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Each volume in the Exegetical Summaries series works through the original text phrase by phrase. English equivalents are provided for all Hebrew and Greek words, making this an excellent reference for exegetes of all levels. Questions that occur to exegetes as they study the text are stated and then answered by summarizing the ways many scholars have interpreted the text. This information should help translators or students in making their own exegetical decisions. As a basis for discussion, a semi-literal translation of the text is given. The first question to be answered is the meaning of key words in context. Information from standard lexicons is given and then translations of the word are cited from a dozen major Bible versions and from commentaries that offer their own translations of the text. Questions about the grammar and discourse structure of the original languages are answered by summarizing the views of many commentators. When exegetical disagreements appear in the commentaries and versions, the various interpretations are listed. This book is not intended to replace the commentaries that are consulted. Rather than being a stand-alone commentary, this book summarizes many important details of exegesis that should be considered in studying the biblical text. Glenn Graham worked among the Amanab people of West Sepik Province, Papua New Guinea as a linguist for SIL International from 1964 to 1987. He also conducted sociolinguistic field research on non-Austronesian languages on Papua New Guinea in the 1980s. At the time of his death in 2005, he was writing another volume for this series.

Each volume in the Exegetical Summaries series works through the original text phrase by phrase. English equivalents are provided for all Hebrew and Greek words, making this an excellent reference for exegetes of all levels. Questions that occur to exegetes as they study the text are stated and then answered by summarizing the ways many scholars have interpreted the text. This information should help translators or students in making their own exegetical decisions. As a basis for discussion, a semi-literal translation of the text is given. The first question to be answered is the meaning of key words in context. Information from standard lexicons is given and then translations of the word are cited from a dozen major Bible versions and from commentaries that offer their own translations of the text. Questions about the grammar and discourse structure of the original languages are answered by summarizing the views of many commentators. When exegetical disagreements appear in the commentaries and versions, the various interpretations are listed. This book is not intended to replace the commentaries that are consulted. Rather than being a stand-alone commentary, this book summarizes many important details of exegesis that should be considered in studying the biblical text. David Abernathy is the author of three of the Exegetical Summary series-Romans 1-8, 2 Corinthians, 1 Peter, and coauthored Sermon on the Mount. He has earned a Master of Theology from Reformed Theological Seminary in 2003. He serves with SIL. He teaches Greek, Hebrew, and Biblical Exegesis at the Pan Africa Christian College in Kenya.

Each volume in the Exegetical Summaries series works through the original text phrase by phrase. English equivalents are provided for all Hebrew and Greek words, making this an excellent reference for exegetes of all levels. Questions that occur to exegetes as they study the text are stated and then answered by summarizing the ways many scholars have interpreted the text. This information should help translators or students in making their own exegetical decisions. As a basis for discussion, a semi-literal translation of the text is given. The first question to be answered is the meaning of key words in context. Information from standard lexicons is given and then translations of the word are cited from a dozen major Bible versions and from commentaries that offer their own translations of the text. Questions about the grammar and discourse structure of the original languages are answered by summarizing the views of many commentators. When exegetical disagreements appear in the commentaries and versions, the various interpretations are listed. This book is not intended to replace the commentaries that are consulted. Rather than being a stand-alone commentary, this book summarizes many important details of exegesis that should be considered in studying the biblical text. David Abernathy is the author of three of the Exegetical Summary series-Romans 1-8, 2 Corinthians, 1 Peter, and coauthored Sermon on the Mount. He has earned a Master of Theology from Reformed Theological Seminary in 2003. He serves with SIL. He teaches Greek, Hebrew, and Biblical Exegesis at the Pan Africa Christian College in Kenya.

