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This book is in response to the growing demand from academics and the general public for state-of-the-art research in permafrost science and, in particular, information about its impacts on infrastructure and ecosystems. It brings together research from diverse but highly complementary scientific disciplines to illuminate the main physical, chemical and biological processes occurring in permafrost systems and identifies the possible mechanisms controlling fluxes of energy and matter at various scales. Taken together, the 8 chapters of this book provide a comprehensive, up-to-date description and analysis of the basic geomorphological, physical, hydrological, chemical and biological aspects of permafrost-affected ecosystems, their interaction with other components of the landscape and their impact on human life and infrastructure.

The statutory framework for the communications sector largely was enacted prior to the commercial development and deployment of digital technology, Internet Protocol (IP), broadband networks, and online voice, data, and video services. These new technologies have driven changes in market structure throughout the communications sector. In a technologically dynamic sector, the statutory framework cannot be modified every time there is a significant technological change. The challenge therefore is to create statutory language that is flexible enough to continue to foster articulated public policy objectives in the face of technological change, without artificially favouring either legacy technology or new technology. This book focuses on updating the statutory framework for communications for the digital age. The authors also provide statements and testimonies from hearings on lawful access to stored content, and geolocation privacy surveillance.

Hypertensive disorders complicate 510% of pregnancies and are a leading cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. This book serves to highlight the increasing importance of hypertensive disorders in pregnancy across the health care continuum. It provides a comprehensive, evidenced-based and updated review of controversy aspects relating to preeclampsia and other hypertensive complications in pregnancy. It starts with a broad overview of preeclampsia including an extensive introduction explaining definitions and epidemiology of the disease, and the differential diagnosis of preeclampsia. Risk factors such as obesity and diabetes as well as multifetal gestations are presented in separate chapters. Basic concepts dealing with the pathogenesis of the disease are thoroughly covered including the role of adipokines in preeclampsia. Specific attention is given to prediction and prevention of preeclampsia. The book concludes with short and long term maternal outcome. Written by international experts, this book is a valuable resource for a broad spectrum of clinicians and healthcare professionals dealing with maternal foetal medicine. Medical and nursing students as well as residents in obstetrics and gynaecology, and family practice will also benefit from it at any stage of their training.

The statutory framework for the communications sector largely was enacted prior to the commercial development and deployment of digital technology, Internet Protocol (IP), broadband networks, and online voice, data, and video services. These new technologies have driven changes in market structure throughout the communications sector. This book focuses on updating the statutory framework for communications for the digital age, and online video distributors and the current statutory and regulatory framework.

The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) relies on its staff''s professional judgement in implementing its processes for overseeing the safety of U.S. commercial nuclear power reactors. In implementing this oversight, NRC allocates specific roles and responsibilities to resident inspectors assigned to each plant, regional officials at one of four regional offices responsible for most oversight activities, headquarters officials, and the nuclear power industry. This book examines how NRC implements its processes for overseeing the safety of commercial nuclear power reactors; the extent to which NRC consistently identifies and resolves findings through these processes; and NRC''s methods for developing lessons learned to improve its oversight and challenges, if any, NRC faces in doing so. The authors also discuss the inspector general''s assessment of the most serious management and performance challenges facing the NRC.

Many Members of Congress have become increasingly concerned about what can be done to address student bullying. Congressional interest is in response to high-profile incidents of bullying and their negative consequences, as well as to an increasing body of research documenting the detrimental effects of school bullying. This book begins with working definitions of bullying and cyber-bullying that were developed by a federal interagency working group. It provides a brief overview of research on the prevalence and impact of bullying, and it reviews research on what can be done to reduce student bullying. The authors continue to discuss the federal and state laws providing protection of children from cyberstalking, cyberharassment, and cyberbullying and end the book focusing on the White House conference on bullying prevention.

