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This revised and updated edition expands on its explanations of methods used to analyze waves in solid materials, such as the waves created by earthquakes and the ultrasonic waves used to detect flaws in materials and for medical diagnoses. In addition to the traditional methods used to analyze steady-state and transient waves in elastic materials, the book contains introductions to advanced areas that no other single text covers. These topics include the use of finite elements to solve wave problems, the Cagniard-de Hoop method, the four-pole technique for analyzing waves in layered media, and the growth and decay of shock and acceleration waves. The authors explain the theory of linear elasticity through the displacement equations of motion, methods used to analyze steady-state and transient waves in layered media, and include an appendix on functions of a complex variable. Originally developed for a graduate course for which no suitable text existed, the new edition retains its classroom-tested treatment of the theories of linear elasticity and complex variables for students needing background in those subjects.

This pocket-sized guide provides a practical and comprehensive resource for orthopedic, PM&R, and musculoskeletal specialists, as well as primary care physicians who work in the community outpatient clinic setting. Its consistent chapter format covers each area with anatomy, physical examination, preoperative management, and postoperative rehabilitation sections for the spine and extremities.The book presents treatment protocols for various injuries, including physical therapy measures such as weight bearing status, PRE, closed or open chain exercises, and timing for returning to routine or sport activities. Its concise presentation of rehabilitation for the upper and lower extremities, the hip and pelvis, and the spine enables quick reference and clinical decision-making.Furthermore, the book includes a chapter on rehabilitation following the use of orthobiologics, making it a valuable resource for healthcare professionals involved in orthopedic rehabilitation after regenerative interventions.

This book is focused on the numerical discretization of ordinary differential equations (ODEs), under several perspectives. The attention is first conveyed to providing accurate numerical solutions of deterministic problems. Then, the presentation moves to a more modern vision of numerical approximation, oriented to reproducing qualitative properties of the continuous problem along the discretized dynamics over long times. The book finally performs some steps in the direction of stochastic differential equations (SDEs), with the intention of offering useful tools to generalize the techniques introduced for the numerical approximation of ODEs to the stochastic case, as well as of presenting numerical issues natively introduced for SDEs.The book is the result of an intense teaching experience as well as of the research carried out in the last decade by the author. It is both intended for students and instructors: for the students, this book is comprehensive and rather self-contained; for the instructors, there is material for one or more monographic courses on ODEs and related topics. In this respect, the book can be followed in its designed path and includes motivational aspects, historical background, examples and a software programs, implemented in Matlab, that can be useful for the laboratory part of a course on numerical ODEs/SDEs.The book also contains the portraits of several pioneers in the numerical discretization of differential problems, useful to provide a framework to understand their contributes in the presented fields. Last, but not least, rigor joins readability in the book.

This textbook covers classical geometrical methods and modern analytical methods in kinematic synthesis of mechanisms. The methods discussed are all implemented geometrically using Geogebra and analytically using Excel®; two readily available tools for personal computers. After a brief history on how the machine science has developed throughout history from the viewpoint of mechanism design, the chapters explain two, three, four and five position synthesis of mechanisms in detail respectively. Geometrical and analytical methods of guiding a rigid body between the given positions, path generation with prescribed timing and correlation of crank angles are covered. Analytical methods are explained using complex numbers. Using relative motion concept, the position synthesis of six-link mechanisms is also taken into account. Roberts-Chebyshev theorem is described and proved, and the use of the theorem in practice is shown. Converting a continuous rotary motion into an oscillating orreciprocating motion has been the main task starting with the windmill or water wheel. The book also explains the design of such mechanisms, and the analytical methods developed for the correlation of crank angles and function generation. Freudenstein¿s equation for three, four and five precision points and least squares method for function generation using Freudenstein¿s equation are explained. Developments made in Russian school on mechanism synthesis starting with Chebyshev are discussed. Finally, application of optimization in mechanism design is shown with examples. Solver tool as an add-in in Excel® is used, which provides a simple, fast and easy-to-use platform for the optimization of mechanisms.

