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As the glorious first century of organised orthodontics has passed and we have entered the next century, the sheer pace of technological advancement is phenomenal. If the history of all landmarks were to be drawn, the most recent would be the development of the Skeletal Anchorage System (SAS). Skeletal Anchorage System (SAS) involves the use of implants as a source of orthodontic anchorage. The pioneering studies on oral implants were done by Linkow in 1967, who is rightfully called the Father of Oral Implantology. Implants are fast gaining popularity, as their patient compliance expectation use is minimal. Anchorage can be both orthodontic as well as orthopedic. The orthopedic uses include maxillary expansion as well as maxillary protraction while orthodontic include intrusion, space closure and distalisation. Now, with the development of newer implants such as the micro-implants, their use has been revolutionised as these implants are small, easily placed as well as removed, and require a minimal healing period before loading. The future of implants in orthodontics is promising as product developments in terms of minimal patient discomfort and reduced treatment time are continually occurring. The Editor of this book explores the issues as well as other new developments and challenges in contemporary orthodontics.

This book offers readers an overview of the field of toxicology while incorporating historical context with present day advances. The chapters, written in a style that facilitates the reader''s connection of past developments with the present state-of-the-art practices in specific fields of toxicology, provide a detailed coverage of diverse areas in toxicology. The areas of chapters chosen for detailed discussion are characteristic of the overall field and helps to reinforce the basic principles of toxicology. As such, this book will be a valuable resource not only for those scientists in the field of toxicology, but also for those in related fields (e.g., pharmacology, physiology, microbiology, biochemistry, immunology and others). Additionally, this book will be a valuable resource for teaching graduate students in not only toxicology, but also in the related fields above. While this book is not primarily intended as an introductory text for undergraduate students'' first exposure to the field of toxicology, it would serve very useful as a text for an advanced undergraduate level biology or chemistry course. The chapters are filled with appropriate tables and figures which help illustrate and reinforce the information in each chapter. The referencing of material cited is carefully prepared and provides links to additional information that will aid the reader in understanding and appreciating the information within the text. The reader will find this book to be of significant depth and breadth so as to meet the needs of many groups of students and established scientists.

This book provides research on urban and rural developments. Chapter One reviews Japanese tourism-based community development and provides recommendations for development options in Japan. Chapter Two identifies the main challenges of territorial impacts of sectoral and territorially based policies. Chapter Three addresses mollusk gatherers in the main traditional communities of northeastern Brazil and explores how these communities face problems in maintaining their exclusive living conditions and identities. Chapter Four analyzes a Nigerian case for urban growth and rural development. Chapter Five explicates Nigerias approach to the provision of infrastructure for urban housing. Chapter Six disentangles the poorly understood relationship between landfills and economic development. Chapter Seven examines professional sports franchises and city status. Chapter Eight discusses the planning implications of an Edge Sports Complex in Scottsdale, Arizona.

Includes bibliographical references (pages 227-254) index.

In this book, the authors discuss recent advances in criminology research. In the first chapter, the author gives a spatial analysis of the causes of criminality. Spatial analysis is one of the most widespread methods of criminological research in English-speaking countries. It is used to analyze the reasons of individual criminal behavior. In the second chapter, the author provides a combination of integrated and biosocial approaches on criminology. This chapter provides an argument whereby the agenda of white collar crime research can be developed by a synthesis of integrated and biosocial factors. In the third chapter, the authors present a theory that describes the association between social categories and inequitable police enforcement behavior. The social sciences have long been interested in the ways that an individual''s demographic characteristics such as race, gender and age shape behavior in applied settings where people differ in power and status. In the last chapter, the gendered attachment-self-control theory is examined, designed to explain the gender differences in criminal involvement.