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This third volume of essays under the title The Shaping of English Poetry includes, as in the previous volumes, essays on Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, Langland, Chaucer and Spenser; it also includes essays on Beowulf and Dante. It was never the author's intention to exclude Old English poetry from the historical continuum of English poetry, and practical rather than ideological considerations explain the absence of Beowulf from the two previous volumes. The language of Beowulf is in all essentials the language of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and Piers Plowman, in one and the same native alliterative tradition, and also the language of Chaucer, in the European tradition inherited from the great French and Italian poets. The transition from Beowulf to Dante may seem abrupt, but the poetry of Chaucer, whose assimilation of Italian influences is both formidable and remarkable, requires us to make it. Indeed, the exploration in this volume of Dante's exposition of love in the Purgatorio takes us to the heart of the poetry that we associate with the period of Chaucer's greatness in the 1380s and 1390s. Here we see not an anachronistic system of courtly love, imposed on medieval poems by modern critics, but distinctions of natural, sensitive and rational love that make sense (among other things) of the ending of Troilus and Criseyde as the poem's logical and persuasive conclusion.

This is a completely revised edition of the classic Ethics in the Economy. With new content and revised material, the authors question the idea that ethics is only an instrument for improving business efficacy. Instead ethics are presented as fundamental to economic activities and relevant at all levels of economic activity, from individual and organizational to societal and global.

Originally published under the title (1979), this publication reveals for the first time the entire magnitude of Byzantine kalophony serving as a systematic introduction to the Greek Byzantine music culture, that of the Byzantine Psaltic Art, at the height of its expression.

This book shows that an imported ecumenical method was inadequate in enabling churches in Nigeria, particularly Anglican / Methodist ones, to act ecumenically in dealing with the overwhelming contemporary problems facing Nigerian society. Therefore, new ecumenical theologies are propounded, within a Nigerian context, to meet this goal.

This book focuses on the modernization of the Greek Orthodox community of Mytilene - the capital of Lesbos, an island located in the north-east Aegean - the changes it underwent, and its responses to the ever-changing political situation between 1876 and 1912. The author argues that the position of leading community members, particularly journalists, and their receptivity towards the social and political changes of the period, went hand-in-hand with their 'ethnic' and political aspirations for the role of the Greek Orthodox ethnos in the Empire. In relation to the competition among various 'imperialisms' and 'nationalisms' then developing around Mytilene's Christians, the author shows that Ottoman reforms were successful in encouraging them to co-opt local interest such that concern for the growth of the specific community was directly linked to the survival of the Ottoman Empire.

Over the past decade, European company-level employment regulation has emerged: European Works Councils (EWCs) and trade unions have begun to negotiate company-level collective agreements which have a far-reaching impact across borders on issues as diverse as company restructuring, health and safety, and profit-sharing. The negotiating parties have thus begun to fill the gap left by low levels of regulation and little formal structure, necessarily leading them to also bargain about the negotiating process itself. This study is the first to provide a detailed analysis of the process of negotiating European company-level agreements based on ten company case studies as well as a quantitative study of European company-level bargaining in the metalworking industry. The study provides a comprehensive overview of the emerging order of European company-level industrial relations and the strategies and assessments of the key actors, with a particular focus on the emergence of a new and dynamic interplay between EWCs and trade unions at the national and European levels. The findings are also placed in the wider context of political science research into European integration and thus contribute to European governance debates that go beyond the employment and industrial relations field.

This volume offers a comparative analysis of the functioning of totalitarian and authoritarian discourses and their aftermath, featuring case studies of regimes across the globe, including the former East Germany, former Yugoslavia, Romania, Lithuania, China, North Korea, the Philippines, Burma, Cuba and Tunisia.

The book showcases some of the papers presented at the 9th Annual ESPAnet Conference "Sustainability and Transformation in European Social Policy", held in Valencia (8th to 10th of September 2011). It presents a double perspective of social policy: the papers in Part 1 follow a classical approach whilst those in Part 2 focus on new approaches.

Ilija Trojanow established his name as an international writer with the novel Der Weltensammler or The Collector of Worlds (2006). This volume contains an interview with Trojanow, a previously unpublished essay on Lessing's Nathan the Wise, and essays by European and North American scholars on central aspects of Trojanow's growing oeuvre.