Each volume in the Exegetical Summaries series works through the original text phrase by phrase. English equivalents are provided for all Hebrew and Greek words, making this an excellent reference for exegetes of all levels. Questions that occur to exegetes as they study the text are stated and then answered by summarizing the ways many scholars have interpreted the text. This information should help translators or students in making their own exegetical decisions. As a basis for discussion, a semi-literal translation of the text is given. The first question to be answered is the meaning of key words in context. Information from standard lexicons is given and then translations of the word are cited from a dozen major Bible versions and from commentaries that offer their own translations of the text. Questions about the grammar and discourse structure of the original languages are answered by summarizing the views of many commentators. When exegetical disagreements appear in the commentaries and versions, the various interpretations are listed. This book is not intended to replace the commentaries that are consulted. Rather than being a stand-alone commentary, this book summarizes many important details of exegesis that should be considered in studying the biblical text. Ronald Trail (PhD, Deccan College, 1968) is the author of four volumes in this series, and author or editor of a number of books on languages of India and Nepal. He has been a member of SIL since 1961.

Each volume in the Exegetical Summaries series works through the original text phrase by phrase. English equivalents are provided for all Hebrew and Greek words, making this an excellent reference for exegetes of all levels. Questions that occur to exegetes as they study the text are stated and then answered by summarizing the ways many scholars have interpreted the text. This information should help translators or students in making their own exegetical decisions. As a basis for discussion, a semi-literal translation of the text is given. The first question to be answered is the meaning of key words in context. Information from standard lexicons is given and then translations of the word are cited from a dozen major Bible versions and from commentaries that offer their own translations of the text. Questions about the grammar and discourse structure of the original languages are answered by summarizing the views of many commentators. When exegetical disagreements appear in the commentaries and versions, the various interpretations are listed. This book is not intended to replace the commentaries that are consulted. Rather than being a stand-alone commentary, this book summarizes many important details of exegesis that should be considered in studying the biblical text. Martha King worked with SIL in Guatemala from 1967-1992, first as a Bible translator in a Cakchiquel language, later as a supervisor of mother-tongue translators in two other Cakchiquel languages. She has also served as a translation consultant. Since her marriage to SIL International Translation Consultant Ellis Deibler in 2004, she and her husband have traveled to various countries checking translations of books of the Bible in a number of languages.

Each volume in the Exegetical Summaries series works through the original text phrase by phrase. English equivalents are provided for all Hebrew and Greek words, making this an excellent reference for exegetes of all levels. Questions that occur to exegetes as they study the text are stated and then answered by summarizing the ways many scholars have interpreted the text. This information should help translators or students in making their own exegetical decisions. As a basis for discussion, a semi-literal translation of the text is given. The first question to be answered is the meaning of key words in context. Information from standard lexicons is given and then translations of the word are cited from a dozen major Bible versions and from commentaries that offer their own translations of the text. Questions about the grammar and discourse structure of the original languages are answered by summarizing the views of many commentators. When exegetical disagreements appear in the commentaries and versions, the various interpretations are listed. This book is not intended to replace the commentaries that are consulted. Rather than being a stand-alone commentary, this book summarizes many important details of exegesis that should be considered in studying the biblical text. David Strange worked with SIL in Papua New Guinea from 1964-1991 translating the New Testament and some of the Old Testament into the Dano (Upper Asaro) language. As a translation consultant he has been involved in teaching translation principles to Papua New Guinean translators and others.

Each volume in the Exegetical Summaries series works through the original text phrase by phrase. English equivalents are provided for all Hebrew and Greek words, making this an excellent reference for exegetes of all levels. Questions that occur to exegetes as they study the text are stated and then answered by summarizing the ways many scholars have interpreted the text. This information should help translators or students in making their own exegetical decisions. As a basis for discussion, a semi-literal translation of the text is given. The first question to be answered is the meaning of key words in context. Information from standard lexicons is given and then translations of the word are cited from a dozen major Bible versions and from commentaries that offer their own translations of the text. Questions about the grammar and discourse structure of the original languages are answered by summarizing the views of many commentators. When exegetical disagreements appear in the commentaries and versions, the various interpretations are listed. This book is not intended to replace the commentaries that are consulted. Rather than being a stand-alone commentary, this book summarizes many important details of exegesis that should be considered in studying the biblical text. Richard Blight has served as a translation consultant with SIL since 1960. He completed the translation of the New Testament for the Tenango Otomi people of Mexico in 1975. In addition to authoring numerous articles and books, he is the senior editor of the Exegetical Summaries series.

