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The book has been completely rewritten for this new edition. While most of the material found in the earlier editions has been retained, though in changed form, there are considerable additions, in which extensive use is made of Fourier transform techniques, Hilbert space, and finite difference methods. A condensed version of the present work was presented in a series of lectures as part of the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research -Indian Insti- tute of Science Mathematics Programme in Bangalore in 1977. I am indebted to Professor K. G. Ramanathan for the opportunity to participate in this excit- ing educational venture, and to Professor K. Balagangadharan for his ever ready help and advice and many stimulating discussions. Very special thanks are due to N. Sivaramakrishnan and R. Mythili, who ably and cheerfully prepared notes of my lectures which I was able to use as the nucleus of the present edition. A word about the choice of material. The constraints imposed by a partial differential equation on its solutions (like those imposed by the environment on a living organism) have an infinite variety of con- sequences, local and global, identities and inequalities. Theories of such equations usually attempt to analyse the structure of individual solutions and of the whole manifold of solutions by testing the compatibility of the differential equation with various types of additional constraints.

This textbook is a unique blend of the theory of differential equations and their exciting application to --real world" problems. First, and foremost, it is a rigorous study of ordinary differential equations and can be fully understood by anyone who has completed one year of calculus. However, in addition to the traditional applications, it also contains many exciting '-real life" problems. These applications are completely self contained. First, the problem to be solved is outlined clearly, and one or more differential equations are derived as a model for this problem. These equations are then solved, and the results are compared with real world data. The following applications are covered in this text. I. In Section 1.3 we prove that the beautiful painting --Disciples at Emmaus" which was bought by the Rembrandt Society of Belgium for $170,000 was a modern forgery. 2. In Section 1.5 we derive differential equations which govern the population growth of various species, and compare the results predicted by our models with the known values of the populations. 3. In Section 1.6 we try to determine whether tightly sealed drums filled with concentrated waste material will crack upon impact with the ocean floor. In this section we also describe several tricks for obtaining informa- tion about solutions of a differential equation that cannot be solved explicitly.

The main purpose of this book is to provide ready access to key information on parts of the nervous system. The student of neuroanatomy frequently encounters terms from such closely related anatomical fields as the gross anatomy of the peripheral nervous system, the histology and embryology of the nervous system and the anatomy of the eye and ear. Consequently many of the terms from these areas have been included. Although no complete listing of terms from cognate fields has been attempted, some of the more frequently encountered terms from neurophysiology, neuropathology and clinical neurology are also included. References given for some entries are not intended to be exhaustive but to direct the reader's attention in some instances to places where the term has been introduced and in others to places where a more complete discussion of the subject is available. Another purpose is to equate the terms that are synonyms and to differentiate between those that are not. In addition, an attempt has been made to include older terms and eponyms together with their newer counterparts.

