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Updated with new material, this book shares the author's secrets for simplifying complex energy calculations, and shows you how to use these time-saving methods. It shows you how to cut through the maze using innovative decision-making tools to determine whether you should invest real time and money for developing details of a project being considered. There is information covered on simplified thermodynamics that gives you a blueprint for controlling the building's energy consumption. Key topics covered include the walk-through audit, pumps & fans VFD, high efficiency motors, insulation, fuel switching, heat recovery, HVAC, air compressor, "e;energy myths and magic"e;. Each chapter has "e;Richard's Retrofit Rules"e; and anecdotal experience in the retrofit. There is a summary of energy calculations given by category, plus a discussion of performance guarantees that helps a building manager decide which ESCO can best deliver on their promises of energy savings.

The first concern and the most important reason for proper grounding techniques are to protect people from the effects of ground-faults and lightning. Creating an effective ground-fault current path to assure the operation of overcurrent protective devices on solidly grounded systems and to limit the voltage-rise on equipment frames during fault condition is of paramount importance.The next concern is building and equipment protection. In this case, providing low impedance bonding and grounding paths between the system source, the electrical service and downstream equipment will serve to limit hazardous voltages due to faults and especially, lightning, A low resistance-to-ground system will serve to limit the voltage rise on systems and equipment.But of equal importance is the length of the grounding electrode conductor. It is critical to limit the length of this conductor due to the increased impedance of lightning currents.And finally, a properly installed grounding system will minimize the effects of electrical noise on sensitive circuits and stabilize the voltage-to-ground during normal operation.This volume has extensive information on grounding electrical systems and equipment.This information includes the following topics:System GroundingEquipment GroundingBondingThe Grounding Electrode SystemSolidly Grounded SystemsImpedance Grounded SystemsGrounding Separately-Derived SystemsCalculating Ground-Fault CurrentsConductor Insulation Withstand RatingsConductor Fusing or Melting CurrentsFunctional GroundingLightning ProtectionReadership: Anyone involved with designing a proper grounding system that will serve to protect people and equipment from the effects of ground faults and lightning. And to design a proper grounding system for special applications, including Solar and Wind Powered Systems.

An overcurrent is caused by a short-circuit, ground-fault, or an overload.A short-circuit may be hundreds or even thousands of times above the normal operating current. This type of fault may be an arcing fault between ungrounded conductors or between an ungrounded conductor and a grounded (usually, a neutral) conductor, a line-to-line arcing fault may produce a current of 74% of a 3-phase bolted fault. A line-to-neutral arcing fault will be somewhat less.A line-to-line bolted fault, the equivalent, of the conductors bolted together, may be up to 100% of the available short-circuit current.A line-to-neutral bolted fault may be in excess of 100% of the 3-phase bolted fault at the source, but considerably less downstream.A ground-fault, that is, the equivalent of a connection between an ungrounded conductor and the equipment grounding system, will produce a current that may be 38% or higher of the 3-phase bolted fault current. These types of faults are typically arcing faults which normally are intermittent in nature. That is, they strike and restrike over time and may produce a short-circuit fault due to insulation damage.Once again, a line-to-equipment ground fault near the source may produce a fault current of over 100% of the 3-phase bolted fault, but considerably less downstream.An overload typically ranges from one to six times the normal current, and are normally caused by motor starting currents or transformer magnetizing currents. These conditions are of such short duration that the circuit components are not damaged.This book has a detailed analysis of these types of faults, along with explanations and examples of the various types of overcurrent protective devices to assure proper protection.This volume has extensive information on the application of overcurrent protection for conductors and equipment. The reader will be able to calculate fault currents as well as establishing the short-circuit withstand rating of conductor insulation and to determine the appropriate type of overcurrent devices based on circuit conditions.In addition, determining ground-fault currents for the purpose of selecting the proper size of equipment grounding conductors to establish an effective ground-fault current path is discussed in detail.Readership - Anyone involved with the design of overcurrent protection for electrical distribution systems from the system source to the electrical utilization equipment. The emphasis is placed on the design of the overcurrent protection for specific installations to assure proper protection for the circuit components regardless of the type of fault encountered.

This book provides a simple, easily followed process for auditing building operations to identify and reduce energy consumption that leads to measurable carbon reduction. The crucial steps of this process involve assessing the facility's current conditions, understanding, and analyzing the operational and cost-based opportunities that increase carbon output. Taking this information to report the findings and then document a multiyear energy and carbon reduction plan. The book discusses the full scope of building components and systems, including how each system affects energy efficiency. It describes the operational energy efficiencies that are gained by implementing no-cost changes or alternative maintenance activities already funded. The book includes the process for identifying capital improvement opportunities, along with evaluating return on investment and life cycle replacement options for equipment. The four-step process described in this book will serve as a valuable tool for every building operator seeking to improve energy performance and reduce carbon output.