Each volume in the Exegetical Summaries series works through the original text phrase by phrase. English equivalents are provided for all Hebrew and Greek words, making this an excellent reference for exegetes of all levels. Questions that occur to exegetes as they study the text are stated and then answered by summarizing the ways many scholars have interpreted the text. This information should help translators or students in making their own exegetical decisions. As a basis for discussion, a semi-literal translation of the text is given. The first question to be answered is the meaning of key words in context. Information from standard lexicons is given and then translations of the word are cited from a dozen major Bible versions and from commentaries that offer their own translations of the text. Questions about the grammar and discourse structure of the original languages are answered by summarizing the views of many commentators. When exegetical disagreements appear in the commentaries and versions, the various interpretations are listed. This book is not intended to replace the commentaries that are consulted. Rather than being a stand-alone commentary, this book summarizes many important details of exegesis that should be considered in studying the biblical text. Dr. Harold Greenlee, Ph.D. in Biblical and Patristic Greek (Harvard), has worked as a teacher and Greek exegetical consultant for many years with both OMS International and SIL International. He has written numerous books and articles, including five volumes in the Exegetical Summary series.

Each volume in the Exegetical Summaries series works through the original text phrase by phrase. English equivalents are provided for all Hebrew and Greek words, making this an excellent reference for exegetes of all levels. Questions that occur to exegetes as they study the text are stated and then answered by summarizing the ways many scholars have interpreted the text. This information should help translators or students in making their own exegetical decisions. As a basis for discussion, a semi-literal translation of the text is given. The first question to be answered is the meaning of key words in context. Information from standard lexicons is given and then translations of the word are cited from a dozen major Bible versions and from commentaries that offer their own translations of the text. Questions about the grammar and discourse structure of the original languages are answered by summarizing the views of many commentators. When exegetical disagreements appear in the commentaries and versions, the various interpretations are listed. This book is not intended to replace the commentaries that are consulted. Rather than being a stand-alone commentary, this book summarizes many important details of exegesis that should be considered in studying the biblical text. Ronald Trail (PhD, Deccan College, 1968) is the author of four volumes in this series, and author or editor of a number of books on languages of India and Nepal. He has been a member of SIL since 1961.

Each volume in the Exegetical Summaries series works through the original text phrase by phrase. English equivalents are provided for all Hebrew and Greek words, making this an excellent reference for exegetes of all levels. Questions that occur to exegetes as they study the text are stated and then answered by summarizing the ways many scholars have interpreted the text. This information should help translators or students in making their own exegetical decisions. As a basis for discussion, a semi-literal translation of the text is given. The first question to be answered is the meaning of key words in context. Information from standard lexicons is given and then translations of the word are cited from a dozen major Bible versions and from commentaries that offer their own translations of the text. Questions about the grammar and discourse structure of the original languages are answered by summarizing the views of many commentators. When exegetical disagreements appear in the commentaries and versions, the various interpretations are listed. This book is not intended to replace the commentaries that are consulted. Rather than being a stand-alone commentary, this book summarizes many important details of exegesis that should be considered in studying the biblical text. John Anderson has served as a translation consultant with SIL since 1972. He completed the translation of the New Testament for the Northern Paiute people of Nevada in 1986. He has spent twenty years in Eastern Africa with Mother Tongue Translation Teams and training consultants through mentoring.