1 Music, Physics, and Psychophysics: An Interdisciplinary Approach.- 1.1 The intervening physical systems 1 / 1.2 Characteristic attributes of musical sounds 3 / 1.3 The time element in music 5 / 1.4 Physics and psychophysics 7 / 1.5 What is music? 11.- 2 Sound Vibrations, Pure Tones, and the Perception of Pitch.- 2.1 Motion and vibration 13 / 2.2 Simple harmonic motion 17 / 2.3 Acoustical vibrations and pure tone sensations 18 / 2.4 Superposition of pure tones: first-order beats and the critical band 25 / 2.5 Other first-order effects: combination tones and aural harmonics 33 / 2.6 Second-order effects: beats of mistuned consonances 37 / 2.7 Fundamental tracking 40 / 2.8 Auditory coding in the peripheral nervous system 44 / 2.9 Periodicity pitch and the role of the central nervous system 50.- 3 Sound Waves, Acoustical Energy, and the Perception of Loudness.- 3.1 Elastic waves, force, energy, and power 61 / 3.2 Propagation speed, wavelength, and acoustical power 65 / 3.3 Superposition of waves; standing waves 74 / 3.4 Intensity, sound intensity level, and loudness 78 / 3.5 The loudness perception mechanism and related processes 89.- 4 Generation of Musical Sounds, Complex Tones, and the Perception of Tone Quality.- 4.1 Standing waves in a string 93 / 4.2 Generation of complex standing vibrations in string instruments 98 / 4.3 Sound vibration spectra and resonance 106 / 4.4 Standing longitudinal waves in an idealized air column 115 / 4.5 Generation of complex standing vibrations in wind instruments 119 / 4.6 Sound spectra of wind instrument tones 126 / 4.7 Trapping and absorption of sound waves in a closed environment 128 / 4.8 Perception of pitch and timbre of musical tones 133 / 4.9 Identification of musical sounds 138.- 5 Superposition and Successions of Complex Tones and the Perception of Music.- 5.1 Superposition of complex tones 143 / 5.2 The sensation of musical consonance and dissonance 146 / 5.3 Building musical scales 153 / 5.4 The standard scale and the standard of pitch 158 / 5.5 Why are there musical scales and why do we experience musical sensations? 161 / 5.6 Specialization of speech and music processing in the cerebral hemispheres 165.- Appendix I Some Quantitative Aspects of the Bowing Mechanism.- Appendix II Some Quantitative Aspects of Recent Central Pitch Processor Models.- Appendix III Some Remarks on Teaching Physics and Psychophysics of Music.- References.

Statistics is of ever-increasing importance in Science and Technology and this book presents the essentials of the subject in a form suitable either as the basis of a course of lectures or to be read and/or used on its own. It assumes very little in the way of mathematical knowledge-just the ability to substitute numerically in a few simple formulae. However, some mathematical proofs are outlined or given in full to illustrate the derivation of the subject; these can be omitted without loss of understanding. The book does aim at making clear the scope and nature of those essential tests and methods that a scientist or technologist is likely to need; to this end each chapter has been divided into sections with their own subheadings and some effort has been made to make the text unambiguous (if any reader finds a misleading point anywhere I hope he will write to me about it). Also with this aim in view, the equality of probability to proportion of population is stated early, then the normal distribution and the taking of samples is discussed. This occupies the first five chapters. With the principles of these chapters understood, the student can immediately learn the significance tests of Chapter 6 and, if he needs it, the analysis of variance of Chapter 7. For some scientists this will be most of what they need. However, they will be in a position to read and/or use the remaining chapters without undue difficulty.

The goal of Advances in Clinical Child Psychology is to provide clinicians and researchers in clinical child psychology, child psychiatry, and relat- ed mental health disciplines with an annual compilation of statements that summarize the new data, concepts, and techniques that advance our ability to help troubled children. Looking forward, the series intends to highlight the emerging developments that will guide our field of inquiry and practice. Looking back, the dozen volumes in this series chronicle the changes in our attempts to understand and solve the psychological problems of children and adolescents. Each year, scholars are chosen whose recent work is on the leading edge of clinical child psychology and related disciplines. They are se- lected either because their own work offers potentially important new information or theoretical viewpoints or because they are especially well qualified to discuss critical topics in the field that are not identified with one particular research program.

This book is intended to provide a treatment of the production, properties and applications of X-rays suitable for undergraduate courses in physics. It is hoped that parts of it, at least, will be useful to students on other courses in physics, materials science, metallurgy, chemistry, engineering, etc. at various levels. It is also hoped that parts of it will serve as an introduction to the subject of X-ray crystallography, and to this end the treatment of X-ray diffraction has been designed to show the relation between the simple approach and the more sophisticated treatments. During many years of teaching this subject to Degree, Diploma in Technology and Higher National Certificate students, I have been unable to find a single book which attempts to cover the whole of this field. This lack of a treatment of X-rays and their applications in one volume has prompted me to attempt to fill the gap and this present volume is the result. Obviously in writing such a book I have referred to many existing books and I acknowledge my indebtedness to the authors of all the books which I have used. I believe that all these books are included in the re- ferences at the ends of the chapters but if I have omitted any, then my apologies are offered to the authors concerned.

