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This is a collection of studies of Papua New Guinea cultures, each isolating one key concept that is believed to define the whole of that culture. Such concepts include: (1) the "big man" in the "father-of-the-village" role; (2) the pig, which highlights important values in Melanesian culture; (3) shell money, used among people of New Britain; and (4) mami `yam''.

Presents studies focusing on world view and cultural change from five Amazonian communities. Documents some of the results of modernizing influences from the outside as well as some of the underlying ideologies used to interpret these influences.

Describes Latin American lifestyles and value systems from an anthropological perspective. Shares procedures to increase effective interpersonal relations: mutual respect, awareness of differences, and bridges of rapport. Looks at the family, values, status, and honor.

Studies the culture and religion of the Chamba, Duru, Gula, and Gbaya of Cameroon. Discusses attempts of expatriates and Africans to ask questions, to learn, and to interpret what is important in the lives and traditions of African societies in the light of the Christian Church.

Reconstructs the protolanguage of six languages found in the Mexico. The book has two major section, Analysis and Data for the language family groups: Oto-Manguean kinship terms, Mixtecan kinship terms, Popolocan kinship term, Otopamean kinship terms, Zapotecan kinship terms, Chinantecan kinship terms, and other Oto-Manguean kinship terms.

Describes Filipino lifestyles and value systems from an anthropological perspective. Shows points of potential conflict between North American and Filipino cultures, and emphasizes the importance of observing a society''s norms to ensure satisfactory relationships.

The literature reviewed in this book has to do with cognition and learning relative to ethnolinguistic minorities, and it deals with three areas of knowledge important in the field of education: developmental and information-processing theories, and learning styles. The focus of the book is on application of theory to cross-cultural education.

Originally presented as the author's thesis (University of Pennsylvania, 1983) under title: Some aspects of formal speech among the Western Subanon of Mindanao.

Shows how to reconstruct syntactic constructions, their constituents, and the functions of these constituents for a protolanguage by applying certain procedures of internal and comparative reconstruction to data from other languages concerned.

This book has two parts. Part one presents a grammatical sketch of the Hixkaryana language--which is a member of the Carib language family and is spoken in northern Brazil--and the other part suggests the place Hixkaryana has in syntactic typology.

The thirteen papers in this volume are new contributions-in terms of fieldwork or of analysis-to the study of Kadai languages other than those of the Tai branch. The specific languages in focus are: Kam, Sui, Maonan, Mulam, Mak, Then, Ai-Cham, Be, Hlai (Li), and Lakkia.

A sampling of some of the diverse studies recently carried out by investigators with varying divergent yet partially overlapping interests in the Spanish language. This book includes information on: Recent trends in Hispanic linguistics / Frank Nuessel; African influence on Hispanic dialects / John Lipski; The Spanish teacher as dialectologist / Mark G. Goldin; Noun gender categories in Spanish and French / Richard V. Teschner. This book is published by SIL International and is part of our series on Linguistics.

To the author, who is a mother tongue speaker, the verbal piece of Ebira, a Nigerian language, is the most complex unit in the language--phonologically and grammatically. Thus, this part of the Ebira grammar is the focus of the author''s description in this book.

This study, by a native speaker of the Dényá language-a language of Cameroon-shows how discourse structure seems to influence the use of verb forms.

While investigating endangered languages, many researchers become interested in developing literacy for these languages. However, often their linguistic training has not provided practical guidance in this area. This book, with contributions by experienced practitioners, helps fill this gap. Both foundational theory and specific case studies are addressed in this work. Non-linguistic factors are described, particularly sociolinguistic issues that determine acceptability of orthographies. A principled approach to the level of phonological representation for orthographies is proposed, applying recent phonological theory. The thorny issues of how to determine word breaks and how to mark tone in an orthography are explored. "Overly hasty orthographies" and the benefits of allowing time for an orthography to settle are discussed. Principles of the foundational chapters are further exemplified by detailed case studies from Mexico, Peru, California, Nepal, and Southeast Asia, which vividly illustrate the variety of local conditions that must be taken into account. The combination of theoretical and practical makes this book unique. It will benefit those involved in helping establish orthographies for hitherto-unwritten languages, and provide concrete guidance through crucial issues.Michael Cahill (Ph.D. 1999, Ohio State University) developed the Konni orthography in Ghana. He was SIL''s International Linguistics Coordinator for eleven years, and is on the LSA''s Committee on Endangered Languages and their Preservation.Keren Rice (Ph.D. 1976, University of Toronto) helped standardize the orthography of Slavey, and has taught on orthography development at InField/CoLang. She was LSA President in 2012 and is currently University Professor at the University of Toronto.

