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This book includes eight chapters of original research articles and six chapters of review articles, encompassing the latest advancements in detection, growth and treatment of prostate cancer. Detection of prostate cancer in human patients has been well established using prostate-specific antigen as a marker and a variety of imaging tools. However, for laboratory studies particularly in preclinical animal studies, such tools are still being developed. This book introduces novel imaging methods, such as bioluminescent imaging, chemiluminescence, and magnetic resonance imaging. Prostate cancer stem cells are emerging as a new focus of research. How to detect cancer stem cells and how to culture them are described in details herein. This book highlights several studies in exploring some unknown aspects of prostate cancer.

Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (HSCT) is an established treatment for a variety of malignant and nonmalignant conditions. In autologous HSCT, the stem cells are collected from the patient then infused back after high dose chemotherapy. On the other hand, in allogeneic HSCT, the stem cells are donated from another individual (who may be related or unrelated and unmatched or matched). In this book, the authors present new research in the study of hematopoietic stem cells including pulmonary complications following HSCT; psychological health and adjustment of families of children who undergo HSCT; the immunogenetics of unrelated HSCT for thalassemia; HSCT for inflammatory bowel diseases; and extramedullary hematopoiesis leading to the production of a novel antigen-presenting cell type in the murine spleen.

In evolution, natural selection is the gradual, non-random, process by which biological traits become either more or less common in a population as a function of differential reproduction of their bearers. In this book, the authors present current research in the biological processes, theory and role in evolution of natural selection. Topics include evolutionary transitions in mathematical modelling complexity using evolutionary systemic modelling; natural selection applications for algorithmic computation; allozymes, and DNA and natural selection in the mollusc population.

Sadly, the threat of violent extremism in America is nothing new. Throughout our history, misguided groups, including international and domestic terrorist organizations, neo-Nazis and anti-Semite hate groups, have engaged in horrific violence to kill our citizens and threaten our way of life. Most recently, al-Qa''ida and its affiliates have attempted to recruit and radicalise people to terrorism here in the United States, as we have seen in several plot and attacks, including the deadly attack on our service members at Fort Hood. In August 2011, the Obama Administration announced its counter-radicalisation strategy. It is devised to address the forces that influence some people living in the United States to acquire and hold radical or extremist beliefs that may eventually compel them to commit terrorism. This is the first such strategy for the federal government, which calls this effort "combating violent extremism" (CVE). This book examines the CVE strategies currently being employed, with a focus on their risks and challenges.

This book examines a survey of federal laws containing preferences based on race, gender, or ethnicity. Affirmative action remains a subject of public debate as the result of legal and political developments at the federal, state, and local levels. In recent years, federal courts have reviewed minority admissions programs to state universities; scrutinized the constitutional status of racial diversity policies in public elementary and secondary schools; ruled on minority preferences in public and private employment as a remedy for violation of civil and constitutional rights; and considered federal, state, and local efforts to increase minority participation as contractors and subcontractors on publicly financed construction projects. Also discussed is affirmative action in the workplace; diversity in public education; race discrimination and the Supreme Court; and pay discrimination claims of the Civil Rights Act.

Publicly traded companies are required to transparently disclose material business risks to investors through regular filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). On January 27, 2010, the SEC voted to publish "Commission Guidance Regarding Disclosure Related to Climate Change", which clarifies how publicly traded corporations should apply existing SEC disclosure rules to certain mandatory financial filings with the SEC regarding the risk that climate change developments may have on their businesses. The Guidance has been controversial and has prompted the legislation in the 112th Congress to repeal it. This book provides an overview of the Guidance, with a focus on opposing views; congressional legislation; potential corporate costs and benefits of implementing the Guidance; and the impact of the Guidance from the perspective of investors, corporations, and finance professionals.

Relations among major political factions have worsened substantially since late 2011, threatening Iraq''s stability and the perception of the achievements of the long U.S. intervention in Iraq. Sunni Arabs, always fearful that Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki would seek unchallenged power for Shiite factions, accused him of an outright power grab as he seeks to purge the highest-ranking Sunni Arabs from government and to cripple attempts by Sunni-inhabited provinces to achieve greater autonomy. Iraq''s Kurds have also become increasingly distrustful of Maliki over territorial, political, and economic issues, and similarly accused him of authoritarian practices. More recently, the Shiite faction of Moqtada Al Sadr joined the other groups to put pressure on Maliki to share power. This book examines the politics, governance and human rights challenges of Iraq under Nuri al-Maliki.

This book analyses recent Supreme Court decisions and their implications. Legislative decisions examined include: sex discrimination developments; retroactivity and the Good-Faith exception to the exclusionary rule; warrantless, police-triggered exigent searches; official immunity and material witnesses before the Supreme Court; the Confrontation Clause after Michigan v. Bryant and Bullcoming v. New Mexico; federal pre-emption of state tort law regarding medical devices with FDA premarket approval; an overview of the National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act; implications for innovation policy in Microsoft v. i4i: duty to disclose shareholders in Matrixx Initiatives v. Siracusano; the Supreme Court''s pre-enforcement review of the Clean Water Act; and judicial and legislative developments in the Law of Deinstitutionalization.

Monopolar transurethral resection still represents the standard endoscopic treatment approach in benign prostatic enlargement related to lower urinary tract obstruction. The method gained acknowledgement as a first choice therapeutic modality in medium size benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) treatment and the majority of clinical research regarded it as such. Endoscopic vaporization was introduced while trying to maintain therapeutic efficacy while reducing the peri- and post-operative morbidity, and it was easily adopted, as it required no special equipment or surgical skills. This book examines endoscopic vaporization in lower urinary tract pathology, from monopolar to plasma. The present publication follows the interest this treatment has gathered as well as the inevitable downfall when facing the test of time as well as the less flattering comparison to other methods.

The Department of Justice has reported that the crime rates experienced by American Indians are two and a half times higher than those experienced by the general population in the United States. Specifically, from 1992 to 2001, American Indians experienced violent crimes at a rate of 101 violent crimes per 1,000 persons annually, compared to the national rate of 41 per 1,000 persons. The federal government plays a major role in prosecuting crimes committed in Indian country. For example, unless a federal statute has granted the state jurisdiction, the federal government has exclusive jurisdiction to prosecute non-Indians who commit crimes against Indians in Indian country, while the federal government and tribal governments both have jurisdiction to prosecute Indian offenders who commit crimes in Indian country. This book explores criminal justice in Native American communities with a focus on tribal crime data and an overview of their jails.