Each volume in the Exegetical Summaries series works through the original text phrase by phrase. English equivalents are provided for all Hebrew and Greek words, making this an excellent reference for exegetes of all levels. Questions that occur to exegetes as they study the text are stated and then answered by summarizing the ways many scholars have interpreted the text. This information should help translators or students in making their own exegetical decisions. As a basis for discussion, a semi-literal translation of the text is given. The first question to be answered is the meaning of key words in context. Information from standard lexicons is given and then translations of the word are cited from a dozen major Bible versions and from commentaries that offer their own translations of the text. Questions about the grammar and discourse structure of the original languages are answered by summarizing the views of many commentators. When exegetical disagreements appear in the commentaries and versions, the various interpretations are listed. This book is not intended to replace the commentaries that are consulted. Rather than being a stand-alone commentary, this book summarizes many important details of exegesis that should be considered in studying the biblical text. Dr. Harold Greenlee, Ph.D. in Biblical and Patristic Greek (Harvard), has worked as a teacher and Greek exegetical consultant for many years with both OMS International and SIL International. He has written numerous books and articles, including five volumes in the Exegetical Summary series.

Each volume in the Exegetical Summaries series works through the original text phrase by phrase. English equivalents are provided for all Hebrew and Greek words, making this an excellent reference for exegetes of all levels. Questions that occur to exegetes as they study the text are stated and then answered by summarizing the ways many scholars have interpreted the text. This information should help translators or students in making their own exegetical decisions. As a basis for discussion, a semi-literal translation of the text is given. The first question to be answered is the meaning of key words in context. Information from standard lexicons is given and then translations of the word are cited from a dozen major Bible versions and from commentaries that offer their own translations of the text. Questions about the grammar and discourse structure of the original languages are answered by summarizing the views of many commentators. When exegetical disagreements appear in the commentaries and versions, the various interpretations are listed. This book is not intended to replace the commentaries that are consulted. Rather than being a stand-alone commentary, this book summarizes many important details of exegesis that should be considered in studying the biblical text. David Abernathy is the author of three of the Exegetical Summary series-Romans 1-8, 2 Corinthians, 1 Peter, and coauthored Sermon on the Mount. He has earned a Master of Theology from Reformed Theological Seminary in 2003. He serves with SIL. He teaches Greek, Hebrew, and Biblical Exegesis at the Pan Africa Christian College in Kenya.

Each volume in the Exegetical Summaries series works through the original text phrase by phrase. English equivalents are provided for all Hebrew and Greek words, making this an excellent reference for exegetes of all levels. Questions that occur to exegetes as they study the text are stated and then answered by summarizing the ways many scholars have interpreted the text. This information should help translators or students in making their own exegetical decisions. As a basis for discussion, a semi-literal translation of the text is given. The first question to be answered is the meaning of key words in context. Information from standard lexicons is given and then translations of the word are cited from a dozen major Bible versions and from commentaries that offer their own translations of the text. Questions about the grammar and discourse structure of the original languages are answered by summarizing the views of many commentators. When exegetical disagreements appear in the commentaries and versions, the various interpretations are listed. This book is not intended to replace the commentaries that are consulted. Rather than being a stand-alone commentary, this book summarizes many important details of exegesis that should be considered in studying the biblical text. Dr. Harold Greenlee, Ph.D. in Biblical and Patristic Greek (Harvard), has worked as a teacher and Greek exegetical consultant for many years with both OMS International and SIL International. He has written numerous books and articles, including five volumes in the Exegetical Summary series.

Each volume in the Exegetical Summaries series works through the original text phrase by phrase. English equivalents are provided for all Hebrew and Greek words, making this an excellent reference for exegetes of all levels. Questions that occur to exegetes as they study the text are stated and then answered by summarizing the ways many scholars have interpreted the text. This information should help translators or students in making their own exegetical decisions. As a basis for discussion, a semi-literal translation of the text is given. The first question to be answered is the meaning of key words in context. Information from standard lexicons is given and then translations of the word are cited from a dozen major Bible versions and from commentaries that offer their own translations of the text. Questions about the grammar and discourse structure of the original languages are answered by summarizing the views of many commentators. When exegetical disagreements appear in the commentaries and versions, the various interpretations are listed. This book is not intended to replace the commentaries that are consulted. Rather than being a stand-alone commentary, this book summarizes many important details of exegesis that should be considered in studying the biblical text. Eugene Minor is a linguist and author with SIL International. He and his wife, Dorothy, lived and worked among the Minica Huitoto people of Amazonian Colombia over several decades. Their publications on Huitoto include descriptions of its phonology and grammar, as well as a bilingual Huitoto-Spanish dictionary.