Understanding Language Choices is an introductory textbook for anyone studying the motivations behind language use choices. It provides an introduction into the numerous factors, both internal and external, influencing such choices in a speech community: language attitudes, language learning, identity, the mobility of the community, and much more. The book also provides a foundation for the study of linguistic variation within a speech community, as well as an introduction to methods of data collection when studying the outcomes of language use choices. An important aspect of this book is its emphasis on a participatory approach to language choice research that empowers the speech community. The final chapter discusses lifestyle concerns that researchers may encounter when conducting field studies in developing nations.Written with the beginner in mind, this textbook includes numerous examples and case studies from around the world to illustrate the realities of sociolinguistic field research. A companion website keeps users of the book up to date with descriptions of the most current research methodologies.Ken Decker received his M.A. in Linguistics from the University of Texas at Arlington in 1992. He brings to this book over 25 years'' experience in field research in the sociology of language and language development. He has conducted sociolinguistic surveys in more than 35 languages in Asia and the Americas and served as consultant on surveys in Africa, Australia, Europe, and the Pacific. Ken is particularly interested in the role of language research in strategic language development.John Grummitt received his M.A. in Applied Linguistics from the University of Leicester in 2002, drawing on his decade''s experience as an academic writing tutor and trainer of teachers in ESL programs in Japan and South Korea. His more recent survey work in Papua New Guinea has given him a perspective supplementary to Decker''s on sociolinguistic fieldwork and language development.

This book applies a literary functional equivalence (LiFE) approach ina practical, procedure-documented manner to the text analysis andtranslation for various literature of the Scriptures. Eight case studies from thelyric corpus of the Hebrew Bible are considered: Job 28, Psalm 73, Proverbs31, Psalm 137, Proverbs 26, Song of Songs, Ecclesiastes 12 and Psalm 24.The author explains and illustrates a rhetorical literary-structure methodwith different focus and emphasis depending on the form, content andcommunication aim of the poetic book. Chapters conclude with implicationsand applications for Scripture translation. The biblical passages includedhere are not so frequently considered by scholars, teachers, and preachers, andmay be neglected by translators due to their perceived difficulty.My cravings as a linguist, translator, poet, and ethno-arts supporter were allsatisfied by the buffet Wendland sets before us. He compares...structures ofHebrew with those of...[African] vernaculars...suggesting ways to translatethem...using dynamic target language poetic devices and cultural forms. This isliterature translating literature....Dr. Brenda H. Boerger, from the ForewordErnst R. Wendland (Ph.D., African Languages and Literature, University of Wisconsin) is an instructor at Lusaka Lutheran Seminary and a dissertation examiner in Zambian languages at the University of Zambia. A former UBS Translation Consultant, he still serves as Professor Extraordinary in the Centre for Bible Interpretation and Translation in Africa, Department of Ancient Studies, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.

This is the first comprehensive linguistic study of Bora, a typologically unusual language spoken in Colombia and Peru, the result of four decades of work among the Bora people. The language has an exceptionally high number of classifiers (over 300). These classifiers are used in various ways to carry out reference. By means of these classifiers, apposition is the primary mechanism for creating referring expressions, rather than the more cross-linguistically common mechanism of constituency. They also provide tight intersentential cohesion in discourse. The animate/inanimate distinction is pervasive, manifesting itself in the morphology, syntax, and lexicon. This volume also includes a thorough analysis of Bora grammatical and lexical tone, which has a complex system of sandhi with default tone being high, in contrast to the majority of tonal languages. The ethnographic sketch includes discussion of the unique Bora signal drums. This study will be of interest to all concerned with typological issues, South American languages and peoples, or tone studies.Wesley Thiesen received his B.A. in Anthropology from Wheaton College in 1948. He and his wife Eva worked for SIL among the Bora-speaking people from 1952 to retirement in 1998, living much of that time in a Bora village.David Weber received his Ph.D. in Linguistics from the University of California, Los Angeles in 1983. He and his wife Diana have worked with SIL since 1969. From 1972 to 2002 their efforts focused on the Huallaga Quechua language. He currently serves as an SIL linguistic consultant.The book''s cover depicts a basket handcrafted by the Bora people.