This book examines officer in-residence professional military education (PME) as a critical investment in the most important element of our military -- people. The primary purpose of PME is to develop military officers, throughout their careers, for the rigorous intellectual demands of complex contingencies and major conflicts. The authors discuss professional military education two decades after the Goldwater-Nichols Act and the Skelton Panel and provide statements from important hearings on continued engagement.

In this book, the authors present current research in the study of burns. Burns are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality and are among the most devastating of all traumatic injuries, resulting in physical impairment, permanent disabilities, and emotional distress. Topics discussed in this compilation include the diagnosis, management and research of burns; the current and future directions of burn resuscitation and wound management; a manual therapy approach, known as Mulligan''s mobilisations with movement, and its use for treatment and management of hand burn injuries; the epidemiological characteristics of burn injuries; and finally, the authors discuss hospital experiences of patients with paediatric burns.

The importance of marine and maritime policy can hardly be overstated in view of the fact that over 90% of world trade is sea-borne and the economic interests of developed, developing and emerging economies alike are all heavily dependent on international trade and commerce. What is perhaps not so readily appreciated by the world community at large including the captains of relevant industries such as shipping, fisheries, cargo and insurance interests, is that environmental issues and concerns are at the very heart of commercial growth and development. This is where the "marine" as distinguished from the "maritime" interests fit into the equation. Both are intimately inter-connected and co-related to the extent that policy development in the field cannot be achieved in a rational manner without the consideration of both these essential factors. This book attempts to bring together both these perspectives through the writings and contributions of several distinguished scholars in their respective fields of expertise. The editor is hopeful that the contributions of these individuals will serve to enhance knowledge and interest in marine and maritime policy development and formulation among those involved in this highly specialised area of endeavour, be they government administrators, private sector executives and managers, practitioners, researchers or scholars of related persuasions. The term "policy" in this book carries a broad connotation referring to both policy that is primarily law based as well as policy formulated on economic and sociological considerations. Marine and maritime business, as a significant commercial activity in the world''s economy, is heavily regulated by law. In many areas of marine and maritime affairs, the nexus between legal policy and the policy influenced by market forces as well as their mutual interaction is highly significant, especially viewed from a historical perspective.

Leptin was originally described for its role in obesity and energy homeostasis. This book focuses on the biosynthesis, functions and overall clinical significance of leptin. Leptin''s association to Alzheimer''s diseases and other cognitive disorders is discussed along with the leptin-renal axis; the relationship of leptin and melanoma; the inhibition of oncogenic effects of leptin by cAMP elevation in triple negative breast cancer cells; the leptin regulation of intestinal nutrients absorption; the implications of leptin in male reproductive function; the role of leptin in early life metabolism and its physiological, pathological, and potential therapeutic implications; the skeletal effects of leptin; the physiological roles of leptin in oral and maxillofacial region; the respiratory responses to microinjectons of leptin; and leptin as a reproductive modulator.

Graphene has drawn considerable scientific and commercial interest thanks to its unique structure, including being single-atom thick, strictly two-dimensional and highly conjugated, which results in some superb electric, optical, mechanical and thermal properties. In this book the authors present current research in the application of graphene in sensing technology; the adsorption of hexavalent chromium from aqueous solutions by graphene modified with cetyltrimethylammonium bromide; graphene-non-noble metal hybrid nanomaterials as advanced electrocatalysts; the application of graphene in mass spectrometry; the incorporation of graphene into direct-patternable transparent conducting oxide thin films; graphene and related nanomaterials for environmental remediation; and configurations of structural defects in graphene and their effects on its transport properties.

Federal agencies need to exercise strong oversight to promote effectiveness and efficiency and prevent waste, fraud, and abuse -- especially in a federal procurement program such as this, which is exempt from full and open competition requirements. This book focuses on the GAO examining how the AbilityOne Commission directs and oversees the CNAs, adds products and services to the program and assigns affiliates to provide them, and prices program projects. The book also focuses on the FY2010-2014 AbilityOne strategic plan and the procurement guide.