This book is exceptional in providing an up-to-date, but compact, introduction to the field of hydrodynamics and fluid dynamics that is both sufficiently comprehensive and easy to read. It covers all the elements of compressible and incompressible fluid dynamics, from the basic concepts through to the constituent equations and their applications. Fluid flows in different environments are thoroughly discussed, and specific aspects such as dissipation, turbulence, shock waves, and blast waves receive detailed attention. The book contains many exercises and draws attention to numerical solutions to specific problems. The book is ideal for undergraduate and graduate students and young researchers in physics, astrophysics, mathematics (pure and applied), and engineering. As this book is intended for a wide audience, the mathematical prerequisites are kept to a low level.

This Textbook addresses a gap in the market, as currently there are no contemporary books exploring nursing within a prison setting. The main focus is the provision of healthcare in the Prison Service of England and Wales, although examples will also be drawn from the United States of America and Australia. Healthcare within prison settings has changed remarkably to address the needs of the changing prison populations. Thus, this text is clearly structured to support student nurses to understand the role of the nurse within prison and how the different specialities of nursing are applied in this unique setting. This textbook provides an overview of the context of prison, prisoners, and healthcare, as well as the experiences of nurse specialists who work in this field, including adult, mental health, and learning disability nurses across primary care, mental health services, substance misuse and end-of-life care. This volume is informative for both undergraduate student nurses and for qualified nurses and dispels many myths regarding working as a nurse in a prison. Each chapter is written by experts within the field, including nurses who have worked or still working within the prison setting. An important objective of this work is to inform student nurses of the possibility and opportunity of a nursing career within a prison setting.

This book is ideal for a first or second year discrete mathematics course for mathematics, engineering, and computer science majors. The author has extensively class-tested early conceptions of the book over the years and supplements mathematical arguments with informal discussions to aid readers in understanding the presented topics. ¿Safe¿ ¿ that is, paradox-free ¿ informal set theory is introduced following on the heels of Russell¿s Paradox as well as the topics of finite, countable, and uncountable sets with an exposition and use of Cantor¿s diagonalisation technique. Predicate logic ¿for the user¿ is introduced along with axioms and rules and extensive examples. Partial orders and the minimal condition are studied in detail with the latter shown to be equivalent to the induction principle. Mathematical induction is illustrated with several examples and is followed by a thorough exposition of inductive definitions of functions and sets. Techniques for solving recurrence relations including generating functions, the O- and o-notations, and trees are provided. Over 200 end of chapter exercises are included to further aid in the understanding and applications of discrete mathematics.

This updated and expanded second edition textbook, describes all main aspects of soil management, to address the serious problems of soil erosion and the attendant environmental pollution. The global high demands for food, fiber, feed, and fuel put a constant strain on the environment, which can only be mitigated by soil conservation.This edition incorporates new concepts and provides an up-to-date review of soil management principles and practices. The authors also added new chapters on cover crops, crop residues, soil water management, nutrient management, perennials in crop rotations and organic amendments. All practices have a clear perspective on addressing soil erosion, physical and chemical problems, carbon dynamics and sequestration as well as non-point source pollution. The restorative nature of many practices, also consider water conservation as a main pillar of sustaining a healthy soil.This textbook is valuable for students and professionals in soil science, agronomy, agricultural engineering, hydrology, and management of natural resources.

The subject of (static) optimization, also called mathematical programming, is one of the most important and widespread branches of modern mathematics, serving as a cornerstone of such scientific subjects as economic analysis, operations research, management sciences, engineering, chemistry, physics, statistics, computer science, biology, and social sciences. This book presents a unified, progressive treatment of the basic mathematical tools of mathematical programming theory. The authors expose said tools, along with results concerning the most common mathematical programming problems formulated in a finite-dimensional setting, forming the basis for further study of the basic questions on the various algorithmic methods and the most important particular applications of mathematical programming problems. This book assumes no previous experience in optimization theory, and the treatment of the various topics is largely self-contained. Prerequisites are the basic tools of differential calculus for functions of several variables, the basic notions of topology and of linear algebra, and the basic mathematical notions and theoretical background used in analyzing optimization problems. The book is aimed at both undergraduate and postgraduate students interested in mathematical programming problems but also those professionals who use optimization methods and wish to learn the more theoretical aspects of these questions.

