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The book provides a comprehensive overview of combustion models used in different types of spark ignition engines. In the first generation of spark ignition (SI) engines, the turbulence is created by the shear flow passing through the intake valves, and significantly decays during the intake and compression strokes. The residual turbulence enhances the laminar flame velocity, which is characteristic of the fuel and increases the relative effectiveness of the engine. In this simple two-zone model, the turbulence is estimated empirically; the spherical flame propagation model considers ignition delay, thermodynamics, heat transfer and chemical equilibrium, to obtain the performance and emissions of an SI engine. The model is used extensively by designers and research engineers to handle the fuel-air mixture prepared in the inlet and different geometries of open combustion chambers. The empiricism of the combustion model was progressively dismantled over the years. New 3D models for ignition considering the flow near a spark plug and flame propagation in the bulk gases were developed by incorporating solutions to Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations for the turbulent flow with chemical reactions in the intense computational fluid dynamics. The models became far less empirical and enabled treating new generation direct-injection spark-ignition (DISI) gasoline and gas engines. The more complex layout of DISI engines with passive or active prechamber is successfully handled by them. This book presents details of models of SI engine combustion progressively increasing in complexity, making them accessible to designers, researchers, and even mechanical engineers who are curious to explore the field. This book is a valuable resource for anyone interested in spark ignition combustion.

This book explains the advancements of plant biotechnology and advanced molecular biology and explores the details of influential tools that complement conventional breeding and accelerate the development of plants resilient to adverse agroclimatic conditions and biofortified plants. Plant biotechnology from the basic sciences to current applications, such as pathway engineering, precursor feeding, transformation, elicitation with biotic and abiotic elicitors, and scaling up in bioreactors, have been included in these chapters to improve the production of secondary metabolites from different medicinal plants. It also highlights important factors often overlooked by methodologies used to develop plants' tolerance against biotic and abiotic stresses and in developing special foods, bio-chemicals, and pharmaceuticals. This book is valuable for researchers or students working on biosciences. It is also an updated and advanced reference material for the agriculture and pharmaceutical industries.

This book highlights the basic theories and technical principles of the synthetic aperture radar (SAR), aiming to bridge theories and applications for readers. Supported by the practical experience of the author's dedicated research, this book also constructs the SAR theoretical system from multiple perspectives.The synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is a weather-independent microwave remote sensing device that involves a number of multidisciplinary fields such as signal processing and image information processing. Written by experts in remote sensing and signal processing, the book explains the signal echo modeling, imaging principles and algorithms, image quality control methods, and image applications. Readers are provided with concise descriptions of commonly used imaging algorithms for SAR in multiple regimes, modes, and applications, including the Range Doppler Algorithm (RDA) and the Frequency Scaling Algorithm (FSA). Continuous wave/pulse regime SAR technology, inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) technology, digital beam forming (DBF), interferometry, and moving target detection methods are discussed in detail.The book is a must-read and comprehensive reference for researchers and engineers engaged in the R&D of the SAR and for graduate students interested in the field.

This book has been groundbreaking for scholars of the Cultural Revolution, but hitherto was only available in Japanese and Chinese. This edition allows English-language readers to access the work for the first time. The author explains how political struggles within the state, competing sectarian interests, and other complex factors intertwined to produce various forms of collective violence that had a major impact on the political, economic, and social order of the time.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 17th China Conference on Wireless Sensor Networks, CWSN 2023, which took place in Dalian, China, in October 2023. The 22 full papers presented in this volume were carefully reviewed and selected from 105 submissions, including 38 English papers and 67 Chinese papers. The conference provided an academic exchange of research and a development forum for IoT researchers, developers, enterprises, and users. Exchanging results and experience of research and applications in IoT, and discussing the key challenges and research hotspots, is the main goal of the forum. As a high-level forum for the design, implementation, and application of IoT, the conference promoted the exchange and application of the theories and technologies of IoT-related topics.