Gazing in Useless Wonder focuses on utopias as self-referential texts that literally have to constitute themselves as imaginary or intentional entities before they can work as vehicles for socio-political ideas. Foregrounding the construction of utopian fictions defines both the perspective and the differentiation of the analytically significant elements, so that the traditionally dominant topics such as the nature and origins of the ideologies behind the construction of the ideal model are taken into account only insofar as they contribute to the aesthetic effect of the utopian construct as a whole. The organising principle of the early modern utopia involves two different modes of presentation: the narrative frame and the ekphrastic description of the ideal state, each possessing an aesthetic function realised according to different principles, with the ideal image constructed in accordance with the dominant aesthetic norms of the period pertaining to the visual arts, such as harmony, symmetry, alleged perfection, and timelessness. Despite variations, especially in the thematic-ideological domain, the dominant genre pattern that emerged as a result of the simplification of the complex semantics of Thomas More's Utopia in the early modern period is taken here as forming a single synchrony in the history of utopian fiction-making.

This is the first book-length study of literary censorship in the late Victorian and Edwardian periods. While in recent years the aesthetics and politics of British Modernism have been re-evaluated and the concept and function of censorship redefined, Modernism's privileged status in the struggle against and ultimate defeat of censorship remains largely unquestioned. This book contests that the vital role played by Realist writers in the battle against censorship and the dominant sexual ideologies that bolstered it has been significantly underestimated. It contends that many Realist writers not only produced transgressive sexual representations within the confines of an existent culture of censorship, but also reflexively incorporated themes and issues of censorship into their fiction. Through its focus on censorship, the book explores a number of narratives to reveal their complex sexual politics and show how texts that ostensibly oppose traditional morality can also reinforce dominant sexual ideologies in new paradigms of scientific rationality. Moreover, reading these fictions through the lens of censorship offers fresh insights into the novels and short stories of the late Victorian and Edwardian periods.

What is the nature of time? This new study engages with the philosophy of Henri Bergson on time and proposes a new way of thinking about the effects of future events on the past. According to Bergson, time is an integral feature of real things, just as much as their material or size. When a flower grows, it takes a period of real time for it to flourish, which cannot be quickened or slowed down, nor can it be eliminated from the process of growth. Bergson named this real time 'duration' and argued that everything and everyone exist as duration, and that internal processes flow into one another, with no clear boundaries that separate one phase of duration from another. According to Bergson's philosophy, the past does not disappear but smoothly flows into the present, forming an indivisible dynamic unity. But what if the causal flow of temporal reality is not unidirectional? What if not only past events influence future ones, but future ones in their turn have retrospective effect on past occurrences? The author of this book analyses these key questions, asserts that the changeability of the past follows from Bergson's theory of time and proposes a theory of embodied time that involves the retrospective enrichment of reality.

This book offers a study of West-East cross-cultural and cross-contextual literacy by investigating Goethe's relationship to the poetics of fourteenth-century Persian poet Hafiz in the West-oestlicher Divan.

This book examines the depiction of childhood and the Nazi German past in post-1989 German literature. Focusing on the work of W.G. Sebald, Marcel Beyer, Martin Walser and Dieter Forte, the study analyses how these authors employ tropes and myths of childhood in their engagements with Germany's National Socialist past, including the remembrance and representation of the Holocaust, German suffering and trauma, and the National Socialist 'everyday'. Their works are thus read as points of contact between the politics of the German past and the cultural construction of childhood. The term 'childness' is here modified and developed to establish a new theoretical frame of reference for literary childhood. The encounter between the adult reader and the fictional child is understood as one marked by complex and intense forms of desire, conducive to revision, mourning, nostalgia and defamiliarization. Through this framework, the study casts new light on the fictional child as a focal point of ideology and desire.

Uniquely amongst the numerous publications to appear on the work of the French social theorist Pierre Bourdieu, this book deals with data analysis, exploring how to analyse data from a Bourdieusian perspective and providing a thorough examination of the pros and cons of both qualitative and quantitative methods.

Rethinking 'Identities' offers a hyper-contemporary and wide-ranging analysis of questions of identity based on nation and region, language, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, religion or even 'the human'. This volume presents a fresh perspective on identity studies in the twenty-first century and in the age of globalization.

This book provides a history of twentieth-century labour in the British colony of Antigua and Barbuda. It contains documented evidence of class struggle between landowners and peasants both before and after the formal, legal introdudction of trade and labour unions in 1940. It shows that women were active, but hidden, in the recorded narrative.

Since the Reformation, Catholics in Britain have been faced with an outsider status that has often given rise to conflict between their British national and Catholic religious identities. This study examines the ways in which this problematic history is addressed by three twentieth-century British authors: David Jones, Evelyn Waugh and Muriel Spark. Focusing on works by these writers, in which issues of national and religious identity are particularly prominent, the author argues that they share a reconciliatory approach to the matter of British and Catholic identity, an approach derived from the Catholic tradition and inspired by ideas such as those of Newman. This allows the writers to see ostensibly conflicting identities in the light of their contribution towards ultimate harmony in the life of the individual or community. The theory of reconciliation espoused by Jones, Waugh and Spark is contrasted with the views expressed by G. K. Chesterton and Graham Greene, who also write from a British and Catholic perspective, but arrive at very different conclusions.