This book demonstrates a feature-checking approach to sentence structure and language typology within the framework of Chomsky's Minimalist Program. The study is both data oriented and theoretical. The analysis is based on data from Toposa, an under-documented Eastern Nilotic language spoken in Southern Sudan. Toposa is highly inflectional and derivational with a basic VSO word order. This work suggests that sentence structure is determined by multiple feature-checking processes, driven by the interaction of morphology, syntax, and discourse features such as antecedent relationships and focus. In Toposa, these interrelationships explain the occurrence or absence of the grammatical subject, direct object, and applied objects and result in an ergative VS/VO word order in discourse, where the preferred structure is to have only one argument after the verb. The complex relationships between morphology, syntax, and discourse are demonstrated through the passive, the reflexive, the subject prefixes in the verb, the causative, and the applicative. This book will be a valuable resource for intermediate and advanced level students of syntactic theory. It should also be helpful in the further study of VSO languages and research on discourse within the framework of the Minimalist Program. Helga Schröder received her Ph.D in Linguistics in 2002 from the University of Nairobi where she is currently a lecturer. She and her husband, Martin Schröder, did extensive field research on Toposa from 1982 until 2001.

Human language is a remarkable phenomenon. Its study continues to be a source of fascination and delight. Dr. Donald Burquest, professor of linguistics at the University of Texas at Arlington, developed this foundational textbook during years of helping students overcome the feelings of dismay that new phonology students experience when confronted by a mass of raw phonetic data. While working through the material, the student is led through the steps of organizing data and is introduced to particular theories for later in-depth specialization. In the second edition the author expanded on the first edition of this text by adding introductions to Autosegmental Phonology and Metrical Phonology. He has also included a series of problems at the end of most chapters that provide an opportunity for the student to apply the information in that chapter. This present edition incorporates numerous minor revisions and has an improved subject index. This textbook is intended for use in an upper division introductory course in phonology, preparing the student to further study aspects of current theory. Donald Burquest is Associate Professor of Linguistics at the University of Texas at Arlington and an International Linguistic Consultant with SIL International. He did fieldwork in Nigeria on the Ngas language and was involved in a language project completed in 1977. He received a Ph.D. in Linguistics from UCLA in 1973. He is also the coauthor of Phonological Studies in Four Languages of Maluku , A Survey of Linguistic Theories, 3rd edition , and numerous articles.

This book describes the sound system of Mono, a Banda language of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Morphology and acoustic phonetics are discussed in order to inform the phonological analysis. Several interlinear texts and a wordlist are included. Notable features of the Mono sound system include: A phonemic bilabial flap with velarization, An eight-vowel system with fewer front vowels than back vowels, A three-level tone system that includes tonal morphemes, a tonal melody on some locative adverbs, and tonal polarity on morphologically complex prepositions, Labialization and palatalization realized as o̯ and e̯, respectively, that can accompany (among other segments) h and ʔ, Echo vowel epenthesis causing a /CLV1/ underlying syllable pattern to realized as [CV1LV1], Prothetic augmentation of subminimal nominal roots, including overapplication that results in a non-surface-apparent opacity effect, and Leftward vowel feature spreading subject to implicational restrictions. Kenneth Olson received his Ph.D. in linguistics in 2001 from the University of Chicago. He has worked with SIL since 1989 and has had an ongoing research program on the Mono language since 1994. He has taught at the University of Oregon, the Faculté de Théologie Evangélique de Bangui, and the SIL European Training Programme. He is currently the Associate International Linguistics Coordinator for SIL and an adjunct associate professor at the University of North Dakota.