This textbook overviews the whole spectrum of formal methods and techniques that are aimed at verifying correctness of software, and how they can be used in practice. It focuses on techniques whereby the user has some control over the properties that are being checked. More specifically, it shows a wide range of techniques covering the whole spectrum: from abstract system design to implementation, from bug finding to full proofs, and from techniques that are push-button by design and give a yes/no answer to techniques that require the user to provide explicit guidance to steer the analysis process.Topics and features:Covers a broad spectrum of software verification techniques, from model checking to annotation checkingProvides numerous examples to demonstrate the techniquesFocuses on how techniques can be used (and the main ideas behind how they work), as opposed to how they are implementedExplains strengths and weaknesses of the techniques, providing insight into when to use which technique in practiceThis unique textbook has been written primarily for master¿s level students in computer science studying embedded systems and specializing in software technology. The book will also be of interest for students studying cyber security and data science technology, as well as for system or software developers interested in techniques that offer formal guarantees about software.

This book describes a novel and popular method for the theoretical and computational study of phase transformations and materials processing in condensed and soft matter. The field theoretic method for the study of phase transformations in material systems, also known as the phase-field method, allows one to analyze different stages of transformations within a unified framework. It has received significant attention in the materials science community due to many recent successes in solving or illuminating important problems. In a single volume, this book addresses the fundamentals of the method starting from the basics of the field theoretic method along with its most important theoretical and computational results and some of the most advanced recent results and applications. Now in a revised and expanded second edition, the text is updated throughout and includes material on the classical theory of phase transformations. This book serves as both a primer in the area of phase transformations for those new to the field and as a guide for the more seasoned researcher. It is also of interest to historians of physics.

This book aims at an innovative approach within the framework of convex analysis and optimization, based on an in-depth study of the behavior and properties of the supremum of families of convex functions. It presents an original and systematic treatment of convex analysis, covering standard results and improved calculus rules in subdifferential analysis. The tools supplied in the text allow a direct approach to the mathematical foundations of convex optimization, in particular to optimality and duality theory. Other applications in the book concern convexification processes in optimization, non-convex integration of the Fenchel subdifferential, variational characterizations of convexity, and the study of Chebychev sets. At the same time, the underlying geometrical meaning of all the involved concepts and operations is highlighted and duly emphasized. A notable feature of the book is its unifying methodology, as well as the novelty of providing an alternative or complementary view to the traditional one in which the discipline is presented to students and researchers. This textbook can be used for courses on optimization, convex and variational analysis, addressed to graduate and post-graduate students of mathematics, and also students of economics and engineering. It is also oriented to provide specific background for courses on optimal control, data science, operations research, economics (game theory), etc. The book represents a challenging and motivating development for those experts in functional analysis, convex geometry, and any kind of researchers who may be interested in applications of their work.

This book presents a short introduction to the main tools of optimization methodology including linear programming, steepest descent, conjugate gradients, and the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker-John conditions. Each topic is developed in terms of a specific physical model, so that the strategy behind every step is motivated by a logical, concrete, easily visualized objective. A quick perusal of the Fibonacci search algorithm provides a simple and tantalizing first encounter with optimization theory, and a review of the max-min exposition of one-dimensional calculus prepares readers for the more sophisticated topics found later in the book. Notable features are the innovative perspectives on the simplex algorithm and Karush-Kuhn-Tucker-John conditions as well as a wealth of helpful diagrams. The author provides pointers to references for readers who would like to learn more about rigorous definitions, proofs, elegant reformulations and extensions, and case studies. However, the book is sufficiently self-contained to serve as a reliable resource for readers who wish to exploit commercially available optimization software without investing the time to develop expertise in its aspects.This book also:Features innovative perspectives on the simplex algorithm and Krushal-Kuhn-Tucker-John conditionsServes as a resource for readers to use the tools of optimization without needing to acquire expertise in the theoryFeatures plentiful resources that focus on rigorous definitions, proofs, and case studies