This study explores the issue of gender and immigration in the national contexts of Germany and France, where the largest minority populations are from Turkey and North Africa. Works by OEzdamar, Senocak and Mokeddem and interviews with young Muslim women are considered in response to the demonization of the Islamic 'other' within Europe.

This second volume of essays under the title The Shaping of English Poetry continues the project set out in the Preface to the first volume, discussing the three golden poets of the Golden Age of English poetry in the second half of the fourteenth century. The first two essays address the great alliterative poems Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and Piers Plowman and the remaining six essays are on Chaucer, five of them on The Canterbury Tales. There is no doubt about the sustained excellence (and often the sublimity) of these works, and it remains a hard task for readers and scholars to measure up to them. The essays on Chaucer are predominantly concerned with the influence of Italian poetry and Aristotelian moral philosophy. These influences have long been recognised, but their depth and weight have not so readily been acknowledged. In particular, the influence of Aristotle - not merely on Chaucer's poetry but on thirteenth- and fourteenth-century English and European culture as a whole - presents an intellectual challenge that scholars of medieval English literature have often been reluctant to confront. These essays seek to demonstrate that in engaging with Chaucer's response to Aristotelian moral philosophy our perspective will not only be enriched but dramatically altered.

Focuses on how religious experience is linked to tradition and discuss beliefs, debates, politics, rituals and spirituality in Finland and Malta. This book illuminates the differences between northern and southern Europe in attitudes, norms and religious values, as well as exploring areas such as bioethics.

Multilingual societies provide fertile ground for the exploration of translation practice. This book examines the relationship between translation-mediated multilingual practice and language ideology in Singapore, where power relations between the official languages, English and Chinese, pose challenges to intercultural communication.

Reflects the author's scholarly interest in the interface between religion, rhetoric and literature in the period 1500-1800. In this book, the contributors consider subjects including the eloquence of oration from the pulpit, the relationship between religion, culture and belief, and the role of theatre and ceremony during the seventeenth century.

This book explores manifestations of the communist past in the everyday life of Eastern Europeans today. The contributors, from a wide range of disciplines including cultural studies, film studies, urban studies, sociology, media, literature and art, question the myth of the homogenous Eastern European identity and its historical Western opponent.

Demonstrates that performance studies and practices are continuing to expand, suggesting that Ireland's text-centric theatre has begun to cast its net further afield and pointing to the rich possibilities within Irish theatre, scholarship and practice, now and for the future.

This book analyses contemporary trends in radical unionism in Europe. It contains nine country case-studies that probe the limits and possibilities of trade union renewal and focus on radical activity. It assesses the degree to which we are witnessing the emergence of 'radical political unionism' as an alternative model of European trade unionism.

Drawing together established and emerging scholars from across the arts, humanities and social sciences, this book examines the relationship of Dublin to Ireland's social history through the city's visual culture, including case studies of Dublin's streetscapes, architecture and sculpture, and its depiction in literature, photography and cinema.

These essays explore literary and cultural representations of the Irish family, questioning the validity of traditional familial structures and exploring newer versions of the Irish family emerging in recent cultural representations. Works discussed range from Famine fiction, Samuel Beckett and John McGahern to Anne Enright and Hugo Hamilton.

This book offers an in-depth study of the rich tapestry of happiness discourses in well-known philosophical novels by Thomas Mann, Franz Kafka, Hermann Hesse and Ernst Junger, published between 1922 and 1949. The study is prompted, in part, by an awareness that despite the interdisciplinarity of happiness research, Western literary scholarship has paid scant attention to fictionalized constructs of happiness. Each of the four chapters uses extended textual analysis to explore the sites in which happiness (Gluck) and serenity (Heiterkeit) are sought, experienced, narrated, reflected upon and enacted. The author theorizes, with particular reference to Bachelard and Foucault, the interfaces between interior and exterior spaces and states of well-being. In addition to providing new interpretive perspectives on the canonical novels themselves, the book makes a significant contribution to a broader history of the idea of happiness through the appraisal of key intellectual cross-currents and traditions, both Western and Eastern, underpinning the novelists' varied and nuanced conceptualizations and aesthetic representations of happiness.

Children's literature delights in made-up words, nonsensical terms, and creative nicknames, but how do you translate these expressions into another language? This book provides an approach to translation studies to address the challenges of translating children's literature.