This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 18th International Conference and Workshops on Algorithms and Computation, WALCOM 2024, held in Kanazawa, Japan, during March 18¿20, 2024. The 28 full papers presented in this book, together with two extended abstracts of invited talks, were carefully reviewed and selected from 80 submissions. They cover diverse areas of algorithms and computation, that is, approximation algorithms, algorithmic graph theory and combinatorics, combinatorial algorithms, combinatorial optimization, computational biology, combinatorial reconfiguration, computational complexity, computational geometry, discrete geometry, data structures, experimental algorithm methodologies, graph algorithms, graph drawing, parallel and distributed algorithms, parameterized algorithms, parameterized complexity, network optimization, online algorithms, randomized algorithms, and string algorithms.

This book presents various design theories and methodologies for silicon-based high-sensitivity broadband receivers, including millimeter-wave radiometer chips and photoelectric receivers, which are core elements in imaging systems, data centers, and telecommunication infrastructures. As a key module in application systems, the high-sensitivity broadband receiver, not only attracts the attention of engineers and researchers in the radio-frequency and optoelectronic fields, but also garners significant interest from other disciplines, including optics, communications, and security. The book introduces various silicon-based critical design technologies aim to overcome the limitations inherent in silicon devices, distinctly enhancing sensitivity with a broad bandwidth. These innovative design methodologies, initially proposed and subsequently validated through meticulous measurements, represent a pioneering contribution. The book provides readers with detailed insights into design intricacies and considerations. Its audience includes undergraduate and graduate students with a specific interest in RF/optoelectronic receiver technology, along with researchers and engineers engaged in the study of imaging systems, data centers, or other communication applications.

The book explores the pivotal role of science and technology in achieving the sustainable development goals (SDGs) outlined in the agenda 2030 for sustainable development. It emphasizes the importance of integrating science and technology into developing strategies to promote a sustainable and prosperous global future. The book highlights the universal acceptance of the SDGs by United Nations member states, subnational governing bodies, and international organizations. It emphasizes that all stakeholders, including governmental bodies, private enterprises, and civil society, have a responsibility to contribute to the achievement of the SDGs. Science, technology, and innovation are identified as the three pillars essential for achieving the SDGs.The book emphasizes the critical role of science and technology in addressing complex issues such as climate change, biodiversity loss, resource depletion, poverty reduction, health, education, gender equality, clean energy, sustainable cities, responsible consumption, and climate action. It helps to develop innovative solutions to promote economic growth, social inclusion, and environmental sustainability. And provide the necessary knowledge and tools to develop effective policies and strategies in these areas.Furthermore, the book highlights the potential of science and technology in promoting innovation and entrepreneurship, leading to the creation of new businesses and industries that align with sustainable development principles. This fosters economic growth, job creation, and environmental sustainability. It advocates for continued investment in science and technology and their integration into development strategies. The book aims to provide insights into the role of traditional and emerging areas of science and technology in meeting the goals outlined in the SDG document, with a specific focus on India.The book serves as a great source of information for researchers, teachers in basic and applied sciences /social sciences research and policymakers.

This book offers a comprehensive overview of the design, mechanisms, and performance of metakaolin-based geopolymers (MKG), with a focus on uncovering the underlying mechanisms that differentiate MKG from ordinary Portland cement (OPC). Covering a wide range of topics surrounding MKG, from the early stages of geopolymerization to the final mechanical performance of MKG concrete, this book provides fundamental insights into the performance of MKG-based materials and their relationship with the composition and microstructure of MKG. The findings presented in this book may serve as a guide for the design and application of MKG in civil engineering constructions. Targeted at scientists and engineers in materials science and civil engineering, this book is intended for those interested in adopting MKG as a sustainable technology for a greener future.

