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Biorefineries are the adaptation of the petroleum refinery scheme into a biomass-based production scheme. They comprise of a number of specialised methods used to extract the most out of primary and/or secondary metabolic products. This book provides new research on biorefineries. Chapter One reviews downstream recovery of microalgal bioproducts with highlights on biorefineries. Chapter Two focuses on small-scale biorefineries. Chapter Three studies biobutanol as a platform for future biorefineries.

This book focuses on the latest developments in psychology research. Chapter One reviews the existing literature on executive dysfunction in psychopathy. Chapter Two studies the what, where, and when of consciousness and psychology research. Chapter Three discusses the latest developments in research on standards battles. Chapter Four focuses on using Batik as an innovative teaching technique in group therapy. Chapter Five creates a scale to measure gender microaggressions experienced by women. Chapter Six reviews the role of gender, status and attractiveness in social success. Chapter Seven discusses health locus of control and life perception in parents of children with Leukaemia. Chapter Eight provides academicians and clinicians alike with guiding principles and practices necessary to start-up, as well as sustain, new behavioral health care services for youth. Chapter Nine discusses the increase in crime among the youth in central Ghana. Chapter Ten examines the relationship between coaches and athletes to provide an understanding of the dynamic and the main elements of this interpersonal relationship.

The "Break the Cycle" program has been an annual academic event since 2005, recruiting students from many different disciplines and departments at different universities across the United States and the world, to break the cycle of environmental health disparities. The chapters in this book range from descriptive narratives to analyses and intervention studies. They cover everything from considerating prenatal vulnerabilities of the fetus, to the outcomes of premature newborn infants through personal, family, community and social perspectives, to grandparents who are taking care of their grandchildren with disabilities; they look at health, nutrition, education and community responsibility. Most importantly, these chapters inform the reader about childrens environmental health disparities, and provide solutions to reduce and eliminate these health disparities.

The subject of this text is vulnerable children, families and interventions within the community school system that work with people who have problems with their daily lives. A community school is a school that has broadened its mission and vision to meet the needs of all of its students. The community school is where health, mental health, and other services are provided, with an emphasis on prevention. The community school is a new environment where a systems approach to change is utilised. It is not a school where human services are an add-on, but one where collaboration and input from the community determines the services that are provided to the students and families. The text not only identifies critical issues that are faced in public schools and lower income neighborhoods but also workable solutions. The book integrates theory and practice to communicate to the reader what a community school looks like, the purpose of a community school, and the varying facets that are involved in developing, maintaining and growing a community school. This book adds to the knowledge base of faculty and university students, school personnel and community stakeholders, while focusing on systems theories, prevention and collaboration.

Based on previous studies in Second Language Acquisition (SLA), this book provides new information and pioneering research for academicians, educational technicians, language test developers, psychologists and second language researchers. It examines the cases of learning and testing in languages other than English (as a second language, L2), specifically focusing on the Portuguese case. This book also reinterprets the immigrants populations and their schooling (and concepts) considering the recent immigration changes. It encourages research in L2 research, focusing on other minorities and European contexts, including the refugees argument that is affecting/reinforcing European society. It reflects on the expected cognitive processing difference according to the mother tongues of children and their cognitive map structures. The author selects literature concerning the disproportions among L2 learners and the commonly saturated focus on English as a L2. This book is essentially evidence-based, providing specific data and statistical analyses to understand the size of disproportions showed by the professional perceptions and the risk of underrepresented minorities that could be misled inside host schools in Europe.

This book focuses on the latest developments in psychology research. Chapter One discusses the evolution of morals throughout world history. Chapter Two reviews Vygotskys view on tools, signs and the spoken word, which are elaborated through a comparison of his early anthropological writings with his later works. Chapter Three describes facial emotion recognition in a group of juvenile offenders and compares it with a group of non-offender adolescents, and also determines which emotions were misrecognised and for which one they were misattributed in both groups. Chapter Four examines cumulative family risk and youth adjustment difficulties during early adolescence. Chapter Five reviews a study on the relationship between personality and happiness using a modified version of the Oxford Happiness Inventory and a 20 adjective checklist of personality traits. Chapter Six compares body dissatisfaction among Polish and Japanese women and defines risk factors for body dissatisfaction. Chapter Seven focuses on the adaptive functions of the focusing manner of experiencing. Chapter Eight studies a South African perspective on vicarious traumatisation and the self in professional learning of social work. Chapter Nine reviews literature based on predictors of food cravings, potential health impacts, and treatment options.

