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Due to their one-dimensional structures and novel physical properties, nanofibrous materials have been extensively investigated and hold promising applications in various fields, including electronic, optical, semiconductors, sensors, polymer fillers and non-woven porous membranes. This book presents current research in the study of the synthesis, properties and application of nanofibres. Topics include the functionalisation and activation of carbon nanofibres; fabrication of aligned polymer and metal oxide nanofibres by electrospinning; inorganic nanofibres for novel separation membranes; the physics behind the vapor-liquid-solid route and carbon nanofibre formation; preparation and modification of chitin nanofibres; and the synthesis of composite carbon nanofibres with macroscopic shaping.

This book presents original research results on the leading edge of cancer. Topics discussed include the aetiology and treatment of gallbladder cancer; HPV vaccine and cervical cancer; docetaxel therapy and applications; metastatic cancer pain management for the bone, spine and liver; the effects of cytoskeletal structure change induced by docetaxel on gene expression; nutrition and breast cancer; and docetaxel''s effect on ovarian function and in the management of patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.

At the end of the 20th century, it was discovered that the expansion of the Universe is speeding up. This acceleration is attributed to dark energy, which seems to be distributed uniformly almost everywhere and thus essentially influences the Hubble parameter H = H(t) characterising this expansion. In this book, the authors present current research in the study of the theory, implications and roles in cosmology of dark energy. Topics include gravitational aberration and the origin of dark energy; the role of dark energy in the evolution of the universe; the importance of supernova observations for exploring the nature of dark energy; and deformed quantum field theory, thermodynamics at low and high energies, and the dark energy problem.

Rising health care costs have for many years focused congressional attention upon the development and availability of prescription drugs. Recently, the presence of "authorised generic" pharmaceuticals in the drug marketplace has been the subject of congressional concern. An "authorised generic" is a pharmaceutical that is marketed by or on behalf of a brand-named drug company, but is sold under a generic name. The brand-name firm may distribute the drug under its own auspices or via a license to a generic drug company. The price of this "authorised copy" is ordinarily lower than that of the brand-name drug. Some sources refer to authorised generics as "branded," "flanking," or "pseudo" generics." This book presents an analysis of the innovation and public health issues relating to authorised generic drugs beginning with a review of the procedures through which independent generic drug companies receive government permission to market their products and resolve patent disputes with brand-name firms and consumer welfare.

Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are a group of developmental disabilities characterised by impairments in social interaction and communication and by restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behaviour. Symptoms typically are apparent before age 3 years. The complex nature of these disorders, coupled with a lack of biologic markers for diagnosis and changes in clinical definitions over time, creates challenges in monitoring the prevalence of ASDs. Accurate reporting of data is essential to understand the prevalence of ASDs in the population and can help direct research. This book provides a parent''s guide to autism spectrum disorder with a focus on prevalence; suggested environmental factors; and federal financing research.

The preparation of a national energy policy in which priorities and preferences are identified should be one of the main responsibilities of national authorities in charge of the energy sector. It is important that every country''s energy mix involves a range of national preferences and priorities reflected in national policies and strategies to be applied in order to satisfy the foresee increase in the electricity demand. These policies and strategies should represent a compromise between expected energy shortages, environmental quality, energy security, energy cost, public attitudes, safety and security, available skills, as well as production and service capabilities. Relevant national authorities must take all of these elements into account when formulating an energy policy and strategy.

One of the major problems in clinical practice is the diagnosis of cancer and determining how to manage cancer patients. This book shows how both immunological and molecular techniques can be used in cancer diagnosis and management.