With the increased interest in climate impacts, sustainability, and efficiency, more responsibility is being placed on boiler operators to help improve performance and reduce emissions. This third edition of the Boiler Operator's Handbook is intended to help such operators in the quest for improved operability and performance of their boilers and their plants. The theme of this book is to "e;operate wisely"e;. The goal is to instill not only "e;know how"e; but "e;know why"e;. The main details have been provided by the original author, Mr. Ken Heselton. This updated version has been somewhat expanded to include a wider range of examples and some of the more recent environmental requirements.To illustrate these points, topics include multi boiler operations, understanding the plant load, maintenance issues, and controls. Every plant is different. However, it is hoped that with the information provided in this book, the wise operator will be able to address the various unique issues posed by the specific plant and provide timely solutions to meet the present-day requirements.

Well activation is one of the most important aspects in the oil and gas industries and nitrogen gas is predominately used. The gas, being light, is sent down the producing reservoir which will enhance the production or improve the flow of crude oil. In addition to the methods used to increase production there are several problems like sand production and water production from the producing wells.Sand production occurs when the destabilizing stresses at the formation face exceed the strength of the natural arching tendencies and/or grain-to-grain cementation strength. Ideally, during oil production, the formation should be porous, permeable and well consolidated through which hydrocarbons can easily flow into the production wells. But sometimes, especially during production from unconsolidated sandstone reservoirs, the produced hydrocarbons may also carry large amounts of sand into the well bore and sand entering production wells is one of the oldest problems faced by oil companies and one of the toughest to solve. These unconsolidated formations may not restrain grain movement, and produce sand along with the fluids especially at high rates.Water production is also a problem that many reservoir or production engineers face in day-to-day life. As engineers we should be able to decide whether water control solutions should be applied or not. The excess production of water is caused by the depletion of the reservoir and simply sweeps away most of the oil that the reservoir can produce.This book gives an information how well activation using nitrogen is carried out, and how sand control and water control issues can be resolved.

Special functions are mathematical functions that have established names and notations due to their importance in mathematical analysis, functional analysis, geometry, physics, or other applications. This short text gives clear descriptions and explanations of the Gamma function, the Probability Integral and its related functions, Spherical Harmonics Theory, The Bessel function, Hermite polynomials and Laguerre polynomials. Each chapter finishes with a description of how the function is most commonly applied and a set of examples for the student to work through.

This book aims to cover a new emerging need in designing digital phase shifter for modern communication systems. With the advancement of new generation mobile communication systems, directed beams of antenna arrays save a substantial amount of power as well as improve the communication quality. In this regard, beam-forming circuits, such as digital phase shifters (DPS) constitute essential parts of the antenna array systems. Therefore, this book is devoted to the design of digital phase shifters for various communications systems. Nowadays, phase array systems demand compact phase shifters suitable for chip implementation with wide phase-range and broad frequency band. Each chapter of this book is organized as stand-alone in such a way that the reader requires no specific background acquired from the other chapters. For each phase shifter topology introduced in this book, the reader is furnished with explicit design equations to construct the circuit under consideration. Furthermore, design equations are programmed using MATLAB to assess the electrical performance of the phase shifters with ideal and lossy components. MATLAB design programs are given at the and of each chapter as appendices and provided as soft copy on the web page of the book. In chapters 12 and 14, MMIC layouts for the lattice and T-section based DPS are provided for the readers. It is hoped that an interested reader can immediately identifies the "e;optimum phase shifter topology"e; for the need under consideration with its estimated electric performance.

This thoroughly revised book will provide the reader with an understanding of the principles and practices of testing and balancing (TAB) heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) air and water systems. It is for anyone interested in testing and balancing. For the novice and the experienced testing and balancing technician, it is a field reference book of procedures, equations, and information tables. For those interested in getting into TAB or who are new to the HVAC industry, it is a text for learning more about HVAC systems and testing and balancing. For the mechanical engineer, building owner, facility manager, commissioning agency or energy manager, this book can be used for teaching TAB, writing more effective specifications, and learning about TAB and how it interacts with system commissioning, indoor air quality and energy management. It is the intent of this book to improve the communications between owners, mechanical engineers, designers, vendors, contractors, TAB engineers, supervisors, and technicians to ensure that HVAC systems are being thoroughly tested and balanced.This book is used in test and balance self-study courses, in-house training programs, seminars, and other training formats as preparation for TAB certification, and as a text in colleges and technical schools. The sixth edition has general and specific testing and balancing procedures for constant air volume systems, variable air volume systems, return air and exhaust air systems, positive and negative pressure conditioned spaces, and fans and fan performance in Chapters 1 through 9. Chapters 10-12 cover testing and balancing fume hood systems, and cleanrooms and commissioning HVAC systems. Chapters 13 and 14 provide information on water systems and centrifugal pumps including water balancing procedures using flow meters, system components and temperatures, and water pumps and pump performance. Chapter 15 reviews analog and digital controls. Chapters 16-20 cover terminology for fluid flow, psychrometrics, refrigeration air distribution, water distribution, fans and pumps, motors, electrical, and instrument usage and care. Chapters 21 and 22 are equations and tables.