This book which is edited by eminent scientist Satya P. Gupta, covers the most recent development on design and discovery of the most useful drugs acting against several life threatening diseases such as cancer, viral infections and many others in two volumes. All of these drugs are based on inhibitions of various enzymes. Most human diseases are found to be associated with the overexpression of the enzymes. The book presents the structural aspects of various enzymes, their active sites, and the structural requirements of chemicals for strong interactions with enzymes. Volume One contains twelve chapters related to enzyme inhibitors acting as anticancer and antiviral drugs (each written by highly acclaimed authors), and Volume Two contains ten chapters on enzyme inhibitors acting against miscellaneous diseases written by equally competent authors. The book may be an asset for drug industries, research organisations, and individual researchers.

This book which is edited by eminent scientist Satya P. Gupta, covers the most recent development on design and discovery of the most useful drugs acting against several life threatening diseases such as cancer, viral infections and many others in two volumes. All of these drugs are based on inhibitions of various enzymes. Most human diseases are found to be associated with the overexpression of the enzymes. The book presents the structural aspects of various enzymes, their active sites, and the structural requirements of chemicals for strong interactions with enzymes. Volume One contains twelve chapters related to enzyme inhibitors acting as anticancer and antiviral drugs (each written by highly acclaimed authors), and Volume Two contains ten chapters on enzyme inhibitors acting against miscellaneous diseases written by equally competent authors. The book may be an asset for drug industries, research organisations, and individual researchers.

"Advances in Mathematics Research" presents original studies on the leading edge of mathematics. Each article has been carefully selected in an attempt to present substantial research results across a broad spectrum. Topics discussed include modern works in the field of mathematical modeling of intracellular processes; the improvement of Bezier basis function efficiency in object surface modeling; performance evaluation of simultaneous coding of scatter matrices in Two-Dimensional Linear Discriminant Analysis; the differential inequalities that make it possible to build a global theory of pseudoholomorphic functions in the case of one or several complex variables; and recent advances on short interest rate models which can be formulated in terms of a stochastic differential equation for the instantaneous interest rate (also called short rate) or a system of such equations in case the short rate is assumed to depend on other stochastic factors.

In this book, an attempt to augment the physical representations about some phenomena of the quantum electrodynamics in relation to medical physics is made. First of all, the physical theory of an electromagnetic radiation quantum is developed. The Schrodingers equation for a quantum is found and solved. The quantum length, how it is radiated, what the role of a vacuum in these processes, etc. are shown. The explanation of the quark confinement reason (impossibility to leave a hadron by a quark) is given. With the help of the Feynmans diagram method, some physical processes playing an important role in medical physics are analysed in detail: annihilation of the electrons and positrons in photons, breaking of the electrons in an electric field of a nucleus, changing of the quantum polarisation direction at the interaction site with molecules, etc. The use of Feynmans diagram method makes the loss of some physical phenomena accompanying a researched physical process possible, in particular the Doppler effect. On the basis of the quantum electrodynamics, the modern methods of diagnostics are investigated: a positron-emission tomography and a magneto-resonant tomography. Their developmental processes are also discussed. This book will be useful to students and scientists whose interests lay in the fields of quantum electrodynamics and medical physics.

Do you have any insights into the cause and therapeutic treatments of disorders that are available and present for some individuals on the autism spectrum? Acquiring a patent from the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) may be the best way to communicate your idea and gain monetary compensation. Before submitting your idea, though, youll need to learn if it has already been disclosed. Since 1987, hundreds of patents have been granted by the USPTO in an effort to help alleviate some of the disabling symptoms present in individuals on the autism spectrum. To better understand this, Michael J. Dochniak has written this book to provide an easy-to-read summary of patents directed at autism spectrum disorders. Within the patent summaries are inventor profiles and news articles that are both informative and enlightening. Impactful inventors include James Cassily, William Louis Cleveland, Brian Eagleman, Bernard Rimland, and Patricia Rodier. Prominent organisations include the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Boston Scientific, Columbia University, IBM, Johns Hopkins, and MIT. Furthermore, youll discover a sampling of unique pending applications in Chapter Ten and several disputed rejected-applications in Chapter Twenty. The Autism Patents and Beyond is a quintessential review of creative people who invent or are trying to invent therapeutic interventions for autism spectrum disorders.