Little is known about lithium-7 production in China and Russia and whether their supplies can meet future domestic demand. According to industry representatives, China and Russia produce enough lithium-7 to meet demand from U.S. pressurised water reactors, a type of commercial nuclear power reactor that requires lithium-7 for safe operation. This book examines what is known about the supply and demand of lithium-7, what federal agencies are responsible for managing supply risks, and alternative options to mitigate a potential shortage. The authors of this book also discuss the management of helium-3 and the availability of tritium for the weapons stockpile to the National Nuclear Security Administration.

The United States (US) program for siting interim storage and permanent disposal facilities for used nuclear fuel (UNF) is at a crossroads. The March 2010 request by the US Department of Energy (DOE) to the US Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) for termination of the Yucca Mountain Project (YMP) license application, followed one year later by the disastrous nuclear events in Fukushima, Japan, have resulted in a fundamental reconsideration of approaches for siting interim and permanent UNF management facilities in the US. This book provides findings from a set of social science studies undertaken by the Center for Risk and Crisis Management (CRCM) and Sandia National Laboratories (SNL), which focus on public attitudes and preferences concerning the siting of nuclear repositories and interim storage facilities. This book is also a framework for moving toward a sustainable program to deploy an integrated system capable of transporting, storing, and disposing of used nuclear fuel and high-level radioactive waste from civilian nuclear power generation, defence, national security and other activities.

India or the Republic of India is a large country in South Asia, in fact the seventh-largest country by area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world. India is still struggling with malnutrition, high infant mortality rate, diseases such as dengue fever, hepatitis, tuberculosis, malaria and pneumonia with diarrhoeal diseases the primary causes of early childhood mortality. Maternal mortality in rural areas are among the highest in the world. In this book, we have gathered research papers from India published over the past three years in several Nova Science journals and it is our hope that you will find this research of interest and give you a small picture of health issues in modern India.

Most foods are considered functional in terms of providing nutrients and/or energy to sustain basic life, but nutraceuticals and functional foods are defined dietary foods that prevent or reverse a diseased state. Nutraceuticals and functional foods are intensively researched for their role in maintaining health and prevention of diseases. Increasing public awareness of the link between diet and health has boosted the consumption of these foods to unparalleled levels, particularly in countries where the population is ageing and health care costs are rising. The science behind these foods is growing rapidly not only because of the increasing number of new substances or type of novel foods, but also the regulatory bodies requiring more and more evidence on efficacy, mode-of-action and safety. The nutraceuticals market is growing rapidly, with a 2016 forecast value of $207 billion, according to a new report available on companiesandmarkets.com. The latest trend in nutraceuticals and functional foods sector has been the recovery of nutraceuticals from discarded fruits and vegetables. For example, a wave of possible new functional ingredients is being developed by the Irish Agriculture and Food Development Authority (Teagasc), some of which are derived from waste products. One of their findings has shown that onion peels, a common by-product of food processing, have a higher antioxidant activity than their flesh. Onions are rich in quercetin, a potent antioxidant, also found in apples, berries and other vegetables. This has opened a completely new research area by deriving the potentially important nutraceuticals and functional foods in much higher concentrations than their principal parts. In fact, this would bring in the verbatim of sustainable nutraceutical and functional food sector by putting the focus on the valuable wastes and their value-addition.

