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This book draws a unique perspective on the regulation of access to clinical trial data as a case on research and knowledge externalities. Notwithstanding numerous potential benefits for medical research and public health, many jurisdictions have struggled to ensure access to clinical trial data, even at the level of the trial results. Pro-access policy initiatives have been strongly opposed by research-based drug companies arguing that mandatory data disclosure impedes their innovation incentives. Conventionally, access to test data has been approached from the perspective of transparency and research ethics. The book offers a complementary view and considers access to individual patient-level trial data for exploratory analysis as a matter of research and innovation policy. Such approach appears to be especially relevant in the data-driven economy where digital data constitutes a valuable economic resource. The study seeks to define how the rules of access to clinical trial data should be designed to reconcile the policy objectives of leveraging the research potential of data through secondary analysis, on the one hand, and protecting economic incentives of research-based drug companies, on the other hand. Overall, it is argued that the mainstream innovation-based justification for exclusive control over the outcomes of research and development can hardly rationalise trial sponsors¿ control over primary data from trials. Instead, access to such data and its robust analysis should be prioritised.

This book constitutes the refereed post-conference proceedings of the First IFIP TC 5 International Conference on Computer Science Protecting Human Society Against Epidemics, ANTICOVID 2021, held virtually in June 2021.The 7 full and 4 short papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 20 submissions. The papers are concerned with a very large spectrum of problems, ranging from linguistics for automatic translation of medical terms, to a proposition for a worldwide system of fast reaction to emerging pandemic.

This book is focused on the challenges of digital transition in building construction, and potential solutions through the use of multi-criteria analysis. It provides clear explanations of proposed approaches from both a theoretical and practical point of view, including augmented reality and user-reporting.New Approaches for Multi-Criteria Analysis in Constructions begins by explaining classic multi-criteria analysis methods, such as Analytic Hierarchy Processes and the Simos-Roy-Figueira method, before moving on to discuss Augmented Reality - Decision Making. This new approach provides a tool to investigate user¿s perceptions, and utilises an interactive experience of the real-world environment combined with classic methods to provide a large amount of visual information. Finally, a detailed guide to user-reporting is presented.Offering new possibilities for applying multi-criteria analysis in a simpler, faster and more accessible way, this book supports analysis which considers users experience and perception. Architects, engineers, researchers and practitioners will be able to utilise augmented reality environments, multi-criteria analysis and user reporting for the building design choices, supply selection, maintenance strategies, risk and complex performance assessment.

This book presents computationally efficient MPC solutions. The classical model predictive control (MPC) approach to control dynamical systems described by the Wiener model uses an inverse static block to cancel the influence of process nonlinearity. Unfortunately, the model's structure is limited, and it gives poor control quality in the case of an imperfect model and disturbances. An alternative is to use the computationally demanding MPC scheme with on-line nonlinear optimisation repeated at each sampling instant.A linear approximation of the Wiener model or the predicted trajectory is found on-line. As a result, quadratic optimisation tasks are obtained. Furthermore, parameterisation using Laguerre functions is possible to reduce the number of decision variables. Simulation results for ten benchmark processes show that the discussed MPC algorithms lead to excellent control quality. For a neutralisation reactor and a fuel cell, essential advantages of neural Wiener models are demonstrated.

This book is devoted to one of the main problems of modern electrical power engineering¿power transformer diagnostics. The first three chapters discuss the fundamentals: The first chapter presents the physical reasons for power transformers¿ failures and the technical and economic consequences of disruption of the normal operation. The second chapter reviews the standard technologies for monitoring the state of the high-voltage transformers. The third chapter tells about monitoring the condition of transformer windings based on the pulse method. The fourth chapter presents the technologies for transformer windings condition controlled by means of nanosecond pulses. The stages of improving the pulsed method based on a short probing pulse of the nanosecond range, the results of experiments on identifying the radial and axial displacements of the winding, studies of the effect of the duration and shape of the probing pulse on the sensitivity of the diagnostic procedure, and the stages of developing a mathematical as well as physical model of a power transformer are consistently presented.

