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The first half of this thesis articulates Eliot's debt to early twentieth century philosophy of language, and describes his urgent search for an "ideal form" of language during his years at Harvard. Alongside his studies of languages and logic, Eliot developed an epistemology of meaning in his early work -- a conception of the relationship between language, thought, and the world of experience. The second half of this dissertation unearths connections between Eliot's philosophical themes and his critical and poetic approaches.

An instance of epistemic circularity occurs when your justification for thinking that something is a justification source comes from that source. For example, suppose I try to convince you that the testimony of a particular mystic guru provides justification. The reason why that claim is justified (I might argue) is that the guru himself said it; and since his testimony provides justification, the claim is justified! Suppose also that I rely on no other evidence. It is not as if I am testing what he says against an independent source. I am relying on the guru's testimony to justify the claim that it is a source of justification

Within the debate about context-sensitivity, Invariantism is an extreme view. It holds that most words have the same meaning in all contexts, as do most sentences. The goal of this chapter is both exposition and argumentation. First, I want to draw a distinciton between being an invariantist about a particular expression in language on the one hand, and (uppercase 'I') Invariantism as a general semantic theory. Given this distinction, we can use motivations for lower-case 'i' invariantism about some terms to construct the general semantic theory that is Invariantism. In explaining and motivating this general theory, I will also look at some objections to the theory and respond to them.

Yoga generally consists of low intensity flowing exercise with periods of mindfulness and meditation to help calm the yoga practitioner mentally as well as physically. Yoga originated in India, but contemporary Yoga practice draws from many schools of thought such as Jainism, Buddhism, and other assorted schools of Indian Philosophy (Ashok, 2016). Research suggests that yoga can be beneficial in a myriad of ways such as reducing symptoms of depression and anxiety as well as in lowering stress (Chong et al., 2011; Riley et al., 2014). Research also suggests that prison environments are among the most stressful (Berzofsk & Bronson, 2017). In recent years there has been a movement to introduce yoga to prisons to help inmates cope with the stress and effects of incarceration in the form of the Prison Yoga Project.

Pythagoreanism was a philosophy that existed before the time of Socrates, founded by a Greek philosopher named Pythagoras. Those who find the name familiar often identify it with the Pythagorean Theorem from mathematics or possibly Pythagorean intervals in music. This is because Pythagoras and the followers of his philosophy made important discoveries in music and mathematics. How much of this is actually the work of Pythagoras himself as opposed to the work of his followers is unclear. In fact, little is known about Pythagoras himself since there are very few firsthand sources from the time period in which he lived (ca. 570 - ca. 490). Looking past all the legends about his life, most of our sources indicate that Pythagoras was a citizen of the Greek city state of Samos (near the coast of modern-day Turkey before fleeing his home due to the reign of a dictator name Polycrates. Most of our sources come from followers who were so far removed from the original movement, they were dubbed Neopythagoreans. Many of the things Neopythagoreans said about Pythagoras are mythological in nature. Some of the legends have him communicating with animals, living multiple lives, being in two places at once, even owning a Thracian god (Zalmoxis) as a slave.

That Conrad's fiction was influenced by his reading of Schopenhauer has become almost a critical orthodoxy. Literary scholars laid the foundations by interpreting Conrad's fiction in the light of Schopenhauer's philosophy. Johnson (1971 p.45) wrote that "Much of Conrad's work" was "a tribute" to the influence of Schopenhauer's thought. Bonney (1980 p.9) said that an understanding of Schopenhauer's work was "necessary for any comprehensive response to Conrad's fiction" and Panagopoulos (1998 p.16) agrees. Wollaeger (1990 p.32) sees "important affinities" between Conrad's and Schopenhauer's writing on art. Madden (1999 p.42) sees Conrad as owing a "debt" to Schopenhauer while Edward Said claimed that the relationship was one of "veneration" on the novelist's part. (Mallios 2005 p.290) Philosophers frequently include Conrad in their lists of creative artists said to have been influenced by Schopenhauer; for example Jacquette (1996 pp.1-2), Magee (1997 p.413) and Neill (2008 p.179). Diffey (1996 p.229) and Young (2005 p.234) both quote Magee's list.

The aim of this chapter is to start laying the foundation for a comprehensive account of violence.In order to build such an account, I will start by examining the most minimal definition ofviolence, which I call the "physicalist account,"1 and test it against some problematic orambiguous cases to see if it is solid enough to account for them. The following discussion willshow that, if we aim for a coherent theory of violence, we need to broaden the scope of, andcomplicate, our explanation of the nature of violence.