This is an excellent full length biography of America''s second president who was the Colossus of Independence'' arguing for the passage of the Declaration of Independence on the floor of the Second Continental Congress. Adams'' venerated political writings established the framework for our nation''s government on the state and federal levels. A fine judge of character, Adams nominated George Washington to lead the Continental Army, negotiated foreign loans to aid the Revolution, gained recognition for America''s independence abroad, and was part of the diplomatic team ending the Revolutionary War with the Treaty of 1783. Chosen as America''s first ambassador to Britain, Adams renewed amicable relations with the former mother country. Through his political writings, Adams influenced the framework for the U.S. Constitution with his earlier state constitution for Massachusetts. Elected as Vice President when George Washington was elected first U.S. President, Adams established the ground rules for the U.S. Senate to operate, presiding as he did over that august legislative body. He served as Washington''s right hand man and when elected to the presidency himself in 1796 he carried on Washington''s "no entangling alliances" policies and made his own decision to keep the U.S. out of a full-scale war with France during the French Revolution. His Puritan New England background buttressed his sense of morality which he infused into every document he wrote and which dictated his close family relationships especially with his wife Abigail Smith Adams. John Adams was the "thinker" for the revolutionary generation who incorporated all elements of the American political tradition such as republicanism, the separation of powers, the compact theory for government''s creation, the separation of church and state, the need for public education, the necessity for all citizens to enjoy the guarantees outlined later in the Bill of Rights, and the concept that the federal government should rise above the states. The brainpower of John Adams, through his notable documents and treatises, established the American political tradition. This book, covering Adams'' life chapters from birth to death, shows in both public and private life how John Adams was morality triumphant, and was one of the most intelligent of the Founding Fathers.

Students with disabilities face several longstanding challenges accessing services that may assist them as they transition from high school into post-secondary education or the workforce services, such as tutoring, vocational training, and assistive technology. Eligible students with disabilities are entitled to transition planning services during high school, but after leaving high school, to receive services that facilitate their transition they must apply as adults and establish eligibility for programs administered by multiple federal agencies. This book focuses on ways to better the federal co-ordination, its ability to lessen challenges students with disabilities face in the transition from high school.

The United States'' existing long-range bomber fleet of B-52s, B-1s, and B-2s are at a critical point in their operational life span. With the average age of each airframe being 50, 28, and 20 years old, respectively, military analysts are beginning to question just how long these aircraft can physically last and continue to be credible weapon systems. This book focuses on the sustainment and modernisation of U.S. Air Force bombers, the sustainment of U.S. global leadership and provides a brief assessment of the January 2012 defence strategic guidance.

The Food and Drug Administration Safety and Innovation Act (FDASIA), amends the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) to expand the authority of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in performing its human drug, biological product, and medical device responsibilities. Frequently referred to as the user fee reauthorisation act, FDASIA does include four titles relating to user fees. This book focuses on these acts, as well as the prescription drug user fee act, the FDA medical device user fee program and discusses the proposed FDA user fee acts generic drug user fee amendments.

Private health insurance (PHI) is the predominate form of health insurance coverage in the United States. The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, as amended, expands federal private health insurance market requirements, and requires the creation of health insurance exchanges (marketplaces) to provide certain individuals and small employers access to private insurance, among other provisions. This book explains in further detail these private health insurance market reforms in the ACA and discusses the economic issues of the ACA.

Officials that the Government Accountability Office (GAO) interviewed inside and outside of the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) generally agreed on the potential major benefits of the Compliance Assurance Process (CAP) to taxpayers and IRS as reflected in its goals. These goals include saving IRS time and resources to use for other audits while ensuring compliance, and reducing taxpayer burden while increasing certainty on tax amounts now owed. This book focuses on the corporate tax compliance and the IRS determining whether its streamlined corporate audit process is meeting its goals as well as discussing the compliance assurance process receiving favourable feedback.

In the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010, the Congress required that the Commission report on rural Medicare beneficiaries'' access to care, rural providers'' quality of care, special rural Medicare payments, and the adequacy of Medicare payments to rural providers. In addition to the findings presented on each of the four topics, this book presents a set of principles designed to guide expectations and policies with respect to rural access, quality, and payments for all sectors. This book also discusses multi-enterprising farm households and the importance of their alternative business ventures in the rural economy. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) administers the greatest number of rural development programs and has the highest average of program funds going directly to rural counties (approximately 50%). An overview of the USDA rural development programs is provided in this book.