This is the long-awaited pocket text on risk assessment for students and professionals in all health and safety fields. Risk assessment and risk-based decision-making are essential skills in today¿s health and safety fields, but a convenient pocket or desk reference has been needed with enough theory to begin a preliminary risk assessment, together with clear explanations, applications, and worked examples. This book addresses that need. It provides a practical resource for estimating risks in various applications, as well as assisting with the design of larger project-based assessments. It explains the two main numeric procedures: probabilistic, or ¿catastrophic¿, and quantitative, or ¿chronic¿, risk assessment, along with chapters on qualitative risk assessment and approaches to food-related risks. A final chapter examines how people perceive risk, and provides advice and assistance in the development of essential, effective risk communication with the public and with the media. Numerous case studies are analyzed. Assessment and Communication of Risk: A Pocket Text for Health and Safety Professionals is a one-stop resource for students in all health and safety fields, and provides a valuable guide for existing field practitioners in public health, occupational health and safety, hospitals, environmental assessment offices, and ministries of health, labour, and the environment.

This book provides junior and sophomore college and university students with a thorough understanding of electromagnetic fundamentals through rigorous mathematical procedures and logical reasoning. Electromagnetics is one of the most difficult courses in engineering, because mathematical theorems cannot completely convey the physical concepts underlying electromagnetic principles. This book fills this gap with logical reasoning, such as symmetry considerations and the uniqueness theorem, and clearly distinguishes between mathematical procedures and expressions for physical events. The sign convention is carefully set to distinguish static, phasor, and time-varying quantities, and to be consistent with double-indexed symbols. This book begins with a coverage of vector fields, coordinate systems, and vector calculus, which are customized for the study of electromagnetics. Subsequently, static electric and magnetic fields are discussed. Before discussing time-varying fields and their applications in transmission lines, waveguides, and antennas, the concept of wave motion is explained.Most of the 379 figures are drawn in three dimensions, and the measured data are drawn to scale. A total of 184 examples show rigorous approaches to solving practical problems using the aforementioned concepts, and 301 exercises with answers provide a means of checking whether students correctly understood the concepts. The sections end with 445 review questions, with hints referring to the related equations and figures. This book contains 507 end-of-chapter problems.

The book provides a comprehensive introduction to all major topics in Basic System Analysis. The book is designed to serve as a textbook for courses offered to undergraduate students enrolled in electrical, electronics, and communication engineering disciplines. It provides a clear and comprehensive treatment of continuous-time signals and systems with numerical examples; discusses the Fourier series and Fourier transform at length with numerical examples; includes an extensive application of the Laplace transform method of analysis of the linear time-invariant system, etc. The text is augmented with many illustrative examples for easy understanding of the topics covered. Every chapter contains several numerical problems with answers followed by question-and-answer type assignments. The detailed coverage and pedagogical tools make this an ideal textbook for students and researchers enrolled in electrical engineering and related programs.