Dictionary.- Appendices.- Table of the Chemical Elements.- Temperature-Conversion Table.- Weights and Measures-Metric System.- Weights and Measures-United States System.- Weights and Measures-Comparison of the Metric and U.S. Systems of Measures and Weights.- Conversion Table for Volumes and Weights.- End Points of Orton Pyrometric Cones.- Some Factors for Calculating Properties of Glass Composition.- Ceramic Colors.- Weight and Approximate Thickness of Sheet Steel-United States Standard Gauge for Sheet and Plate Steel.

No doubt, there are many ways to practice "good" medicine, whatever this may be. Forty years ago the history, observation, and clinical examina- tion of a patient led to diagnosis and therapy. Since then, we have learned a great deal about the biochemical and physiologic processes in the human body and about the pathogenetic mechanisms by which they are disturbed and lead to disease. Today, the basis of clinical judgment and patient management is the understanding of pathogenetic mechanisms of disease. This concise and basic text of pathophysiology introduces the medical student to the basic pathophysiologic mechanisms. Each chapter begins with a short outline of the general physiologic and biochemical principles of an organ, a system, or a metabolic process; their possible derangements are described, with empha- sis on the more important and more frequently occurring diseases. Although the primary purpose is to convey a basic understanding of clinical medicine to first-year medical students, many students have used this book as a convenient reference up to and after graduation.

Acceptance or rejection of any edible commodity, whether it is raw or processed, is usually conditioned by sensory stimuli. The impact of these stimuli on the decision-making proce-ss is broadly termed sensory evaluation. Advances in sensory evaluation research have been slow in the past because of the human factor-the necessity to use highly trained sensory panels to conduct this research. High technology in- strumentation and new understandings of sensory evaluations are now combining to make possible quantum jumps forward in sensory eval- uation research. It is widely recognized that the sensory aspects of fruits and vegeta- bles are affected by many factors, among them environment, variety, cultural practices, and handling practices. However, if one attempts to find a general reference or compilation of findings regarding this sub- ject area there seems to be few, if any, available. A survey of the literature does suggest that in the past few years research into specific factors which influence the sensory aspects of fruits and vegetables has increased significantly. This increased interest in sensory research and the renewed national awareness of the value of research into pre- and postharvest quality of fruits and vegetables prompted the Flavor Subdivision, Agricultural and Food Chemistry Division, American Chemical Society to sponsor a symposium entitled Sensory Evalua- tion of Fruits and Vegetables: Effect of Environment, Cultural Prac- tices and Variety during the 1982 meeting in Kansas City, Missouri.

A specialist in hand surgery will not be available at all hospitals for some years. In the meantime, the fate of the patient will continue to rest in the hands of the surgeon who first treats him. It is essential, therefore, that both the novice and the accomplished surgeon have a sound grasp of the diagnostic and therapeutic fundamentals of hand surgery. The material in this book is presented in a clear, practical manner by a general surgeon who has successfully practiced hand surgery; the result is an especially useful and rewarding book. Many acute situations in hand surgery are not as complicated as they appear to be, whereas other problems can be handled only after much study and experience. Based on his experience with over 7000 general and emergency opera- tions yearly at the Ludwigshafen Surgical Clinic and after years of inten- sive work in the field of hand surgery, my medical chief, Dr. H. R. Mittelbach, has taken the time and trouble to write this handbook for general and clinical practice. For the practicing surgeon and especially the resident, the most important aspects of the treatment of hand injuries have been presented in a clear, concise manner. The didactic excellence of the material, its novel format, and the simple yet forceful drawings that obviate lengthy text descriptions enable the reader to become quickly oriented. However, the book is more thanjust a "cookbook" for quick reference.

The book is an account of Taiwan's evolving national consciousness told through the biography of its former President Lee Teng-hui - the central figure in the island's political transformation over the past two decades. In describing the broader historical and social context of the various stages of Lee's life, the book also analyzes Taiwan's own evolution during the past century as a Japanese colony, a Leninist party-state dictatorship, and then an American-inspired fledgling democracy. The book explores such questions as: Is Lee Teng-hui an opportunistic recidivist who is interested only in his own self-preservation, or is he a hero who not only propelled Taiwan into a new era, but also constructed a new national identity for the islanders? Are the multi-ethnic islanders culturally 'Chinese' or are they 'Taiwanese'? Is Taiwan historically and politically part of 'China' or does it have its own history and identity, and deserves international recognition as an independent sovereign country?

