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The global economic crisis has had numerous implications for individuals, businesses and policy makers, but none were as profound and as socially and economically damaging as the growth in unemployment. This book explores the current issues, trends and perspectives in unemployment including the topics of gender, unemployment and counselling in China; the pathology of free trade and the great recession; the relationship between unemployment and health; the Romanian labour market; the unemployed youth''s work commitment in Hong Kong; and unemployment and professional retraining in a multi-agent model of virtual economics.

This book includes the latest information in the field of organic chemistry, biochemistry, biotechnology, material science (synthesis, properties, applications) and renewable resources. This book emphasises the problems of classification of bio-damages, evaluation and protection methods, bio-damages and protection of artificial and synthetic leather, bio-degradation and biodeterioration of some natural polymers, bio-damages and protection of cosmetics, microbiological corrosion and protection of optical glasses, microbiological corrosion of metals and protection against it, bio-damaging and protection of paint materials.

MicroRNAs are small non-coding RNAs involved in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. Thousands of miRNAs have been identified in different organisms including viruses, insects, plants and animals. MiRNAs has emerged as key regulators of important biological processes. The differential expression of miRNAs in various human diseases has made them potential candidates for developing novel therapies and personalized medicines. This book is focused on microRNA let-7, the second miRNA discovered in the year 2000 and one of the most studied miRNA. This book discusses various aspects of miRNA let-7 starting from its discovery, biogenesis, transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation to its crucial role in various fundamental cellular processes such as development, stem cell maintenance and differentiation, regulation of signalling pathways in cancer, drug resistance and therapeutic potential in different human diseases.

Precious metals are a class of metals deemed rare or highly valued, such as gold, silver, palladium, and platinum. Such metals can be bought and sold in the form of bullion bars, ingots, or coins. Due to the size and weight of the goods, investment firms typically transfer the title of the metal instead of the metal itself, which often remains in storage under the care of the firm or its affiliates. Like all commodities, the price of precious metals fluctuates. Still, the metals are perceived to be the safest form of investment, as they can be less volatile than the stock market. This book discusses the perils of the precious metals market. This also includes investing in bullion and bullion coins and collectible coins.

Lactobacillus plantarum is a widespread lactic acid bacterium commonly found in fermented foods as well as in the human gastrointestinal tract. Application of Lactobacillus plantarum and its probiotic properties has been widely used over the past several years. The authors of this book present topical research in the study of the classification, uses and health implications of lactobacillus. Topics include the biochemical and genetic characteristics of L. plantarum; the probiotic potential of different strains of Lactobacillus plantarum; beneficial lactobacilli for improving respiratory defenses; the implementation of lactobacilli in meat applications; environmental applications of lactobacillus; and probiotics in pediatric diarrheal diseases.

Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease affecting the entire arterial tree, representing an inflammatory response in the vessels. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis involves complex processes leading to the formation of atherosclerotic plaque. In this book, the authors present current research in the study of the risk factors, prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis. Topics include questioning the cholesterol-atherosclerosis hypothesis; diabetes-associated atherosclerosis and new therapies; the pathogenesis and oxidative mechanisms in atherosclerosis; peripheral arterial vasodilation for primary atherosclerosis prevention; and coronary artery atherosclerosis measured by a hybrid SPECT/CT camera.

The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act requires the Financial Stability Oversight Council to submit a report to Congress regarding the implementation of prompt corrective action (PCA) by the Federal banking agencies. This book discusses the existing PCA framework and the findings and recommendations of the Government Accountability Office study. It also highlights lessons learned from the financial crisis and outlines actions taken that could affect PCA, as well as additional steps to modify the PCA framework that could be considered.

The Financial Stability Oversight Council (FSOC) was created by the Dodd-Frank Act(DFA) in 2010 as part of a comprehensive reform of banking and securities market regulators. The council is charged with monitoring systemic risk in the financial system and coordinating several federal financial regulators. The FSOC is expected to facilitate communication among existing financial regulators intending to identify sources of financial instability that cross agency regulatory jurisdiction, or that reside in gaps in the financial regulatory framework. This book describes the mission, membership, and scope of the FSOC with its focus on establishing a framework for mitigating systemic risk.

Voting is fundamental to our democracy, yet many U.S. citizens who are eligible to vote do not take advantage of their constitutional right to vote in federal elections. For instance, about 62 percent of eligible citizens voted in the November 2008 general election and about 42 percent voted in the November 2010 general election. Policy-makers, legislators, researchers, and advocacy organizations have explored ways to make voting more convenient with the goal of increasing voter turnout. Various bills have been introduced in Congress since 1995 to increase voter convenience by changing the day of presidential and congressional elections from Tuesday to the weekend. This book focuses on issues related to implementing weekend elections and The Help America Vote Act.