Nematodes are a highly assorted group of invertebrates occupying many terrestrial and aquatic habitats. Recent research has focused on the examination of nematode life history and biological traits to reflect the key functional attributes and infer the effects of environmental variables and human activities. In this book, the authors discuss the interaction between lectins and nematodes, biodiversity and distribution of nematodes belonging to the families Longidoridae and Trichodoridae in different habitats, analytical method for chemical characterisation of nematodes, and the use of plants as natural sources of nematicides.

Under the Adoption Incentives program, (Section 473A of the Social Security Act) states earn federal bonuses when they increase adoptions of children who are in need of new permanent families. Funding authorised for this program has been extended twice since it was established, most recently in 2008. This book discusses background related to the Adoption Incentives program, including the longstanding Congressional interest in domestic adoption and the significant increases in adoptions from foster care that have occurred since the middle 1990s. It also discusses the current program, including the incentive structure.

This book describes programs for the admission and employment of guest workers in fourteen selected countries, the European Union, the Association Agreement between the European Union and Turkey, and the Multilateral Framework of the International Labour Organization. It includes a comparative analysis and individual sections on each country, the EU, and relevant international arrangements. The book provides a general overview of a variety of immigration systems, and addresses issues such as eligibility criteria for the admission of guest workers and their families, guest workers'' recruitment and sponsorship, and visa conditions.

The number of proliferation zones in the adult brain is strongly reduced in the transition between fish and tetrapods and even more in mammals compared to non-mammalian vertebrates. While the adult mammalian brain generally contains only two neurogenic areas, the adult teleost brain displays numerous proliferative niches. This book discusses the entire neurogenesis, the sexual reproduction of teleosts and touches base on the occurrence and possible role of heat shock protein 70 in the developing sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax (L.). The cytokine receptor signaling in teleosts are critical mediators of cell-cell communication throughout the life cycle. Over recent years, much has been learned about the cytokine receptor repertoire in teleosts and this book explains how they are utilised. Other topics the authors of this book presented are the central nervous system of the teleosts, their thermoregulatory behaviour, the lipid peroxidation in teleosts, and finally, the molecular evolution and environmental acclimation of fish skeletal muscle tropomyosin.

In this book, the authors present current research in the study of the ecology, production and disease management of the Alfalfa plant. Alfalfa appears to be one of the most interesting of the green crops, since it has high protein content and belongs to a group of major forage crops due to this high productive potential and excellent quality of green biomass. It is an important leguminous crop grown in many countries and has several important roles in different aspects of agriculture which include livestock feed and soil conservation. The authors of this book also explore the biological nitrogen fixation, symbiosis, which contributes greatly to the nitrogen nutrition source on earth.

This series covers leading-edge research focusing on the environment, including current research data on the biomass energy potential and future prospects; landscape assessment as tool for protection and development of mining heritage; water management; multitemporal analysis of thermal field modification and its results in the landscape of the Itanheim River; sea level change as a forcing function of anchialine cave environments readjustment in the humid tropics of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean; under-utilised fruits of the Andes; ecophysiology of temperate fruit trees in the tropics; correlation between atmospheric CO2 and global climate; rainwater acidification with increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide and its impact on calcium carbonate dissolution; sustainability of forest ecosystems and biotic regulation of carbon cycle; heavy metal pollution as a factor of soil acidification; and the impact of climate abnormalities in India on agriculture and farmers.

This series spans the globe presenting leading research in economics. International applications and examples of economic progress are invaluable in a troubled world with economic booms bursting like so many penny balloons. Topics discussed include creating and conserving shareholder wealth in emerging markets; ethics and leadership in global environments; changes in central bank reaction functions of central and eastern European countries in the financial crisis; tax morale and perceptions on social mobility, fairness and meritocracy in Latin America; the global financial crisis revisiting industrial policy and institutional infrastructure; cigarette tax systems in Thailand and other countries; and a commentary on charitable donations and estate tax.