This book focuses on the fields of nature-inspired algorithms, optimization problems and fuzzy logic. In this book, a new metaheuristic based on String Theory from Physics is proposed. It is important to mention that we have proposed the new algorithm to generate new potential solutions in optimization problems in order to find new ways that could improve the results in solving these problems. We are presenting the results for the proposed method in different cases of study. The first case, is optimization of traditional benchmark mathematical functions. The second case, is the optimization of benchmark functions of the CEC 2015 Competition and we are also presenting results of the CEC 2017 Competition on Constrained Real-Parameter Optimization that are problems that contain the presence of constraints that alter the shape of the search space making them more difficult to solve. Finally, in the third case, we are presenting the optimization of a fuzzy inference system, specificallyfor finding the optimal design of a fuzzy controller for an autonomous mobile robot. It is important to mention that in all study cases we are presenting statistical tests in or-der to validate the performance of proposed method. In summary, we believe that this book will be of great interest to a wide audience, ranging from engineering and science graduate students, to researchers and professors in computational intelligence, metaheuristics, optimization, robotics and control.

This contributed volume is the first of a series that introduces safe, feasible, and practical decellularization and recellularization techniques for tissue and organ reconstruction. We have put special emphasis on the research areas most likely to develop well-engineered scaffolds for tissue and organ engineering, while presenting easily applicable bench-to-bedside approaches highlighting the latest technical innovations in the field.This book includes both a fundamental discussion for a broad understanding of the basis of tissue repair and substitution, as well as chapters written by world renowned specialists from 20 countries providing deeper discussions and analysis of related sub disciplines.Within these pages, the reader will find state-of-the-art protocols and current clinical challenges in cell and tissue biology, including accurate and comprehensive information on extracellular matrices, natural biomaterials, tissue dynamics, morphogenesis, stem cells, cellular fate progressions, cell and tissue properties for in-vitro and in-vivo applications.This comprehensive and carefully organized treatise provides a clear framework for graduate students and postdoctoral researchers new to the field, but also for researchers and practitioners looking to expand their knowledge on tissue and organ reconstruction.

For 60 years the International Federation for Information Processing (IFIP) has been advancing research in Information and Communication Technology (ICT). This book looks into both past experiences and future perspectives using the core of IFIP's competence, its Technical Committees (TCs) and Working Groups (WGs).Soon after IFIP was founded, it established TCs and related WGs to foster the exchange and development of the scientific and technical aspects of information processing. IFIP TCs are as diverse as the different aspects of information processing, but they share the following aims:To establish and maintain liaison with national and international organizations with allied interests and to foster cooperative action, collaborative research, and information exchange.To identify subjects and priorities for research, to stimulate theoretical work on fundamental issues, and to foster fundamental research which will underpin future development.To provide a forum for professionals with a view to promoting the study, collection, exchange, and dissemination of ideas, information, and research findings and thereby to promote the state of the art.To seek and use the most effective ways of disseminating information about IFIP¿s work including the organization of conferences, workshops and symposia and the timely production of relevant publications.To have special regard for the needs of developing countries and to seek practicable ways of working with them.To encourage communication and to promote interaction between users, practitioners, and researchers.To foster interdisciplinary work and ¿ in particular ¿ to collaborate with other Technical Committees and Working Groups.The 17 contributions in this book describe the scientific, technical, and further work in TCs and WGs and in many cases also assess the future consequences of the work¿s results. These contributions explore the developments of IFIP and the ICT profession now and over the next 60 years. The contributions are arranged per TC and conclude with the chapter on the IFIP code of ethics and conduct.

This volume is dedicated to the life and work of Ernest Nagel (1901-1985) counted among the influential twentieth-century philosophers of science. Forgotten by the history of philosophy of science community in recent years, this volume introduces Nagel¿s philosophy to a new generation of readers and highlights the merits and originality of his works.Best known in the history of philosophy as a major American representative of logical empiricism with some pragmatist and naturalist leanings, Nagel¿s interests and activities went beyond these limits. His career was marked with a strong and determined intention of harmonizing the European scientific worldview of logical empiricism and American naturalism/pragmatism. His most famous and systematic treatise on, The Structure of Science, appeared just one year before Thomas Kuhn¿s even more renowned, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. As a reflection of Nagel¿s interdisciplinary work, the contributing authors¿ articles are connected both historically and systematically. The volume will appeal to students mainly at the graduate level and academic scholars. Since the volume treats historical, philosophical, physical, social and general scientific questions, it will be of interest to historians and philosophers of science, epistemologists, social scientists, and anyone interested in the history of analytic philosophy and twentieth-century intellectual history.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 14th IFIP WG 11.8 World Conference on Information Security Education, WISE 14, held virtually in June 2021.The 8 papers presented together with a special chapter showcasing the history of WISE and two workshop papers were carefully reviewed and selected from 19 submissions. The papers are organized in the following topical sections: a roadmap for building resilience; innovation in curricula; teaching methods and tools; and end-user security.