Widespread multilingualism in Papua New Guinea provides an ideal situation for analyzing the dynamics of language contact. In this book, the author examines the relationship of indigenous Austronesian languages and the pidgin/Creole language, Tok Pisin. Jenkins argues that in New Ireland, Papua New Guinea, the direction of influence between languages was first from the indigenous Austronesian languages to Tok Pisin, but is now from Tok Pisin to the indigenous languages. Jenkins applies the principles of Matrix Language Theory, Abstract Levels, and 4-M Models to the development of Tok Pisin as a pidgin/Creole language based on the Austronesian substrate. The degree and types of dialect variation, codeswitching, and borrowing are illustrated primarily from Tigak. Other languages are also used to demonstrate phenomena such as language shift, convergence, attrition, and language death. A grammatical sketch of Tigak provides background for the discussion of the language contact phenomena. The geographical location of the Tigak places them in close contact with a large number of languages, thus making them especially appropriate for the kind of study reported in this book.

Brazil''s constitution guarantees the indigenous population the right to education in their mother tongue and according to their knowledge transmission patterns. Few studies exist on truly indigenous methods of knowledge transmission among Brazil''s ethnic minorities. This study provides an in-depth description of Kayapo knowledge transmission. It bridges the disciplines of education and anthropology and expands our knowledge of indigenous processes of education. The Kayapo, whose language is a member of the Ge family, are one of the major Amerindian societies remaining in the Brazilian Amazon region. They have a strong sense of identity, tradition, culture, and ethnic pride. The major purpose of this book is to show how they conceptualize and transmit their knowledge. Their education is learner-initiated, designed to transform a nonsocial being into a socialized Kayapo "beautiful" person. The Kayapo knowledge paradigm is shown to be global, context-dependent, integrative, and holistic. Isabel Murphy worked for more than twenty years in Brazil in the field of literacy among indigenous peoples. She based this case study on her eleven months of fieldwork in a Kayapo village, augmented by her extensive experience in literacy. She received her Ph.D. in 1992 in Educational Anthropology.

Scholars have recently begun to document the many outstanding literary (artistic, structural, and rhetorical) properties of the biblical text, qualities contributing, to a significant dimension of "meaning" that few translations, past or present, attempt to reproduce even on a limited basis. Closely related to this is the correspondingly manifold communicative potential of different target languages all over the world, a rich inventory of resources that are only rarely exploited to the full in a translation. Accordingly, this book proposes the implementation of a literary functional-equivalence (LiFE) method of translation that seeks to represent or recreate in a given language the variety of expressive and affective dynamics - the great impact and appeal, including the beauty - of the diverse tests of Scripture. Many examples pertaining to the biblical language as well as several Bantu languages are included to illustrate this methodology and show how competent mother-tongue translators can be trained to apply it practically in their work. Dr. Wendland teaches at the Lutheran Bible Institute and Seminary in Lusaka, Zambia, and is a United Bible Societies Translation Consultant. He is the author of numerous studies on the Bantu languages of South Central Africa, biblical exegesis, and translation theory.

This investigation analyzes pragmatic ways in which Spanish is used to achieve persuasion in television advertising. The author applies pragmatic models to commercials for products and services from three countries--Chile, Spain, and the United States. She addresses the questions: (1) Which pragmatic devices occur most frequently? (2) How are these devices linguistically coded? (3) Are any differences evident between regional varieties of Spanish? and (4) How are pragmalinguistic features of television advertising used to effect persuasion? The most representative variables include speech acts, indexicals, politeness, implicatures, violations of Grice's Maxims, and speaker considerations. The study contributes to the cross-linguistic understanding of pragmatics and of persuasion in Spanish by (1) offering a procedure that may be replicated; (2) addressing multiple pragmatic categories; and (3) examining the relationship between pragmatic strategies and persuasion among Spanish speakers. Given the vital role of the media in society, Spanish television advertising reflects the pragmatic communication of persuasion by and to Spanish speakers. Pragmática de discurso persuasivo de publicidad de television en español. Esta investigación analiza las maneras pragmáticas en las cuales se usa el español para persuadir en la publicidad de televisión y contribuye al entendimiento lingüístico de pragmática y persuasión en español. El libro está escrito en inglés.

