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Within the United States Code, is a statutory bill of rights for victims of crimes committed in violation of federal law or the laws of the District of Columbia. It defines victims as anyone directly and proximately harmed by such an offence, individuals and legal entities alike. Section 3771 of Title 18 directs the courts and law enforcement officials to see to it that the rights it creates are honoured. Both victims and prosecutors may assert the rights and seek review from the appellate courts should the rights be initially denied. The section vests no rights in the accused nor does it create cause of action damages in any instance where a victim is afforded less than the section''s full benefits. This book discusses the crime victims'' rights act and also provides assistance guidelines from the Department of Justice.

The Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty would ban all nuclear explosions. It was opened for signature in 1996. As of March 2008, 178 nations had signed it and 144 had ratified. To enter into force, 44 specified nations must ratify it; 35 have done so. The Senate rejected the treaty in 1999; the Bush Administration opposes it. The United States has observed a nuclear test moratorium since 1992. This book discusses elements, arguments and analysis on the comprehensive nuclear-test ban treaty.

This collected volume presents immigration research from an interdisciplinary perspective. It includes chapters written by psychologists, sociologists, anthropologists, economists, educators, and lawyers. The book''s chapters focus on both immigrants and the host societies, reflecting different narratives of immigration. The studies presented in the book use a wide array of methodologies: quantitative and qualitative research, longitudinal studies, and analyses of macro-level data. They also provide a broad time perspective on immigration processes that span from the pre-migration period, and include second and third generation immigrants. Finally, the book includes studies conducted in different parts of the world: in Australasia, Eastern and Western Europe, the Middle East, and both Americas.

Terrorism, sadly, seems here to stay and to stay with a vengeance. It turns out that the United States was not prepared for it and now must play catch-up. In doing so, even agreement on how to define terrorism is in doubt and what to do about it seems beyond comprehension at the moment. This book presents various topics including Lal Masjid and it''s aftermath; closing the Guantanamo detention center; and also with a focus on Afghanistan.

This book compiles articles from the International Journal of Medical and Biological Frontiers which publishes original research on the leading edge of research in biology and medicine. Some of the topics discussed include current advances in nucleic acid-based antiviral therapy; the role of platelet rich plasma injections in Achilles Tendonoses; advances in tissue engineering application for ligament repair; advances in ceramic bearings for total hip replacement and liver metastases of colorectal carcinoma.

Uzbekistan gained independence at the end of 1991 with the breakup of the Soviet Union. The landlocked country is a potential Central Asian regional power by virtue of its population, the largest in the region, its substantial energy and other resources, and its location at the heart of regional trade and transport networks. The United States pursued close ties with Uzbekistan following its independence. This book discusses the profiles, foreign relations and human rights of the European country of Uzbekistan.

The small Black Sea-bordering country of Georgia gained its independence at the end of 1991 with the dissolution of the former Soviet Union. The United States had an early interest in its fate, since the well-known former Soviet foreign minister, Eduard Shevardnadze, soon became its leader. The August 2008 Russia-Georgia conflict caused much damage to Georgia''s economy and military, as well as contributing to hundreds of casualties and tens of thousands of displaced persons in Georgia. This book discusses the profiles, foreign relations and human rights of the European country of Georgia.

Azerbaijan is an important power in the South Caucasus by reason of its geographic location and ample energy resources, but it faces challenges to its stability, including the unresolved separatist conflict involving Nagorno Karabakh (NK). This book discusses the profile, foreign rights and human rights of the European country of Azerbaijan.

The concentration of production of rare earth elements (REEs) outside the United States raises the important issue of supply vulnerability. REEs are used for new energy technologies and national security applications. Some Members of Congress have expressed concern over U.S. acquisition of rare earth materials composed of rare earth elements used in various components of defence weapon systems. These elements are referred to as "rare" because although relatively abundant in total quantity, they appear in low concentrations in the earth''s crust and extraction and processing is both difficult and costly. China''s position as the world''s dominant producer and supplier of rare earths and its policies to limit exports have raised concerns among many in Congress. This book examines the economic and trade implications of China''s rare earth policies for the United States. Other topics, separately explore the use of rare earth elements by the Department of Defense and end use markets.

