Names of the Contributors and emails:  Heavy metals - definition and nanoparticle uptake in plants Cristina Buzea 1, * (a) and Ivan Pacheco 1,2,3 (a,b,c) 1IIPB Medicine Corporation, Owen Sound, ON N4K 6S5, Canada 2Department of Pathology, Grey Bruce Health Services, 1800 8th St East, Owen Sound N4K 6M9, Canada 3Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Sch├╝lich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1 Canada Corresponding author e-mail: cristinabuzea@mdcorporation.ca 2.  Cellular and molecular responses of plant cell against heavy metal toxicity Shatrohan Lal, Sheel Ratna and Rajesh Kumar* Department of Microbiology Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University) Raibareli Road, Lucknow 226025, India Corresponding author e-mail:  rajesh_skumar@yahoo.co.in3. Effect of heavy metal stress on growth and yields of crop plants Zahir Muhammad Department of Botany, University of Peshawar, Peshawar, Pakistan Corresponding author e-mail: kzahirmuhammad@yahoo.com4. Heavy metal induced toxicity responses in plants: an overview from physicochemical to molecular levelRitu Chaturvedi1, * and Garima Malik2 1St. John''s College, Agra (U.P.), India, 2R.G. (PG) College, C.C.S University, Meerut (U.P.), India  Corresponding author e-mail:  rituchaturvedi88@gmail.com 5. Heavy metal stress responsive phyto-miRNAs  ├ûzge ├çelik* Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Faculty of Science and Letters, Istanbul Kultur University, Istabul, Turkey Corresponding author e-mail: ocelik@iku.edu.tr 6. Phytoremediation: A useful and environment friendly option to combat phytotoxicity of soil heavy metalsMuhammad Ehsan* National Technological Baccalaureate System, Tlaxcala State, Mexico Corresponding author e-mail: muhammadehsan2000@yahoo.com7.Heavy metal contaminated soils: weeds as potential phytoremediation agents - issues and prospects Abdul Majeed*, Zahir Muhammad, Rehmanullah and Habib Ahmad Department of Botany, Government Degree College Naguman Peshawar, Pakistan Corresponding author e-mail:  saikatgantait@yahoo.com  8. Role of beneficial microbes in molecular phytotoxicity of heavy metals.Renu Bhardwaj Department of Botanical & Environmental Sciences Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143005, India Corresponding author e-mail: renubhardwaj82@gmail.com9. Mechanisms of heavy metal tolerance in plants  Bahman Khoshru1, Mehdi Taghizadeghan 2, Behnam Asgari Lajayer1, Mansour Ghorbanpour3* 1Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran, 2Department of Plant Biotechnology and Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran, 3Department of Medicinal Plants, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Arak University, Arak 38156-8-8349, Iran Corresponding author e-mail:  m-ghorbanpour@araku.ac.ir10. Mechanistic of phytotoxicity caused by heavy metals nanoparticles     Shweta Gehlout

However, literature on drug resistance specifically related to infectious and non-infectious diseases is rarely presented, particularly those focusing on the mechanisms, biochemistry, kinetics, dynamics, and management of drug resistance.

Adolescent females experience a variety of blood disorders that are often unique to this patient population. As they go through puberty, they are uniquely poised to encounter various bleeding and thrombotic disorders once they attain menarche, start to have menstrual bleeding, and require hormonal therapy. This may in turn lead to other medical conditions, such as anemia and iron deficiency. Pregnancy encountered by some adolescents can pose hematologic challenges specifically in regards to bleeding and thrombotic disorders. In addition, adolescent females are at risk to develop immune mediated hematologic disorders, such as immune thrombocytopenia, auto-immune hemolytic anemia, and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, as well as vitamin deficiencies due to pernicious anemia. Sickle cell disease, thalassemia and bone marrow failure disorders in the adolescent female poses unique challenges that need to be addressed with special care and attention. Knowledge about these various blood disorders in adolescent females is crucial for the treating physician in order to accurately diagnose and optimally manage these teenagers. Otherwise, it can affect their overall health, causing hematologic and gynecologic issues, poor quality of life, neurocognitive impairments, and poor psycho-social development, all of which can lead to various complications immediately and into adulthood.This book provides a comprehensive, state-of-the art overview of blood disorders in female adolescents. The text presents new data about bleeding disorders that affect the female adolescent, including bleeding disorders, thromboembolism, thrombophilia, anemia, sickle cell disease and thalassemia, disorders od hemostasis and thrombosis in pregnancy, immune hematology and bone marrow failure disorders; reviews our current understanding of these disorders; outlines recent research findings; and spotlights multi-disciplinary approaches, evaluation and treatment modalities to combat theseblood disorders.Written by experts in the field, Hematology in the Adolescent Female is a valuable resource for clinicians and practitioners who treat and manage female adolescents with blood disorders.

This book represents the work of the European Research Network: Inclusive Society and the Role of Social Work, which comprises researchers from Barcelona, Spain; Koblenz, Germany; Maastricht, The Netherlands; and Zagreb, Croatia. The authors present research results and reflections from these four different European countries to provide a comprehensive introduction and discussion of the ambivalences of inclusive processes in society and social work.The development towards an inclusive society is a subject of ongoing discussion in Europe. How the subject is addressed, through an examination of political and social characteristics, differs significantly by country. Each country-specific chapter includes evidence-based reflections on inclusive society and the role of social work: In The Netherlands, there is evidence of a top-down process implementing inclusive social policy and social work principles through the self-proclaimed ¿participationsociety¿. In Spain, the process to inclusion is accompanied by the third sector often replacing governmental responsibilities, namely through the bottom-up activities of non-governmental organizations in social work. In Croatia, inclusion is a state initiative in transitioning society and an academic approach to deinstitutionalising social work. In Germany, inclusion is discussed in social systems theory and the reform of school systems. In the migration discourse it was introduced as a less-loaded alternative to integration. Ambivalences of Inclusion in Society and Social Work: Research-Based Reflections in Four European Countries is a useful resource for learners, teachers, practitioners, and researchers in social work, as well as those who have an interest in social policy, social welfare, and sociology.

This volume explores the notion of German cinema as both a national and increasingly transnational entity. It brings together chapters that analyse the international circuits of development and distribution that shape the emerging films as part of a contemporary ¿German cinemä, the events and spectacles that help frame and re-frame national cinemas and their discoverability, and the well-known filmmakers who sit at the vanguard of the contemporary canon. Thereby, it explores what we understand as German cinema today and the many points where this idea of national cinema can be interrogated, expanded and opened up to new readings. At the heart of this interrogation is a keen awareness of the technological, social, economic and cultural changes that have an impact on global cinemas more broadly: new distribution channels such as streaming platforms and online film festivals, and audience engagement that transcends national borders as well as the cinema space. International film production and financing further heightens the transnational aspects of cinema, a quality that is often neglected in marketing and branding of the filmic product. With particular focus on film festivals, this volume explores the tensions between the national and transnational in film, but also in the events that sit at the heart of global cinema culture. It includes contributions from filmmakers, cultural managers and other professionals in the field of film and cinema, as well as scholarly contributions from academics researching popular culture, film, and events in relation to Germany.

This open access book is the outcome of a Global Forum on Innovation, Intellectual Property and Access to Medicines held in December 2019 at the Max Plank Instititute in Munich, organised by the South Centre and the Max Plank Institute. The academics and experts from international organisations participating have contributed chapters to this book. The book is for policy makers (in Ministries of Health, Ministries of Trade, Ministries of Foreign Affairs, patent offices), but also relevant for academics (law, trade, public health), on the flexibilities available in the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) of the World Trade Organization to promote access to medicines.