The United States has yet to find a solution that assures seamless communications among first responders and emergency personnel at the scene of a major disaster. Since September 11, 2001, when communications failures contributed to the tragedies of the day, Congress has passed several laws intended to create a nationwide emergency communications capability. The 111th Congress considered pivotal issues, such as radio frequency spectrum license allocation and funding programs for a Public Safety Broadband Network (PSBN), without finding a solution that satisfied the expectations of both public safety and commercial network operators. This book explores the areas where changes in existing policies and practices may facilitate achievement of the important goals for emergency communications that Congress and others have identified. Why these goals have become important, and recent planning efforts to achieve these goals is discussed.

Ticks and tick-borne diseases are among the major stumbling blocks to the development of livestock industry and entail heavy economic loses particularly in the tropics and subtropics. Ticks serve as vectors of several diseases and pose health hazards to animals and humans throughout the world. Attempts to control ticks and tick-borne diseases using different methods have been going on for several generations; however, ticks still cause insurmountable problems to the livestock industry and human and animal health. This book enlightens the reader on research and field experiences obtained from different parts of the world on the various chemical and biological approaches used in the control of ticks and tick-borne diseases. This book would serve as a valuable reference and guide for students, and researchers in biological and biomedical sciences and tick control authorities aimed at devising a sound tick control strategy.

Fructose is a carbohydrate found in plants and humans. It was isolated in 1947 from sugar cane, where it is a component of sucrose. In this book, the authors discuss the synthesis, functions and health implications of fructose. Topics include high-fructose consumption and metabolic disease; detrimental neuroendocrine and metabolic effects of fructose during peri-natal and adult periods; fructose and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; and fructose ingestion effects on brain functions.

White blood cells, or leukocytes are cells of the immune system involved in defending the body against both infectious disease and foreign materials. Five different and diverse types of leukocytes exist, but they are all produced and derived from a multipotent cell in the bone marrow known as a hematopoietic stem cell. They live for about 3 to 4 days in the average human body. In this book, the authors present current research in the study of the biology, classification and role in disease of leukocytes. Topics include an analysis of peptides and proteins isolated from alligator leukocytes; modification of immune cell activity by neuroendocrine mediators and development of disease; congenital defects of phagocytes; leukocyte mitochondrial membrane potential in type 1 diabetes; biology of human myeloid dendritic cells; and the leukocyte expression of CD36 as a biomarker for Alzheimer''s disease.

In this book, the authors present topical research in the study of the properties, health effects and environmental issues relating to phosphorus. Topics discussed in this compilation include aminophosphonate synthesis and applications; the effect of phosphorus doping on the electrical properties of diamond and carbon nanotubes; limiting nutrient and eutrophication in aquatic systems and the nitrogen/phosphorus dilemma; the environmental response of sedimentary phosphorus of shallow lakes and the anthropogenic impact; and the phosphorus complex of porphyrin.

This book examines the environmental sources, geochemistry and human effects of trace elements. Topics discussed include an assessment of cancer and non-cancer health risk caused by trace element content in Belgrade; flow opto-sensing applied to the analysis of trace elements; trace metals in fruits and vegetables and their effect on human health; excessive livestock mineral supplementation on environmental pollution; assessing the geochemistry of trace elements in canal sediments; and trace element deficiencies in crops.

The sulphur amino acid, cysteine, plays an essential role in maintaining cellular redox potential and is a key constituent of the antioxidant, glutathione. Cysteine is highly reactive and readily oxidises to the disulfide form, cystine, producing oxygen radicals as a by-product. In this book, the authors present current research in the study of the biosynthesis, chemical structure and toxicity of cysteine. Topics include cysteine biosynthesis in plants; the structural and functional role of cysteine residues; new cysteine synthesis pathways and their applications; implications for cysteine neurotoxicity; and the protecting groups used to cage cysteine and their applications in biochemical experiments are reviewed.

Lipases are ubiquitous enzymes which catalyse the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols to glycerols and free fatty acids. Due to their characteristics of enantioselectivity and regioselectivity and stability in organic solvents, they have gained importance in industrial applications. In this book, the authors examine the functions, synthesis and role in disease of lipases. Topics discussed include the action of lipases as a biotechnological tool; fungal lipases in biocatalysis; secreted phospholipase A2 inhibitors from cynara cardunculus L. and aloe vera extract as a potential therapeutic drug for inflammatory diseases; lipoprotein lipase activity in sickle cell nephropathy; lipases in the pharmaceutical industry; and yeast cell surface display of lipases.