Interrogating a broad array of lesbian, gay, and feminist theories, this book considers instances of unnecessarily divisive turf-battling, yet focuses primarily on the productive debates that define and vitalize the field.

This book examines the various competing interpretations of Kant's foundational Perpetual Peace since its initial publication in the late eighteenth-century. According to Easley's analysis, there are two patterns of interpretations: 1) the text endorses peace proposals above the state level, 2) the text is in favour of peace proposals at the state level. The principal explanation for these two patterns resides in the rise and fall of hopes for peace through international organizations. It can also be attributed to the rise in the number of liberal states over time. Eric Easley provides a comprehensive historical background and analytical framework for understanding Perpetual Peace, allowing scholars of international relations to better understand and appreciate its complex meaning and see beyond the conventionally accepted interpretations of the day.

Revisionist Shakespeare appropriates revisionist history in order to both criticize traditional transitional interpretations of Shakespearean drama and to offer a new methodology for understanding representations of social conflict in Shakespeare's play and in Early Modern English culture. Rather than argue that Shakespearean drama allegorizes historical transitions and ideological polarization, Revisionist Shakespeare argues that Shakespeare's plays explore the nature of internally contradictory Early Modern institutions and belief-systems that are only indirectly related to competing political and class ideologies. Such institutions and belief-systems include Elizabethan strategies for the management of vagrancy, the nature of Jacobean statecraft, objective and subjective theories of economic value, Protestant ethical theory, and Augustinian notions of sinful habituation. The book looks at five of Shakespeare's plays: The Tempest, Coriolanus, The Merchant of Venice, King Lear, and Hamlet .

This book serves as a reference for researchers and practitioners in academia and industry. Smart education, smart e-learning and smart pedagogy are emerging and rapidly growing areas that have a potential to transform existing teaching strategies, learning environments and educational activities and technology. They are focused at enabling instructors to develop innovative ways of achieving excellence in teaching in highly technological smart university and providing students with new opportunities to maximize their success using smart classrooms, smart systems and technology. This book contains the contributions presented at the 9th international KES conference on Smart Education and e-Learning (SEEL-2022) with the Smart Pedagogy as the main conference theme. It comprises of forty nine high-quality peer-reviewed papers that are grouped into several interconnected parts: Part 1-Smart Pedagogy, Part 2-Smart Education, Part 3-Smart e-Learning, Part 4-Smart University, Part 5-Smart Education: Systems and Technology, Part 6-Digital Humanities and Social Sciences for Smart University Development: the Innovative Methods, Models and Technologies, Part 7-Digital Transformation of Education and Economics in Smart University and Part 8-Smart Education for Children with Special Educational Needs. We believe this book will serve as a useful source of research data and valuable information for faculty, scholars, Ph.D. students, administrators and practitioners-those who are interested in smart education, smart e-learning and smart pedagogy.

The volume of data being collected in solar astronomy has exponentially increased over the past decade and we will be entering the age of petabyte solar data. Deep learning has been an invaluable tool exploited to efficiently extract key information from the massive solar observation data, to solve the tasks of data archiving/classification, object detection and recognition.Astronomical study starts with imaging from recorded raw data, followed by image processing, such as image reconstruction, inpainting and generation, to enhance imaging quality. We study deep learning for solar image processing. First, image deconvolution is investigated for synthesis aperture imaging. Second, image inpainting is explored to repair over-saturated solar image due to light intensity beyond threshold of optical lens. Third, image translation among UV/EUV observation of the chromosphere/corona, Ha observation of the chromosphere and magnetogram of the photosphere is realized by using GAN, exhibiting powerful image domain transfer ability among multiple wavebands and different observation devices. It can compensate the lack of observation time or waveband. In addition, time series model, e.g., LSTM, is exploited to forecast solar burst and solar activity indices.This book presents a comprehensive overview of the deep learning applications in solar astronomy. It is suitable for the students and young researchers who are major in astronomy and computer science, especially interdisciplinary research of them.