What does "orality" (oral forms of discourse) have to do with the "Scriptures," a corpus of sacred written documents? The aim of these essays is to reveal how the field of "orality studies" concerns the manifold process of composing, translating, and transmitting the diverse texts of Scriptures. This oft-neglected oral/aural dimension of communication provides us with a sharper perception of and greater appreciation for the various literary features of the biblical writings and their associated semantic and spiritual implications. Part One, ORIENTATION, overviews the principal aspects of orality studies: key terms, methodologies, as well as controversies about the transmission of Scripture. Part Two, DOCUMENTATION, presents three illustrative "case studies" involving composition, featuring full-text analyses that expound an oral-oriented, literary-rhetorical "hearing" of Isaiah 66, John 17, and Philippians. Part Three, APPLICATION, invites readers to engage more actively with translating the biblical text by critically considering four additional passages from an oral-aural "soundpoint"-Song of Songs 8, Revelation 5, Philemon, and 1 Corinthians 13. The final chapter encourages the application of an orality-based methodology, to achieve an exegetically accurate, yet artistically dynamic transmission of the Bible in today''s media-rich world. The book thus seeks to motivate its readers-whether teachers, students, translators, or mass-media communicators-to always lend a sensitive ear to the text whenever they engage the Scriptures. "Throughout this book, Wendland progressively, and with increasing intensity, draws our attention to an enormous amount of detailed examples of the manifold poetic and rhetorical phenomena encoded in biblical orature. The cumulative effect of these detailed examples builds a powerful case for the necessity of recognizing and exploiting the expressive nature and potential of biblical oral arts. Clearly, oral verbal arts communicate much more than "mere words." As Wendland puts it, they also ''animate hearts''" (from the Foreword). Ernst R. Wendland (Ph.D., African Languages and Literature, University of Wisconsin) is an instructor at Lusaka Lutheran Seminary and a dissertation examiner in Zambian languages at the University of Zambia. A former UBS Translation Consultant, he still serves as Professor Extraordinary in the Centre for Bible Interpretation and Translation in Africa, Department of Ancient Studies, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.

Kankanaey: A Role and Reference Grammar analysisDescribing an Austronesian language of the northern Philippines, this volume breaks new ground by analyzing the ergative grammar of Kankanaey within the framework of Role and Reference Grammar (RRG). The topics range from word formation to phrases, clauses, and sentences. At each of these levels, the analysis covers constituent structure as well as modifiers ("operators" in RRG). The semantic structure that underlies Kankanaey surface structure is explored; connections are traced between that semantic structure and both nominal case marking and verbal voice marking. Information structure (topics and focus on new information) affects clause and sentence constructions, and RRG is shown to be a useful model in integrating this aspect of grammar into a holistic description. This volume should serve as a reference and model for those who would like to use RRG theory to inform their own language research."... presents a rich and insightful description of the morphosyntax of this previously undescribed language, and it illustrates well the value of Role and Reference Grammar as a framework for grammatical description. It is a significant contribution to the study of Philippine languages."Robert D. Van Valin, Jr., Heinrich-Heine University, D├╝sseldorfJanet Allen and her family lived in various Kankanaey-speaking communities under the auspices of SIL Philippines between 1975 and 1996. She received a Ph.D. in linguistics from Heinrich-Heine University in D├╝sseldorf, Germany in 2011, and is currently on the faculty of the Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics in Dallas, Texas.

This book is a compendium of thirty-six articles by participants in the development of the field of sociolinguistics. Edited by Christina Bratt Paulston and G. Richard Tucker, themselves important contributors to the discipline, the volume provides an insider''s perspective on the issues, both practical and theoretical, which motivated individuals and institutions to turn to a view of language as inextricably connected to society and culture. This volume will be of interest not only to sociolinguists, but to sociologists, social psychologists, anthropological linguists, and others interested in applied linguistics. Moving a bit farther afield, it will also be of interest to historians of science for its breadth of coverage of the development of an increasingly important academic discipline and for the important data it provides regarding the academic research milieu, the zeitgeist, which spawned sociolinguistics as an area of inquiry.