This book examines the most up-to-date research in the agricultural field. Chapter One reviews the role of plant cuticle in the postharvest of fruits and vegetables. Chapter Two provides a critical comparison between some emergent methods for bioactive compound extraction from fruits and vegetables residues. Chapter Three analyses the effect of exogenous abscisic acid spray on phenolic and scavenging free radical activity of olives during storage. Chapter Four studies the sustainable production of maguey (Agave salmiana) to improve the mezcal agroindustry competitiveness. Chapter Five describes the structure, sources, properties and potential applications of cereal arabinoxylans. Chapter Six focuses on the problems that arise from the wide use of pharmaceutical drugs and their entry routes to the natural systems. Chapter Seven describes the effect of a microwave-assisted hydrolytic treatment on the degradability of shrimp exoskeletons.

Tobacco smoking is a major public health issue worldwide. Smoking causes more than a quarter of all cancer deaths, with nearly 80% of deaths from lung cancer, 80% of deaths from bronchitis and emphysema and almost one fifth of deaths from cardiovascular disease. The role of tobacco smoke in the development of cancer, cardiovascular and respiratory diseases is widely discussed in the chapters of this book. It is responsible for many preventable diseases, contributes to a large number of premature deaths and accounts for enormous economic costs. The chapters in this book review a variety of topics related to the sociodemographic characteristics of people consuming tobacco, tobacco product promotion and merchandising consequences of smoking on health, the studied mechanism of damage and the different interventions promoted for tobacco control. The mechanisms by which cigarette smoke affects health are diverse. Thousands of chemical components -- mainly toxins and carcinogens -- are part of tobacco smoke. These components could act through specific or nonspecific mechanisms in the development of cancer, cardiovascular and respiratory disease. Common pathways include DNA damage, gene mutations, vasomotor dysfunction and oxidative stress, among others. The effects on health of first-hand and second-hand smoke exposure have been widely studied, and there is growing evidence regarding consequences of third-hand smoke exposure. The constituents, dynamic transformation and distribution of third-hand smoke are a fruitful area of study, as much as the quantification of its exposure. In this book, many useful indicators of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke, ranging from surrogate indicators to direct measurements of the components that reflect dose are analysed. Advances in this field can provide useful information on the extent and effects of smoking, implementing and assessing tobacco control policies. Furthermore, the World Health Organization developed a framework for an international treaty that provides evidence-based recommendations for health promotion and tobacco control. After more than ten years of its implementation, the effectiveness of different strategies adopted worldwide is analysed and reflections on the new challenges of its implementation are presented. In this book, smoking is reviewed pertaining to the effects and implications for health, as well as the current challenges on implementation and evaluation of tobacco control interventions.

This book explores the psycho-social and cognitive development of Greek Cypriot University students. Taking Perrys theory of ethical and intellectual development as a point of reference, it first explores the way Perry was influenced by both Piaget and Kohlberg in relation to the formulation of stage theory, and then discusses the way Perrys work influenced more recent post Post-formal theories of cognitive development. It is argued that all stage theories depended on a particular structuralist reading of Piagetian theory that suppressed the references to the social psychological work of Piaget, and in particular the role of social interaction in cognitive development. This critique is articulated in two moves. First, the authors describe how critical voices internal to this literature like Riegels attempted to depart from what they conceived as an individualistic paradigm through the introduction of a dialectical framework, but then also point to the problems of these initial efforts. A major problem of these first efforts was the absence of a well developed socio-cultural framework for analysis based on Vygotskian theory. This problem is redressed through a discussion of the ways that major socio-cultural theorists understood human development in their more recent theories. The authors also revisit the social concept in Piagetian theory and its development through successive generations of research on social interaction and cognitive development. An integrative framework of human development as a social psychological process is then proposed that welds together a role for social relations on crucial cognitive outcomes like the attainment of formal operational thinking and deep learning. Additionally, psycho-social developmental outcomes like tolerance, commitment to future plans and self-determination are discussed as well. The results, beyond providing a description of university students state of development for the first time in the Cypriot context, also discuss the role of gender and socio-economic status in these students. Finally, the book is characterised by the attempt at the articulation of what Doise [1986] described as the four levels of analysis [intra-personal, interpersonal, intergroup/positional, social representations/ideological] by integrating in this process of articulation a role for social ethnic identity and ideological variables, thus offering a more complete socio-cultural model of university students development that manages to integrate social identity dynamics into existing development theories.