Bøker utgitt av Springer Nature Switzerland AG

Trading systems - the WTO, regional economic integrations and federal systems - are all based on the same dichotomy of free trade and local public interest: they generally prohibit the constituent parties (states) from restricting trade, but exempt them from this limitation if the restriction is warranted by a legitimate local end.

This book provides a practically applicable guide on the management of patients with pain in the inpatient setting in a variety of populations.Chapters are focused on how to treat patients with a particular condition including multiple sclerosis, liver failure, sickle cell anemia, organ related pain, and autoimmune diseases.

Seaport Container Terminals (SCT) operate as central nodes in worldwide hub-and-spoke networks, and link ocean-going vessels with smaller feeder vessels, as well as with inbound and outbound hinterland transportation systems using road, rail, or inland waterways.

This book focuses on evidence-based occupational therapy in the care of older adults in different clinical settings, from home to acute hospital, from intensive care unit to rehabilitation centers and nursing homes. Occupational therapy has progressively developed as a new discipline aiming to improve the daily life of individuals of different ages, from children to older adults.  The book first reviews the interaction between occupational therapy and geriatrics and then discusses in depth how occupational therapy interventions are applied in the community, in the acute hospital and in the nursing home. It highlights the key role of occupational therapy in the management of frail patients, including critically ill older patients and persons with dementia, and describes in detail how to maintain occupational therapy interventions across different settings to avoid the fragmentation of care.The ageing population requires new innovative approaches to improve the quality of life, and as such this book provides clinicians with handy, key information on how to implement occupational therapy in the daily clinical care of older adults based on the current scientific evidence. 

This book covers recent advances and future trends in yeast synthetic biology, providing readers with an overview of computational and engineering tools, and giving insight on important applications. Yeasts are one of the most attractive microbial cell factories for the production of a wide range of valuable products, including pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, cosmetics, agrochemicals and biofuels. Synthetic biology tools have been developed to improve the metabolic engineering of yeasts in a faster and more reliable manner. Today, these tools are used to make synthetic pathways and rewiring metabolism even more efficient, producing products at high titer, rate, and yield.Split into two parts, the book opens with an introduction to rational metabolic pathway prediction and design using computational tools and their applications for yeast systems and synthetic biology. Then, it focuses on the construction and assembly of standardized biobricks for synthetic pathway engineering in yeasts, yeast cell engineering and whole cell yeast-based biosensors. The second part covers applications of synthetic biology to produce diverse and attractive products by some well-known yeasts.Given its interdisciplinary scope, the book offers a valuable asset for students, researchers and engineers working in biotechnology, applied microbiology, metabolic engineer ing and synthetic biology.

This book deals with the estimation of travel time in a very comprehensive and exhaustive way. Travel time information is and will continue to be one key indicator of the quality of service of a road network and a highly valued knowledge for drivers. Moreover, travel times are key inputs for comprehensive traffic management systems.All the above-mentioned aspects are covered in this book. The first chapters expound on the different types of travel time information that traffic management centers work with, their estimation, their utility and their dissemination. They also remark those aspects in which this information should be improved, especially considering future cooperative driving environments.Next, the book introduces and validates two new methodologies designed to improve current travel time information systems, which additionally have a high degree of applicability: since they use data from widely disseminated sources, they could be immediately implemented by many administrations without the need for large investments.Finally, travel times are addressed in the context of dynamic traffic management systems. The evolution of these systems in parallel with technological and communication advancements is thoroughly discussed. Special attention is paid to data analytics and models, including data-driven approaches, aimed at understanding and predicting travel patterns in urban scenarios. Additionally, the role of dynamic origin-to-destination matrices in these schemes is analyzed in detail.

This book presents fresh insights into analogue quantum simulation. It argues that these simulations are a new instrument of science. They require a bespoke philosophical analysis, sensitive to both the similarities to and the differences with conventional scientific practices such as analogical argument, experimentation, and classical simulation.The analysis situates the various forms of analogue quantum simulation on the methodological map of modern science. In doing so, it clarifies the functions that analogue quantum simulation serves in scientific practice. To this end, the authors introduce a number of important terminological distinctions. They establish that analogue quantum ¿computation' and ¿emulation' are distinct scientific practices and lead to distinct forms of scientific understanding. The authors also demonstrate the normative value of the computation vs. emulation distinction at both an epistemic and a pragmatic level.The volume features a range ofdetailed case studies focusing on: i) cold atom computation of many-body localisation and the Higgs mode; ii) photonic emulation of quantum effects in biological systems; and iii) emulation of Hawing radiation in dispersive optical media. Overall, readers will discover a normative framework to isolate and support the goals of scientists undertaking analogue quantum simulation and emulation. This framework will prove useful to both working scientists and philosophers of science interested in cutting-edge scientific practice.