The availability of packaged clustering programs means that anyone with data can easily do cluster analysis on it. But many users of this technology don't fully appreciate its many hidden dangers. In today's world of "e;grab and go algorithms,"e; part of my motivation for writing this book is to provide users with a set of cautionary tales about cluster analysis, for it is very much an art as well as a science, and it is easy to stumble if you don't understand its pitfalls. Indeed, it is easy to trip over them even if you do! The parenthetical word usually in the title is very important, because all clustering algorithms can and do fail from time to time.Modern cluster analysis has become so technically intricate that it is often hard for the beginner or the non-specialist to appreciate and understand its many hidden dangers. Here's how Yogi Berra put it, and he was right:In theory there's no difference between theory and practice. In practice, there is ~Yogi BerraThis book is a step backwards, to four classical methods for clustering in small, static data sets that have all withstood the tests of time. The youngest of the four methods is now almost 50 years old:Gaussian Mixture Decomposition (GMD, 1898)SAHN Clustering (principally single linkage (SL, 1909))Hard c-means (HCM, 1956, also widely known as (aka) "e;k-means"e;)Fuzzy c-means (FCM, 1973, reduces to HCM in a certain limit)The dates are the first known writing (to me, anyway) about these four models. I am (with apologies to Marvel Comics) very comfortable in calling HCM, FCM, GMD and SL the Fantastic Four.Cluster analysis is a vast topic. The overall picture in clustering is quite overwhelming, so any attempt to swim at the deep end of the pool in even a very specialized subfield requires a lot of training. But we all start out at the shallow end (or at least that's where we should start!), and this book is aimed squarely at teaching toddlers not to be afraid of the water. There is no section of this book that, if explored in real depth, cannot be expanded into its own volume. So, if your needs are for an in-depth treatment of all the latest developments in any topic in this volume, the best I can do - what I will try to do anyway - is lead you to the pool, and show you where to jump in.

Electrical Power Systems Technology, Fourth Edition covers a wide range of technologies and systems used in the generation, distribution, control, conversion, and measurement of electrical power. This reference book provides a foundational overview presented in a basic, easy-to-understand manner. The content is organized in a logical pedagogical style using five basic power system components - Measurement, Generation, Distribution, Control, and Conversion. Each of these basic systems is broken down into sub-systems, equipment, and components that are explored in greater detail in each of the 18 chapters.Simplified mathematical concepts are described with practical applications to assist in fundamental understanding. Abundant illustrations (almost one per page) are used to add visual information to supplement technical knowledge development. The fourth edition has been edited to provide improved information and clarity, including many new illustrations. An additional chapter - Chapter 18 - Evolving Power System Technologies and Considerations - has been added to describe issues related to power system operation.

Starting with the historical evolution of computer and communications networks and their security, the book then arrives at the main definitions of cryptography and network security. Next, the basics of information theory, how to measure information, the information associated with a certain source are also discussed. Source codes are presented, along with the concepts of information transmission, joint information, conditional entropy, mutual information and channel capacity. Computer networks are discussed, including the main protocols and network architectures, and the important TCP/IP protocol. Network security, a topic intrinsically connected to computer networks and the Internet, is presented, along with information about basic hacker attacks, alternatives to prevent attacks, data protection and secure protocols. The information theoretical aspects of cryptography are described including the hash function. An appendix includes a review of probability theory. Illustrations and graphics will help the reader understand the theory.

The next generation mobile communication networks (4G) have the challenging target of The next generation mobile communication networks (4G) have the challenging target of providing a peak data rate of 1 Gigabit per second local area and 100 Megabit per second wide area. The ability to offer such high data rates in 100MHz bandwidth requires overall a very high spectral efficiency, and hence the need for multi-antenna techniques (MIMO) with spatial multiplexing, fast dynamic link adaptation and packet scheduling, wideband access techniques, and most likely non-contention based spectrum sharing among multiple operators. Many of these required technology components and techniques are well researched and established. Adaptive PHY-MAC Design for Broadband Wireless Systems explains how one can integrate and optimise their use in providing the target cell data rates with high availability. The authors address the ability to cope with interference and enhanced physical layer processing, and simultaneously, the multifaceted system level design. Focus is also on the selection of technology components and techniques, which leads to the highest spectral efficiency and peak data rate availability with reasonable Quality of Service (QoS) support, such as improved outage scenario, reduced delay, guaranteed bit rate, etc.In short, this book will answer questions such as, how individual techniques relate to each other, how can we benefit the gains by suitable combinations of different technologies and how to choose different technological solutions in different scenarios, etc.The next generation mobile communication networks (4G) have the challenging target of The next generation mobile communication networks (4G) have the challenging target of providing a peak data rate of 1 Gigabit per second local area and 100 Megabit per second wide area.

Multihop Mobile Wireless Networks discusses issues pertaining to each of these networks and proposes novel and innovative algorithms on Scheduling, Routing and Data aggregation that are viable solutions for multihop mobile networks. Moreover, the book provides the preliminaries and an excellent review on existing approaches in wireless communications. Multihop Mobile Wireless Networks is suitable for academic and industrial research, and can be used for advanced courses in Senior Undergraduate and Graduate programs.