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Cardiorespiratory endurance is both a health-related and sport-related physical fitness component due to its association with health and well-being, and sports performance, respectively. Since the number of those participating in regular endurance training is continuously increasing, it is very interesting to explore performance, as well as the psychological and health aspects of endurance. This book attempts to address performance, psychological and health aspects of cardiorespiratory endurance. In this collective volume, we have tried to provide a background for understanding various aspects of endurance to the readers. We are thankful to all the authors for their valuable contributions. In addition, we thank the reviewers who corrected the chapters, and the staff of Nova Publishers for their valuable suggestions.

Since the spring of 2009, billions of federal dollars have been allocated to state and local governments as grants for energy efficiency and renewable energy projects and programs. The scale of this American Reinvestment and Recovery Act (ARRA) funding, focused on "shovelready" projects to create and retain jobs, is unprecedented. Thousands of newly funded players -- cities, counties, states, and tribes -- and thousands of programs and projects are entering the existing landscape of energy efficiency programs for the first time or expanding their reach. The nation''s experience base with energy efficiency is growing enormously, fed by federal dollars and driven by broader objectives than saving energy alone. This book focuses on a selected set of ARRA-funded energy efficiency programs administered by state energy offices: the State Energy Program (SEP) formula grants, the portion of Energy Efficiency and Conservation Block Grant (EECBG) formula funds administered directly by states, and the State Energy Efficient Appliance Rebate Program (SEEARP).

Media stories about National Security Agency (NSA) surveillance pertain to the unauthorised disclosures of two different intelligence collection programs. These programs arise from provisions of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA). However, they rely on separate authorities, collect different types of information, and raise different policy questions. This book provides background and issues for Congress with NSA surveillance leaks; provides a primer on some of the fundamental aspects of the security clearance process, using a "frequently asked questions" format; discusses criminal prohibitions on the publication of classified defence information; the legal framework of the protection of classified information; and practices and proposals of the protection of classified information by Congress.

The process by which lower federal court judges are nominated by the President and considered by the Senate has, in recent decades, been of continuing interest to Senators. During recent Senate debates over judicial nominations, differing perspectives have been expressed about the relative degree of success of a President''s nominees in gaining Senate confirmation, compared with nominees of other recent Presidents. This book provides a statistical analysis of nominations to U.S. circuit and district court judgeships during the first terms of President Obama and his four most recent predecessors.

In recent years the Chinese government has prioritised the development of cloud computing technology with the twin goals of expanding Chinese military and civilian access to cloud computing information technology (IT) resources and creating an internationally competitive Chinese cloud computing service industry. As part of a larger development strategy for advancing Chinese software and information technology services, the Chinese government plans to make more than one billion dollars (USD) available over the next few years to drive cloud computing development. This book characterises the nature, extent, and future prospects of Chinese cloud computing development from both private-sector and governmental perspectives. It also discusses Chinese capabilities for computer network operations and cyber espionage.

In April 2012, Hofstra University hosted a symposium comparing the presidencies of George W Bush and Barack Obama. In the 2008 presidential campaign, Obama promised major departures from the Bush administration''s approach to political negotiations and policies. But in the White House, several, though certainly not all, of Obama''s actions have suggested more continuity than change with his predecessor. What is the Bush (43) Presidency''s legacy in American politics and the world? How has that legacy shaped the policies of President Obama? This assessment of both presidencies provides a timely discussion of their leadership successes and challenges in the White House, with attention to immediate results as well as long-term effects. This book presents the symposium findings, with updates that incorporate the 2012 elections and the start of Obama''s second term. The first part examines each president''s ability to mobilise public support and exercise political leadership, both within his own political party and more broadly. The second part compares foreign policy in the two administrations, focusing on Iraq, Afghanistan, and the Middle East. Contributors include experts on the American presidency, executive-legislative policy making, and U.S. foreign policy.