The book consists of original research papers in the field of Technological Advancements in Construction. It covers such topics as non-destructive testing, structural health monitoring, innovative composite materials, strengthening and rehabilitation of buildings and structures, seismic resilience of structures, thermal protection of buildings, construction and operation of buildings and structures in extreme climatic conditions, structural dynamics and vibration control, and green construction. The book contains latest information on structural mechanics of composite materials and structures, theoretical and computational modeling of new materials and structures, experimental and numerical analysis in building rehabilitation and strengthening, analytical, numerical and experimental methodologies for the analysis of multilayered structures, and advanced methods for seismic performance evaluation of building structures. The book includes original research and application papers of highacademic level, where significant scientific novelty is clearly demonstrated. The book presents a valuable tool for researchers and construction professionals.

The stability analysis of stochastic models for telecommunication systems is an intensively studied topic. The analysis is, as a rule, a difficult problem requiring a refined mathematical technique, especially when one endeavors beyond the framework of Markovian models. The primary purpose of this book is to present, in a unified way, research into the stability analysis of a wide variety of regenerative queueing systems. It describes the theoretical foundations of this method, and then shows how it works with particular models, both classic ones as well as more recent models that have received attention. The focus lies on an in-depth and insightful mathematical explanation of the regenerative stability analysis method.The unique volume can serve as a textbook for students working in these and related scientific areas. The material is also of interest to engineers working in telecommunications field, who may be faced with the problem of stabilityof queueing systems.

Cyclodextrins (CD) are cyclic oligosaccharides containing 6, 7 or 8 glucose units (¿, ¿ or ¿-CD, respectively) in a truncated molecular shape. Their cyclic molecular structure contains a hydrophilic surface and a hydrophobic cavity at the center that can interact (host) with external hydrophobic compounds (guest molecules). Cyclodextrins have been categorized as Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) in the USA, ¿natural products¿ in Japan, and as ¿novel food¿ in Australia, New Zealand and EU countries. They are therefore widely used in food production to encapsulate hydrophobic compounds, including solid, liquid and gas molecules, in order to solubilize, stabilize or control the release rate of these components. To date, there has been no comprehensive review of the very large number of studies performed on encapsulation using cyclodextrin powders for food applications in recent years. This text fills that gap for academics in the encapsulation field and for industry professionals who want to gain a solid understanding of encapsulation functionality of cyclodextrin powders. The book consists of 16 chapters in which chapter 1 introduces cyclodextrin properties and its applications in food processing, and chapters 2-16 explore applications of cyclodextrin in encapsulation for many guest compounds. These compounds include gases, flavors, colors, pigments, polyphenols (plant bioactive compounds), essential oils, lipids (cholesterol and polyunsaturated fatty acids), vitamins, fruit ripening controlling compounds, and antifungal and antimicrobial compounds. These chapters also discuss functionalities of cyclodextrin in packaging, masking off-flavor and off-taste, and as dietary fiber.Covering a broad range of cyclodextrin applications and suitable for both newcomers to encapsulation technology and those with experience, Functionality of Cyclodextrins in Encapsulation for Food Applications is a unique and essential reference on this increasingly important topic.

This book is the eight volume of a sub-series on Road Vehicle Automation, published as part of the Lecture Notes in Mobility. Written by researchers, engineers and analysts from around the globe, the contributions are based on oral and poster presentations from the Automated Vehicles Symposium (AVS) 2020, held on July 27¿30, 2020, as a fully virtual event. The book explores public sector activities, human factors aspects, vehicle systems and other related technological developments, as well as transportation infrastructure planning, which are expect to foster and support road vehicle automation.