Discussions of evolutionary theory are saturated with references to 'chance'. esereferences appear in areas as diverse as macroevolution (Conway Morris, óþþÉ; Desjardins,óþÕÕ), mutation (Stamos, óþþÕ; Dietrich, óþþä; Merlin, óþÕþ), foraging theory (Glymour,óþþÕ), and environmental variation (Lenormand et al., óþþÉ). As philosophers of science,how can we come to terms with this diversity of usage of what is widely recognized to be anextremely dicult and thorny concept, rife with philosophical issues? We should begin bysurveying the landscape of contemporary work on chance within the philosophy of biology

This thesis analyses Friedrich Nietzsche's (1844-1900) development of an art of livingindebted to classical and Hellenistic philosophies in The Gay Science. Nietzsche's debtto the ancients revolves around their shared conception of philosophy as an "art ofhealing the soul".1 The philosopher as therapist or physician is one who cares for thesoul in the same way the medical doctor cares for the body. While the theme of thephilosophical physician is a constant presence in Nietzsche's oeuvre, his most directengagement with ancient therapies occurs throughout the 'free-spirit trilogy', whichculminates in 1882's The Gay Science.2 The ancient therapeutic tradition grantsNietzsche a standpoint from which he can await a "philosophical physician in theexceptional sense of that word".3 Compared with his and our contemporaries, thisorientation radically alters what is at stake in the practice of philosophy, in Nietzsche'swords, not "'truth' but something else-let us say, health, future, growth, power, life".

Research on embodied cognition has not explored the many interesting relationsbetween plasticity, enculturation, learning and cognition. While these concepts andphenomena have been certainly studied on their own, there is - however - little work inthe philosophy of cognitive science that has tried to integrate them. This thesis sets outto provide a much needed (albeit probably imperfect) framework for the study andintegration of these concepts and phenomena. This framework aims to offer newinsights for researchers working at the intersection of philosophy of cognitive science,philosophy of biology and philosophy of neuroscience

Crowding is a phenomenon faced by people from all walks of life. Due to rapid urban and rural development, space has become a major issue experienced by people. One could face a crowded environment at home, school, social gathering or public place. This is a problem which is becoming a huge concern for government, builders, architects, designers, teachers, students, etc. There is rapid and continuous growth and need for space in developing cities. Sometimes parks and green spaces in public areas are downsized to make way for new buildings. There is frustration and sometimes aggressive behaviour shown by people who commute in heavy traffic. People often cope by avoiding busy areas and peak hours of traffic. Some even bend rules by overtaking, honking or using a wrong entry or exit. The stress of commuting leads to migraines, road rage, aversion to noisy places, nervous issues and anxiety disorders. Some people may find the crowded environment of social gatherings unpleasant and prefer to interact with others on an online forum.

Psychological skills account for significant amounts of athletic performance. Studies reveal that the good performers are good in psychological skills as compared to poor performers. So in the light of this, present study assessed level of psychological skills of the Indian gymnast's using Psychological Skills assessment scale, developed by the research scholar which measured the skills such as Imagery, Goal-setting, Selfconfidence, Attention, Motivation, Psychic energy management and Self awareness. And Psychological Skills Training (PST) Program was developed and tested on the performance of the Artistic Gymnast's and their psychological skills. For the purpose a total number of 60 gymnasts were randomly divided into experimental and controlled group (30 gymnasts in each group) Subjects voluntarily agreed to participate in a training program, at the end of the training program only 52 subjects completed the entire training schedule. The study was carried out at Bhoir's Gymkhana, Dombivali, Mumbai from 16th August, 2012 to 30th September, 2012. The data was collected and statistically analyzed by employing the analysis of covariance, One way ANCOVA, Pearson product-moment correlation, two way ANOVA, repeated measure ANOVA and Content analysis. The level of significance was set at 0.05. Findings revealed that there was a significant improvement in the performance of the gymnasts, along with this an improvement was also observed in the psychological skills of the Gymnasts of those who underwent the PST program as compared to the gymnasts in controlled group

Since 1974, when the dynamic duo, Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman, came up "Prospect Theory" and challenged the traditional economic theories, the world of investments has undergone a sea change. Decision-making has become very complex because of the presence of a myriad of available options such as stocks, bonds, gold, property, commodities, mutual funds, life insurance and many other alternative options. As if the communication overload and multiple options were not enough, human beings have further complicated their decisions, basis their own unique distinctiveness in terms of their risk preferences and whims and fancies. These have been amply observed and empirically established by many studies in last couple of decades.