This book comprehensively covers various aspects of biobased nanomaterials, including their types, fabrication methods, characterization techniques, and applications in different fields. The book starts with an introduction to biobased nanomaterials, highlighting their significance in various fields due to their unique properties. The first few chapters cover the different types of biobased nanomaterials, their properties, and how they are extracted from various natural sources. The methods of fabrication of biobased nanomaterials are discussed in detail, including the techniques for controlling their size, shape, and composition. It then delves into the characterization of biobased nanomaterials, discussing the different techniques used to determine their properties, including their morphology, size, structure, and composition. The subsequent chapters explore the various applications of biobased nanomaterials in different fields such as environmental applications, wound healing, tissue engineering, food industry, agriculture, sensing technology, biomedical applications, and energy storage devices. The advantages of biobased nanomaterials over traditional nanomaterials are highlighted, including their biodegradability and sustainability. The environmental concerns associated with biobased nanomaterials, as well as the health and safety concerns, are also discussed. The book concludes by looking at the prospects of biobased nanomaterials and how they can contribute to sustainable development. Overall, the book is an informative and comprehensive book that provides a thorough understanding of biobased nanomaterials and their various applications. It is a valuable resource for researchers, students, and professionals in various fields such as materials science, chemistry, biology, and environmental science. alike.

This book summarizes around 200 most recent patent administrative litigation cases concluded by the Intellectual Property Court of the Supreme People's Court of China in the form of restatements. It discusses the similarities and differences in claim construction, full disclosure, definiteness of claims, nature of reexamination and ex officio review in the context of recent patent administrative litigation cases. It is conducive to the implementation of unified review standards and achievement of a fair trial by using typical cases as guidance in the application of patent law. This book could be used as a reference book for judges, researchers, and practitioners.

This book explains the existence of the intermediate using two approaches: computational chemistry and coordination chemistry. In this book, the author has developed new methods for synthesizing medium-sized cycloalkenes by utilizing the 4¿-electrocyclic reaction of fused-cyclobutenes. The fundamental and most important strategy and feature of the work are as follows: first, cyclobutene is used as a readily available raw material with high-strain energy to generate more strained medium-sized cis,trans-cycloalkadiene molecules. Second, by judiciously selecting the reaction conditions, the short-lived intermediate (medium-sized cis,trans-cycloalkadiene) can be converted to medium-sized cis- or trans-cycloalkenes. For the former, the generation of the medium-sized cis,trans-cycloalkadiene intermediate is greatly affected by the substituent on the cyclobutene, and there are few examples of its generation confirmed at room temperature. Regarding the latter, the synthesis of trans-cycloalkenes is noteworthy in terms of establishing a new synthetic methodology and providing one of the few asymmetric synthesis methods, which has not been achieved before. Readers of this book can gain novel insights into strained molecules involved not only in small-sized cycloalkenes but also in medium-sized ones.

This book showcases research and project results on technology, smart learning, and sustainability education and analyzes smart learning solutions for lifelong learning. It discusses their impact and potential for transfer and scaling and reviews how real solutions perform in the real world. Sustainable societies are built on twenty-first-century skills. Attaining the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals requires a focus on a new set of knowledge, skills, and attitudes, as well as novel and smart strategies that leverage state-of-the-art technologies and make these skillsets widely available in our societies to all groups of people, at any time in their lives, in professional as well as academic settings. This book serves as a helpful resource for researchers, academics, practitioners, and consultants from around the world who are involved in the study, management and development of educational technology, smart learning, sustainability education, and related issues.

We are delighted to present this compilation of insightful contributions from the Global Conference on Entrepreneurship and Economy in an Era of Uncertainty (EEEU23) hosted by the International Research Center for Higher Education and Business Cooperation in Poland. This book explores the ever-changing field of entrepreneurship in the digital economy, emphasizing the pivotal role of innovation in navigating through today's global disruptions, such as pandemics and regional instabilities that reverberate through economies.In a time where rapid innovation is the linchpin for sustained relevance, companies face the critical imperative of adapting swiftly to the changing tides. This collection sheds light on the reality that organizations, even those with a long-standing market presence and solid managerial frameworks, can only avoid obsolescence if they innovate at the pace demanded by contemporary circumstances. The cautionary tales of once-thriving entities like Eastman Kodak Company, Polaroid Corporation, Xerox, and others serve as poignant reminders of the imperative of agile innovation in today's business environment.The chapters presented within this book offer a thorough exploration of the profound influence of digital innovation on entrepreneurship, coupled with an examination of the pivotal role of strategic organizational management in the sustenance and prosperity of enterprises. As such, this book is an invaluable resource for researchers and professionals seeking to deepen their understanding of the application of innovation and disruptions in entrepreneurship and organizational management.The insights and disclosures encapsulated within these pages will catalyze meaningful dialogue and inspire innovative approaches to pursuing entrepreneurial success amidst a landscape characterized by uncertainty.