This book investigates the higher education system in Germany and China, and analyzes the differences between academic higher education and application-oriented higher education. It explores the past, present, and future of application-oriented higher education in these two countries, and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of this type of education. Using multiple data collection methods across case studies and student questionnaires, it demonstrates the necessity of a dual track higher education system based on separate entrance test and admission system to tertiary-level education, which ensures that students have transitional options. Further, it highlights the improvement of teaching quality and student satisfaction with application-oriented higher education and concludes that the international perspectives from higher education should be considered as one of the most significant methods of educational strategies.

This book deeply analyzes the theoretical roots of the development of global artificial intelligence ethics and AI governance, the ethical issues in AI application scenarios, and the discussion of artificial intelligence governance issues from a global perspective. From the perspective of knowledge, the book includes not only the metaphysical research of traditional Western ethics, but also the interpretation of AI-related practical cases and international policies. The purpose of this book is not only to study AI ethics and governance issues academically, but to seek a path to solve problems in the real world. It is a very meaningful monograph in both academic theory and reality. This book responds to the implementation of China's digital economy governance and other topics. It is a cutting-edge academic monograph that combines industry, policy, and thought.In this book, the author not only discusses the humanities thoughts such as ethics, political economy, philosophy, and sociology, but also involves computer science, biology, and medicine and other science and engineering disciplines, effectively using interdisciplinary thinking as readers clarify how to explore ethical consensus and establish smart social governance rules in the era of artificial intelligence, so as to provide the most comprehensive and unique scientific and technological insights for smart economy participants, related practitioners in the artificial intelligence industry, and government policy makers. For academia, this is a representative book of Chinese scholars' systematic thinking on AI ethical propositions from a global perspective. For the industry, this is a book that understands the policies and ethical propositions faced by the development of AI industry. An important reference book, for policy makers, this is a monograph for understanding how policies in the AI industry make decisions that conform to AI industry practices and people's moral order.

This book focuses on multiple comparisons of proportions in multi-sample models with Bernoulli responses. First, the author explains the one-sample and two-sample methods that form the basis of multiple comparisons. Then, regularity conditions are stated in detail. Simultaneous inference for all proportions based on exact confidence limits and based on asymptotic theory is discussed. Closed testing procedures based on some one-sample statistics are introduced. For all-pairwise multiple comparisons of proportions, the author uses arcsine square root transformation of sample means. Closed testing procedures based on maximum absolute values of some two-sample test statistics and based on chi-square test statistics are introduced. It is shown that the multi-step procedures are more powerful than single-step procedures and the Ryan-Einot-Gabriel-Welsch (REGW)-type tests. Furthermore, the author discusses multiple comparisons with a control. Under simple ordered restrictions of proportions, the author also discusses closed testing procedures based on maximum values of two-sample test statistics and based on Bartholomew's statistics. Last, serial gatekeeping procedures based on the above-mentioned closed testing procedures are proposed although Bonferroni inequalities are used in serial gatekeeping procedures of many.

This book analyzes international and Chinese regulatory approaches addressing environmental risks that may be caused by GM crops and examines how China implements its international obligations in its policies and laws. Using the legal doctrinal method, the book discusses the precautionary principle and the public involvement principle, as well as several legal measures at the international law level and in Chinese law. It observes that legal principles and measures as provided for in China's GMO legal framework have generally implemented the international obligations regarding the prevention of environmental risks that may be caused by the cultivation of GM crops and related activities. However, the book argues that Chinese law lacks an explicit codification of the precautionary principle, and the same is true with regard to public participation; the regulatory framework lacks specific obligations. It concludes that future research should focus on the application and enforcement of the relevant Chinese legislation, and that it is also important to investigate how the environmental risks that may be caused by new techniques, such as genome-editing techniques, could be prevented, given the experience gained by regulating the cultivation of GM crops and related activities.