This book provides professionals and students with practical guidance for the development of safety-critical computer-based systems. It covers important aspects ranging from complying with standards and guidelines to the necessary software development process and tools, and also techniques pertaining to model-based application development platforms as well as qualified programmable controllers.After a general introduction to the book¿s topic in chapter 1, chapter 2 discusses dependability aspects of safety systems and how architectural design at the system level helps deal with failures and yet achieves the targeted dependability attributes. Chapter 3 presents the software development process which includes verification and validation at every stage, essential to the development of software for systems performing safety functions. It also explains how the process helps in developing a safety case that can be independently verified and validated. The subsequent chapter 4 presents some important standards and guidelines, which apply to different industries and in different countries. Chapter 5 then discusses the steps towards complying with the standards at every phase of development. It offers a guided tour traversing the path of software qualification by exploring the necessary steps towards achieving the goal with the help of case studies. Chapter 6 highlights the application of formal methods for the development of safety systems software and introduces some available notations and tools which assist the process. Finally, chapter 7 presents a detailed discussion on the importance and the advantages of qualified platforms for safety systems application development, including programmable controller (PLC) and formal model-based development platforms. Each chapter includes case studies illustrating the subject matter.The book is aimed at both practitioners and students interested in the art and science of developing computer-based systems for safety-critical applications. Both audiences will get insights into the tools and techniques along with the latest developments in the design, analysis and qualification, which are constrained by the regulatory and compliance requirements mandated by the applicable guides and standards. It also addresses the needs of professionals and young graduates who specialize in the development of necessary tools and qualified platforms.

This textbook provides semester-length coverage of the basics of embedded programming to develop robotics-related projects. The author avoids the typical, theoretical approach of teaching students to develop embedded software using formal methods, in order to emphasize practical and fun projects. Every project detail is explained, including the overall system architecture, working principles of each peripheral device, program development to integrate each peripheral to the system, how to configure the processor, functionality check, operating system, and even developing front-end electronics for some sensors which do not have digital interface.

This updated and augmented second edition covers the history of mechanics in such a way as to explain how this all-important discipline shaped our world. Like the first edition, Dr. Allen presents the material in an engaging, accessible manner, with many historic insights and thorough explanations of attending concepts. The text retains its coverage of classical mechanics, essentially Newtonian mechanics, and adds chapters on three additional topics that go well beyond classical mechanics: relativity, quantum/nanomechanics, and biomechanics.

This book offers practitioners a comprehensive reference to light-based treatments that combines theory and best practices. It is unique in that it compares the various modalities and platforms of laser and IPL treatments while also discussing the most recent technological advancements. It also includes comprehensive treatment protocols, settings, and laser operating procedures. Furthermore, the book compares the mechanism of action of different lasers based on the skin-light interaction according to wavelength, pulse width, and delivery methods, making it invaluable to new practitioners and medical directors in the aesthetic medicine field.The book includes over 100 colour images and videos to help readers better understand techniques and treatment procedures. This visual aid makes the book especially useful when following treatment protocols. Chapters delve into every aspect of laser and IPL in aesthetics, including skin anatomy, hair reduction, vascular lesions, pigmentary conditions, scar remodelling, stretch mark revision, facial rejuvenation, skin toning technologies and wrinkle reduction methods. Furthermore, the book includes two chapters that will help practitioners invest in new and refurbished laser machines. The Ultimate Guide for Laser and IPL in the Aesthetic Field, with its comprehensive coverage of laser and IPL treatments in aesthetics, is an indispensable resource for healthcare professionals looking to refine their skills or refresh their knowledge on light-based treatments. It combines theories with practical aspects to provide the reader with everything they need to know about effective treatment delivery, making it an invaluable reference for any aesthetic practitioner!

This book presents high-quality cases on different social marketing campaigns that have been developed by NGOs, Public Administration, and businesses. They will be specifically focused on achieving, or contributing to achieving, the different Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by The United Nations, and how these campaigns can raise awareness and contribute to achieving the SDGs. This book takes an international approach, gathering cases developed in different countries and cultures around the world.

This book is designed as an undergraduate textbook for students of analytical chemistry. It can also be used as a reference book to study analytical methods in chemical analysis that have wide applications in various areas such as life sciences, clinical chemistry, air and water pollution, and industrial analysis. It covers fundamentals of analytical chemistry and the various analytical methods and techniques. This textbook includes pedagogical features such as worked examples and unsolved problems at the end of each chapter. This book is also useful for students of life sciences, clinical chemistry, air and water pollution, and industrial analysis.