This edited book presents scientific results of the 20th IEEE/ACIS International Summer Semi-Virtual Conference on Computer and Information Science (ICIS 2021) held on June 23¿25, 2021 in Shanghai, China. The aim of this conference was to bring together researchers and scientists, businessmen and entrepreneurs, teachers, engineers, computer users, and students to discuss the numerous fields of computer science and to share their experiences and exchange new ideas and information in a meaningful way. Research results about all aspects (theory, applications and tools) of computer and information science, and to discuss the practical challenges encountered along the way and the solutions adopted to solve them. The conference organizers selected the best papers from those papers accepted for presentation at the conference. The papers were chosen based on review scores submitted by members of the program committee and underwent further rigorous rounds of review. From this second round of review, 13 of the conference¿s most promising papers are then published in this Springer (SCI) book and not the conference proceedings. We impatiently await the important contributions that we know these authors will bring to the field of computer and information science.

This book provides a comprehensive examination of preconditioners for boundary element discretisations of first-kind integral equations. Focusing on domain-decomposition-type and multilevel methods, it allows readers to gain a good understanding of the mechanisms and necessary techniques in the analysis of the preconditioners. These techniques are unique for the discretisation of first-kind integral equations since the resulting systems of linear equations are not only large and ill-conditioned, but also dense. The book showcases state-of-the-art preconditioning techniques for boundary integral equations, presenting up-to-date research. It also includes a detailed discussion of Sobolev spaces of fractional orders to familiarise readers with important mathematical tools for the analysis. Furthermore, the concise overview of adaptive BEM, hp-version BEM, and coupling of FEM-BEM provides efficient computational tools for solving practical problems with applications in science and engineering.

This book presents the Preschool Peer Social Intervention (PPSI), a manualized comprehensive social curriculum to enhance peer-interaction for pre-schoolers with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) in three key domains: play, interaction, and conversation.The book outlines the PPSI¿s transactional approach in each of the three intervention domains and incorporates developmental features and age-appropriate play, interaction, and conversation skills while accounting for individual differences in social communication abilities. The intervention is designed to be implemented within the child¿s natural social environment, such as preschool, and it includes the child¿s social agents, namely, their peers, teachers, and parents. PPSI intervention curricula addressed in this book are based on typical play, interaction, and conversation development, taking into account the social and communication challenges found to characterize young children with ASD in these domains.Building up the ability to play, interact and converse more efficiently with peers may render a substantial impact on preschoolers with ASD, with vast potential for improving not only these children¿s immediate social experience with peers, but also their future social competence that relies on these early building blocks.

This book describes how we can design and make efficient processors for high-performance computing, AI, and data science. Although there are many textbooks on the design of processors we do not have a widely accepted definition of the efficiency of a general-purpose computer architecture. Without a definition of the efficiency, it is difficult to make scientific approach to the processor design. In this book, a clear definition of efficiency is given and thus a scientific approach for processor design is made possible. In chapter 2, the history of the development of high-performance processor is overviewed, to discuss what quantity we can use to measure the efficiency of these processors. The proposed quantity is the ratio between the minimum possible energy consumption and the actual energy consumption for a given application using a given semiconductor technology. In chapter 3, whether or not this quantity can be used in practice is discussed, for many real-world applications. In chapter 4, general-purpose processors in the past and present are discussed from this viewpoint. In chapter 5, how we can actually design processors with near-optimal efficiencies is described, and in chapter 6 how we can program such processors. This book gives a new way to look at the field of the design of high-performance processors.

This Open Access book features a school development model (Arizona Initiative for Leadership Development and Research ¿ AZiLDR) that offers a roadmap for schools to navigate the complexities of continuous school development. Filled with processes that balance evidence-based values with democratic, culturally responsive values, this book offers strategies to mediate the tensions and to address school culture, context and values, leadership capacity, using data as a source of reflection, curricular and pedagogical activity, and strengths-based approaches to meeting the needs of culturally diverse students. You will find:· - Active, reflective activities· - Case studies illustrating each concept· - The research base supporting each concept· - Descriptions of processes from other contexts (South Carolina, Germany, Australia, Sweden)· - Thoughts about next steps for contextually sensitive and multi-level school development· - Suggestions for cross-national dialogue and research within the Zone of UncertaintyUse this ideal source to guide school leadership teams in creating productive schools that continually grow!