Kenneth Pike''s influence spread far and wide during the last half of the twentieth century. The contributors to this volume are just a few of the thousands of scholars whose work was influenced by Pike''s teaching and writing. These essays will help younger scholars grasp something of his intellectual influence through his contribution to linguistics, anthropology, and many other disciplines. Long before the concept of "endangered languages" came into vogue in the 1990s, Pike was instilling in his students the importance of recording, preserving, and working to keep alive the thousands of unwritten languages spoken throughout the world. Pike''s work with SIL International took him to many parts of the world as a consultant and lecturer. He worked with speakers of hundreds of indigenous languages as well as with SIL field linguists studying those languages. At the same time, he interacted with scholars at international conferences and lectured at universities in many countries. Essays in this volume include papers by authors from at least ten countries and six disciplines. Readers of this volume will find a rich introduction to the life and philosophy of Dr. Pike. They will see how he considered all aspects of life - language, culture, worldview, religion, and ways of thinking and learning - to be a coherent whole. They will also find the authors'' own comments as to how Pike influenced and contributed to their lives and work.

This book takes a hard look at the traumatic cultural changes that our planet's remaining hunter-gatherer societies experienced in the twentieth century, and the precarious future that is about to engulf them in the twenty-first century. The nine authors in this volume all agree that the foraging way of life, humankind's most successful adaptation for many thousands of years, has come to a close with the end of the second millennium. Case studies are presented here looking at the past and the uncertain future for post-foraging societies, and specifically the central African Pygmies, the San Bushmen, and the Agta Negritos. Interwoven with these chapters are emphases on tropical deforestation and indigenous human rights, looking at these through the framework of human ecology. As Alan Barnard, U Edinburgh, states, "If the human rights of proud former foraging peoples are given the attention they deserve, then there can be a bright future for them in Millennium Three. The task is not an easy one, but this book will help greatly to focus our attention on the issues that matter."

The books in this series are analytical commentaries on the Greek text of New Testament books. Each book first identifies the high-level semantic components of the text and indicates the relationships between them. These components are then further analyzed to identify sub-components and their relationships. This process is continued until the basic units of communication, called propositions, are identified. These propositions are stated in semantically unskewed English glosses. Theme statements for paragraphs and larger units are derived from the analysis. A discussion of the evidence supporting the analysis is also given.

Language spread, or expansion into new geographic and language-use areas, has been studied largely through observation. Thus, discussions of the dynamics of language spread have been based primarily on data obtained through observation. Mark Karan employs a memory span test to evaluate the competence of a large number of subjects in a spreading language, Sango of the Central African Republic. The data from this test are the basis of the author''s statistical studies of the social determinants and predictors of competence in the spreading language. The results indicate the overriding importance of individual motivations for understanding the dynamics of the process of language spread. Based on his findings, Karan presents a framework for discussion, research, and intervention in language spread, along with guidelines for more successful intervention in shift situations. Numerous researchers have linked language spread and language change--language internal modification over time. This quantitative study provides substantive comparison of the two phenomena with data on the distribution of social factors such as age, sex, and education. These distributions are very similar to the distributions of social factors in language change, indicating that language spread and language change are similar processes. Mark Karan earned a Ph.D. degree at University of Pennsylvania in Linguistics in 1996. He did fieldwork in Togo, Benin and Central African Republic. He has served Associate Director of Togo-Benin SIL (1984-1987), Associate Director Central African Republic Academics/Language Programs (1990-2001), and as professor and director of University of North Dakota SIL (1998-2003). Dr Karan is currently the Training Division Director, Academic Affairs, SIL International 2002- .