This book shows the role of specific linguistic structures in the creation of formulaic, artistic patterns in Quechua legendary narratives and explores how the patterns function in relation to concepts such as main event line and other rhetorical structures. The analysis of the texts into artistic patterns is mainly based on Dell Hymes''s criteria; thus "pattern numbers," initial connectives and evidential markers play an important role in the pattern formations. The Quechua texts also show that the switch-reference markers and/or the rotation of subject in general is crucial to the structuring of the texts. The analysis moreover shows how the different patterns discovered are closely tied to rhetorical/cognitive structures, as they are perceived and lined out by various linguists, especially those of Robert Longacre and Wallace L. Chafe. The analysis of the texts prompts various questions in regards to the functions of the linguistic structures mentioned. Some of these get specific attention in the final chapter which also includes a discussion that seeks to find an explanation of the textual patterns through looking at universal artistic patterns as outlined by other scholars, as well as looking to some Quechua cultural patterns. Ågot Bergli received the Dr. art. (Ph.D.) in linguistics in 2002 from Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige Universitet (NTNU), Trondheim.She has worked with SIL International since 1979, primarily as an editor of works on Quechua and discourse studies.

Each volume in the Exegetical Summaries series works through the original text phrase by phrase. English equivalents are provided for all Hebrew and Greek words, making this an excellent reference for exegetes of all levels. Questions that occur to exegetes as they study the text are stated and then answered by summarizing the ways many scholars have interpreted the text. This information should help translators or students in making their own exegetical decisions. As a basis for discussion, a semi-literal translation of the text is given. The first question to be answered is the meaning of key words in context. Information from standard lexicons is given and then translations of the word are cited from a dozen major Bible versions and from commentaries that offer their own translations of the text. Questions about the grammar and discourse structure of the original languages are answered by summarizing the views of many commentators. When exegetical disagreements appear in the commentaries and versions, the various interpretations are listed. This book is not intended to replace the commentaries that are consulted. Rather than being a stand-alone commentary, this book summarizes many important details of exegesis that should be considered in studying the biblical text. David Abernathy is the author of three of the Exegetical Summary series-Romans 1-8, 2 Corinthians, 1 Peter, and coauthored Sermon on the Mount. He has earned a Master of Theology from Reformed Theological Seminary in 2003. He serves with SIL. He teaches Greek, Hebrew, and Biblical Exegesis at the Pan Africa Christian College in Kenya.

These two phonologies of the Chadic languages Muyang and Mbuko present typologically unusual data, the bulk of which is found in the vowel systems. Prosodies of labialization and palatalization can span entire words, affecting both vowels and consonants. Morphemes are of three types: neutral, labialized, and palatalized. At a deep level, these languages have only one or two basic vowels; all other vowel qualities result from the interplay of other factors. The labialization and palatalization prosodies do not operate identically, but may co-occur in Muyang, and possibly in Mbuko. The consonantal and tonal systems also have points of interest. Both Muyang and Mbuko have lateral fricatives, implosive stops and prenasalized voiced stops. Both have three tone levels but no contour tones or downstep. Voiced obstruents and voiced fricatives in Muyang and Mbuko are tonal depressors. These phonologies are written in a broadly generative rule-based framework, but theorists from various persuasions will find much of interest, including Muyang labialization patterns related to adjacency and consonant/prosody/vowel interactions, Mbuko tones and adjacency, and a Muyang [+cor] autosegment causative morpheme. The works in this volume are the result of years of intensive contact with the speakers of Muyang and Mbuko by the authors.

Each volume in the Exegetical Summaries series works through the original text phrase by phrase. English equivalents are provided for all Hebrew and Greek words, making this an excellent reference for exegetes of all levels. Questions that occur to exegetes as they study the text are stated and then answered by summarizing the ways many scholars have interpreted the text. This information should help translators or students in making their own exegetical decisions. As a basis for discussion, a semi-literal translation of the text is given. The first question to be answered is the meaning of key words in context. Information from standard lexicons is given and then translations of the word are cited from a dozen major Bible versions and from commentaries that offer their own translations of the text. Questions about the grammar and discourse structure of the original languages are answered by summarizing the views of many commentators. When exegetical disagreements appear in the commentaries and versions, the various interpretations are listed. This book is not intended to replace the commentaries that are consulted. Rather than being a stand-alone commentary, this book summarizes many important details of exegesis that should be considered in studying the biblical text. Richard Blight has served as a translation consultant with SIL since 1960. He completed the translation of the New Testament for the Tenango Otomi people of Mexico in 1975. In addition to authoring numerous articles and books, he is the senior editor of the Exegetical Summaries series.