This book is a user-friendly book directed at practising general otolaryngologists, developmental biologist, geneticists and researcher focused on understanding the inner ear structure and biology. This book is both comprehensive, easy to follow and each chapter is short, informative and self-contained. It will provide an overview of four main topics related to inner ear development, hearing loss and clinical remedies, genetics of deafness in the post genomic era. The overall objective of this book is to bring together noted otolaryngologists and scientists from the perspective of complementary disciplines for a review of the current state of knowledge and available clinical therapies, genetics testing practices in various populations and molecular components of inner ear and their function in sound perception.

Omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids have been part of the human diet since the beginning of mankind. With the recent discovery of the tremendous health benefits provided by fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA); a growing progress is occurring in understanding their biological functions and mode of action as well as the introduction of EPA-enriched value-added foods and nutraceuticals. This book discusses the sources, health effects and role in disease prevention of EPA. Topics include the eicosapentaenoic acid role in bone metabolism, malignant diseases, mental health, and reducing coronary heart disease; identification and characterization of n-6 and n-3 fatty acid desaturase and elongase from acanthopagrus shlegelii; fractionation and concentration of omega-3 by molecular distillation; and combined supplmentation with EPA-rich fish oil and phytosterols can improve plasma lipid profile and c-reactive protein in hyperlipidemia.

The book presents various facets of construction project management. The diverse facets discussed in this book include an evaluation of a project management measurement framework that was used to cluster construction project management critical success factors. Consultants'' perspective on the main factors affecting the performance of construction projects, and the nature and impact of variation orders on the overall project performance are discussed as important aspects of effective construction project management.

The United States recognized the independence of Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Georgia when the former Soviet Union broke up at the end of 1991. The United States has fostered these states'' ties with the West in part to end their dependence on Russia for trade, security, and other relations. This book provides profiles of Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia; examines political developments; and discusses the interests of the United States in these countries.

This book aims to become a useful tool in the field of gynaecological oncology providing the most up-to-date research on non-epithelial ovarian tumours, including the recent data on pathogenesis and the current strategies for diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up. The authors present and review important data on rare and various primary ovarian neoplasms such as the many subtypes of germ cell tumours, of the most important subtypes of Sex cord -Stromal tumours and the rare mixed forms of Germ cell and Gonadal Stromal tumours. Non-specific mesenchymal tumours of the ovary are reviewed, as well as Secondary neoplasms, metastatic to the ovary from various sites (extragenital and genital primaries).

In this book, the authors present topical research in the study of aldehydes. Topics discussed in this compilation include the synthesis and properties of intermediates in reactions of aldehydes with P(III) chlorides; synthesis of heterocyclic compounds by interaction of aldehydes with monoterpenoids; update on aliphatic aldehydes in lipid foods; inhibition of microbial biocatalysts by biomass-derived aldehydes and methods for engineering tolerance; co-oxidation processes promoted by N-hydroxyphthalimide/aldehyde systems; and the structure of gossypol condensation bis-product with 2-amino-4,6-dioxypyrimidine in acidic environment.

Athletics plays a role in the lives of many throughout the world. Some people compete in organized athletic competition while others take part in more recreational forms of athletics. Maintaining an active lifestyle seems to be even more important today with all of the stresses of everyday life. Therefore, research related to athletics and sport has an important place in our society. This book seeks to add to this body of knowledge by providing sixteen chapters that deal with different components of athletics and sport. The first seven chapters provide research on business related aspects of athletics while the final 9 chapters revolve around psycho-social aspects of athletics.

This book presents topical research on human and animal mating strategies, gender differences and environmental influences. Topics include the mating effects on female reproductive organs and the paradigm of oestrogen signalling pathways in the oviduct; sexual maturation, mating strategies and neuroendocrinology in social insects; plasticity in mating patterns of a benthic nest-holding fish related to the effects of nest-site abundance and social interactions; and human sexual strategies of short-term mating and parental control over mate choice.