The author presents a comprehensive look at language use and attitudes among the Kiche people of Guatemala. The book combines qualitative and quantitive analyses to test two hypotheses: (1) that K''iche'' and Spanish are in a stable diglossic relationship and (2) that there is a significant relationship between language use and degree of acceptance of modern (i.e., nontraditional) identity factors in K''iche'' communities. The study examines seven K''iche'' communities, using the field notes and observational data collected over a two-year period. The analysis of the qualitative data follows the framework of Ethnolinguistic Vitality Theory. The quantitive analysis is based on Fishman''s notion of domains of use (who speaks what to whom and when). This book will appeal to sociolinguists interested in factors affecting language maintenance and shift, Mayanists who are involved in current efforts to revitalize and maintain the languages of Guatemala, and language planners and policy makers who desire to trace the outworkings of language policy decisions in an actual language-use context. M. Paul Lewis earned a Ph.D. in Linguistics from Georgetown University, Washington D.C. He began fieldwork in Guatemala in 1975 and has worked among the K''iche'', Uspanteko, and Ixil peoples in Guatemala. He was the International Sociolinguistics Coordinator, 1996-2002 and is currently an International Sociolinguistics Consultant.

Modern economic and technological changes are accelerating the rate of social change in indigenous cultures around the world. The Ashéninka of the Amazon jungle region of east-central Peru confront change from two perspectives: the individual and the sociohistorical. All Ashéninka recall through their stories the four centuries of change since their earliest contacts with Spanish speakers. For the Ashéninka, all learning is situated in a complex blend of factors: history, beliefs, motives, practices, and persons. Children learn some skills in a guided manner, similar to apprenticeship, in which an adult consciously aids the child. They learn other skills in a nonguided manner; the child organizes the learning activities, which take the form of dramatic play, solitary experimentation, and collaborative learning with peers. As with learning traditional Ashéninka culture, the learning of a new culture is situated in its own complex blend of factors. Increasing contact with Spanish-speakers and increasing dependence on the market economy prompt the Ashéninka to give more value to learning Spanish, to organizing into villages, and to giving their children a school education. Anderson's methodology in studying social change and its effects on education are applicable in many other parts of the world.

The reader of Quiegolani Zapotec Syntax will find a careful syntactic analysis of this language, presented descriptively and with a theoretical analysis. In the three sections of the book, Cheryl Black provides a coherent, explanatory analysis for many facets of the syntax of this VSO language. Part I describes the morphology and syntax, as well as anaphoric relations. Parts II and III provide a theoretical analysis of the various syntactic constructions, utilizing a Principles and Parameters approach. Part II examines clause structure, including focus and topic constructions, interrogatives, negative constructions, and their interactions. Part III extends the analysis to phrase structures such as verbal and nominal phrases. The final chapter demonstrates that the special quantifier constructions that mark number in the language exhibit the same basic principles and structures as the rest of the grammar, showing that a small number of principles or constraints can determine the full grammar of a language. Quiegolani Zapotec is an Otomanguean language spoken in the state of Oaxaca, Mexico. This language family has received relatively little attention by syntacticians, making Dr. Black''s work especially valuable. Theoretical linguists, as well as those mainly interested in description and typology, will find it of interest.

The Peruvian Ministry of Education initiated bilingual schools in Amazonia soon after the Machiguenga people-inhabitants of the Peruvian rainforest-received a written alphabet in the late 1940s. Despite barriers of distance, language and cultural diversity, this educational program is an ongoing success. The 1993 data shows an average literacy rate of nearly 65 percent, with high literacy use-predictive of literacy continuance. This first-hand account, by the educator who helped develop the Machiguenga schools, is rich with descriptions, providing teachers and literacy practitioners an in-depth study of a minority-language educational program. Students of cross-cultural training will find a culturally sensitive model for teaching and evaluation. This study is significant since it relates the favorable attitudes toward literacy among an isolated people group, formerly in a monolingual area with no government schools until 1954. Equally noteworthy is the fact that Machiguenga teachers have conducted all primary level education even though they were at first barely literate themselves. These maturing teachers continued their education during summer sessions and shared their knowledge with their pupils year by year as they themselves advanced through the grades. Currently the three area high schools are staffed both by Spanish-speaking teachers and Machiguenga personnel with tertiary education. This book reflects the delight the Machiguenga people find in learning. They have voluntarily expended enormous effort to make reading a part of their society. This is both a scholarly work and a present day drama.