In this book the author presents an historical examination of sound change and other developments in the very-nearly extinct Gurage language known as Mesmes while also considering the linguistic and social environments in which the language has been lost. The study provides evidence for Mesmes linguistic relatedness with the other Gurage languages and with the Peripheral West Gurage subgroup in particular. The account also considers the impact of phenomena related to language loss and the linguistic effects of contact with Hadiyya, the language to which the Mesmes people have shifted today. The comparative work relies on previously published sources as well as unpublished fieldnotes and also provides the first fully annotated and interlinearized Mesmes text. This examination underscores that historical-comparative work may benefit from serious consideration of external, contact-related phenomena while at the same time not compromising a commitment to shared innovations as determined by the Comparative Method.

Each volume in the Exegetical Summaries series works through the original text phrase by phrase. English equivalents are provided for all Hebrew and Greek words, making this an excellent reference for exegetes of all levels. Questions that occur to exegetes as they study the text are stated and then answered by summarizing the ways many scholars have interpreted the text. This information should help translators or students in making their own exegetical decisions. As a basis for discussion, a semi-literal translation of the text is given. The first question to be answered is the meaning of key words in context. Information from standard lexicons is given and then translations of the word are cited from a dozen major Bible versions and from commentaries that offer their own translations of the text. Questions about the grammar and discourse structure of the original languages are answered by summarizing the views of many commentators. When exegetical disagreements appear in the commentaries and versions, the various interpretations are listed. This book is not intended to replace the commentaries that are consulted. Rather than being a stand-alone commentary, this book summarizes many important details of exegesis that should be considered in studying the biblical text. Richard Blight has served as a translation consultant with SIL since 1960. He completed the translation of the New Testament for the Tenango Otomi people of Mexico in 1975. In addition to authoring numerous articles and books, he is the senior editor of the Exegetical Summaries series.

Each volume in the Exegetical Summaries series works through the original text phrase by phrase. English equivalents are provided for all Hebrew and Greek words, making this an excellent reference for exegetes of all levels. Questions that occur to exegetes as they study the text are stated and then answered by summarizing the ways many scholars have interpreted the text. This information should help translators or students in making their own exegetical decisions. As a basis for discussion, a semi-literal translation of the text is given. The first question to be answered is the meaning of key words in context. Information from standard lexicons is given and then translations of the word are cited from a dozen major Bible versions and from commentaries that offer their own translations of the text. Questions about the grammar and discourse structure of the original languages are answered by summarizing the views of many commentators. When exegetical disagreements appear in the commentaries and versions, the various interpretations are listed. This book is not intended to replace the commentaries that are consulted. Rather than being a stand-alone commentary, this book summarizes many important details of exegesis that should be considered in studying the biblical text. Richard Blight has served as a translation consultant with SIL since 1960. He completed the translation of the New Testament for the Tenango Otomi people of Mexico in 1975. In addition to authoring numerous articles and books, he is the senior editor of the Exegetical Summaries series.

Each volume in the Exegetical Summaries series works through the original text phrase by phrase. English equivalents are provided for all Hebrew and Greek words, making this an excellent reference for exegetes of all levels. Questions that occur to exegetes as they study the text are stated and then answered by summarizing the ways many scholars have interpreted the text. This information should help translators or students in making their own exegetical decisions. As a basis for discussion, a semi-literal translation of the text is given. The first question to be answered is the meaning of key words in context. Information from standard lexicons is given and then translations of the word are cited from a dozen major Bible versions and from commentaries that offer their own translations of the text. Questions about the grammar and discourse structure of the original languages are answered by summarizing the views of many commentators. When exegetical disagreements appear in the commentaries and versions, the various interpretations are listed. This book is not intended to replace the commentaries that are consulted. Rather than being a stand-alone commentary, this book summarizes many important details of exegesis that should be considered in studying the biblical text. Dr. Harold Greenlee, Ph.D. in Biblical and Patristic Greek (Harvard), has worked as a teacher and Greek exegetical consultant for many years with both OMS International and SIL International. He has written numerous books and articles, including five volumes in the Exegetical Summary series.