This book presents select proceedings of the fourth International Conference on Recent Advances in Mechanical Engineering Research and Development (ICRAMERD 2023). The contents focus on latest research and current problems in various branches of mechanical engineering. Some of the topics discussed include fracture and failure analysis, fuels and alternative fuels, combustion and IC engines, advanced manufacturing technologies, powder metallurgy and rapid prototyping, industrial engineering and automation, vibrations and control engineering, automobile engineering, fluid mechanics and machines, heat transfer, composite materials, micro and nano-engineering for energy storage and conversion, and modeling and simulations. The book is useful for researchers and professionals in mechanical engineering.

This book gathers outstanding papers on numerical modeling in Mechanical Engineering (Volume 2) as part of the 2-volume proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Numerical Modeling in Engineering (NME 2021), which was held in Ghent, Belgium, on August 23-24, 2022. The overall objective of the conference was to bring together international scientists and engineers in academia and industry from fields related to advanced numerical techniques, such as the finite element method (FEM), boundary element method (BEM), isogeometric analysis (IGA), and their applications to a wide range of engineering disciplines. This book addresses numerical simulations of various mechanical and materials engineering industrial applications such as aerospace applications, acoustic analysis, bio-mechanical applications, contact problems and wear, heat transfer analysis, vibration and dynamics, transient analysis, nonlinear analysis, composite materials, polymers, metal alloys, fracture mechanics, fatigue of materials, creep, mechanical behavior, micro-structure, phase transformation, and crystal plasticity. The book is intended for academics, including graduate students and researchers, as well as industrial practitioners working in the numerical modeling in mechanical engineering topics.

This advanced textbook provides an exhaustive review of topics of immense importance to the fundamental understanding of physics of materials at high pressures. The book presents the current status of experimental and theoretical techniques used to understand the behaviour of materials under high compression. Various topics covered in this book are high pressure studies of materials, equation of state of materials, phase transitions under high pressures, behaviour of hydrogen and hydrides under pressure, and hydrogen bond in solids under high pressure. This book is highly useful reference for the scientists working in the field of condensed matter in general and its behaviour under static and dynamic compression, in particular.

This book explores the recent advancements in intelligent transportation sector. In today's rapidly evolving world, transportation plays a pivotal role in shaping our societies and economies. As the demands on our transportation systems continue to grow, there is an increasing need for innovative solutions to enhance efficiency, safety, and sustainability. This book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date exploration of the intersection between transportation and cutting-edge technology. It offers a thorough examination of the various facets of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) and advanced technologies applied to the transportation sector. It analyzes the latest trends, technologies, and developments that are shaping the future of transportation, including AI, IoT, and smart infrastructure. It provides practical insights, case studies, and real-world examples to help transportation professionals and researchers understand how advanced technology can be applied to address transportation challenges. It discusses the policy and regulatory considerations surrounding the implementation of advanced transportation technologies and explores the potential future developments and advancements in the field, including the impact of emerging technologies.

T¿his three-volume set constitues selected papers presented at the 18th International Conference on Computer Science and Education, ICCSE 2023, held in Sepang, Malaysia, in December 2023. The 106 full papers and 36 short papers presented were thoroughly reviewed and selected from the 305 submissions. They focus on a wide range of computer science topics, especially AI, data science, and engineering, and technology-based education, by addressing frontier technical and business issues essential to the applications of data science in both higher education and advancing e-Society.