The neotropical ecoregion consisting of South America, Central America, Southern Mexico, the Caribbean Islands, and Southern Florida, has long been considered an area rich in mammalian diversity and one that contains some of the world''s iconic carnivores such as the Jaguar and Puma. These, and other carnivores represent the highest trophic levels within neotropical areas and as keystone species, can markedly alter omnivore and herbivore mammalian communities and indirectly, plant communities. Unfortunately, due to human population pressures, many neotropical areas and the mammals within them are increasingly at risk. This problem is compounded by the lack of current genetics, evolutionary biology and conservation data of these critical carnivores available to conservation biologists at the forefront of trying to preserve and protect these imperiled geographical areas. This book helps to meet these shortcomings by providing contributions from 60 of the world''s leading scientists in the area of neotropical carnivores. The first section of the book covers molecular population genetics and phylogeography of diverse neotropical carnivores such as otters, coatis and other Mustelidae and Procyonidae, wild cats (jaguar, puma, ocelot, jaguarondi, Pampas cat, and Andean cat) and the Andean bear. Significant sections of the book are also devoted to the topics of reproduction, geometric morphometrics of wild canids and a complete paleontological view of the evolution of all neotropical carnivore groups. Furthermore, the book contains several chapters on the conservation details and varying cultural perspectives regarding the two larger and more mythical neotropical carnivores, the jaguar and the Andean bear, which together, are the paradigm for the conservation programs in Central and South America.

Large-scale power plants and energy producers discard massive heat energy that goes unused. Energy efficiency techniques such as insulation or properly maintained heating systems are less likely when it requires high investments. While "conservation" generally refers to the reduction of total energy usage, "efficiency" means increasing the yield per unit of energy. In many cases, the energy needed to heat water or refrigerate products can also be reduced through conservation and application of more efficient technologies. Heat pump water heaters use electricity to "move" heat from one place to another instead of generating heat directly. Therefore, they can be two to three times more energy-efficient than conventional electric resistance water heaters. This book examines the full application of energy-efficient water-heating systems, focused on heat pump devices. The main objective is to present a brief introduction of the working principles of this equipment, and concentrate on descriptions and applications where both "purposes" of the system are used, the heating and the cooling components, maximising its effectiveness.

Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine uses a combination of cells, scaffolding and bioreactive factors to treat a variety of pathological conditions and has become a treatment option for many adult diseases. In this book, the authors present current research from across the globe, in the study of the fundamentals, techniques and applications of tissue engineering. Topics discussed in this compilation include the characterization of liver organogenesis and foetal and adult stem/progenitor cells; in vitro biological activity of double and triple component system scaffolds in bone tissue engineering; stretching bioreactors for dynamic engineering of muscle tissues; adipose-derived stem cells and their application in tissue engineering; regenerative medicine and tissue engineering for congenital birth defects.

Today''s society is marked by a fundamental ambiguity: On the one hand we find the loss in old values and systems, in particular what is called secularisation, and the loss of the stronghold of religious institutions. However, at the same time we find the opposite: rather than the loss of confidence in religion, the loss of confidence in citizenship and the institutions of the welfare state. As a conservative answer, policies based in family and religion are constructed and offered as new doctrines as well as for new social policies. The borders between different traditional positions are blurred in this process: conservative and progressive positions claim the turn to communitarian values. This book is a valuable contribution to current debates, looking at the background of faith systems, their understanding and claims, and the limitations in answering the challenges of modernising societies.

In this book, the authors gather and present current research in the study of the principles, engineering applications and biophysical effects of electromagnetic fields. Topics discussed include the thermodynamics of surface electromagnetic waves; exposure to magnetic fields produced by power lines; microwave heating for metallurgical engineering; the effect of electromagnetic fields exposure on cytokines production; high frequency induction heating for high quality injection moulding; electromagnetic techniques for non-invasive detection of malignancies in biological tissue; the entropy production rate in a cell under electromagnetic field; studies of cerebral activity in humans and in animal models after exposure to modulated radio frequency of mobile phones; electromagnetic induction data sets in archaeology; and single and two-photon interactions of radiators with electromagnetic bath.

This book provides case study analyses of actual management dilemmas and how they were resolved. Each situation is equipped with a strategy that was employed in bringing about the positive resolution; management principles that were used; a nursing and non-nursing theory that guided practice, and the evidence-base of research that helped bring all this about. This book contains scenarios from twelve different types of management problems. It can be a springboard to successful resolution of management problems by adapting the identified strategies.