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Discusses policies, requirements, and techniques to protect Mars from organisms originating on Earth that could interfere with scientific investigations. This report provides recommendations on cleanliness and biological burden levels of Mars-bound spacecraft, methods to reach those levels, and more.

Chemical imaging has a variety of applications for almost every facet of our daily lives, ranging from medical diagnosis and treatment to the study and design of material properties in new products. This book reviews the state of chemical imaging technology, identifies promising future developments and their applications, and more.

The Coeur d and Alene River Basin has been known as 'The Silver Valley' for being one of the productive silver, lead, and zinc mining areas in the United States. This book evaluates the issues and concerns that have been raised regarding EPA's decisions about cleaning up the area.

In 1997, Congress directed the National Research Council (NRC) to carry out a series of assessments of project management at the Department of Energy (DOE). This report presents information and guidance for use towards the development of a viable methodology to suit DOE's needs.

Suitable as a guide for agencies and organizations responsible for program evaluation, for researchers who design scientifically credible evaluations of government and privately sponsored programs, and for policy officials who are investing in the concept of evidence-based policy to guide their decisions in areas of crime prevention and control.

Offers a number of recommendations that could help restore Russia's ability to join with the United States and the broader international community in leading an expanded global effort to control infectious diseases. This report proposes the establishment of two model State Sanitary Epidemiological Surveillance Centers in Russia.

The NRC carried out a study to characterize and discuss ways to optimize investments in materials research facility infrastructure with attention to midsize facilities. This report provides an assessment of the nature and importance of mid-sized facilities, their capabilities, challenges they face, investment, and optimizing their effectiveness.

In 2004, the National Research Council (NRC) published Climate Data Records from Environmental Satellites to provide the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) with initial guidelines on how to develop and implement an effective CDR program. This book is a review of NOAA's plan for the Scientific Data Stewardship (SDS) program.

Toxicogenomics is a discipline that combines expertise in toxicology, genetics, molecular biology, and environmental health to help understand the response of living organisms to stressful environments. The National Research Council convened a workshop to discuss how toxicogenomic data could be applied to improve risk assessments.

Describes and assesses the varied economic benefits derived from modernizing and expanding seismic monitoring activities in the United States. These benefits include more effective loss avoidance regulations and strategies, improved understanding of earthquake processes, better engineering design, and more.

Autonomous vehicles (AVs) have been used in military operations for more than 60 years, with torpedoes, cruise missiles, satellites, and target drones being early examples. This title considers the potential of AVs for naval operations, operational needs and technology issues, and opportunities for improved operations.

Presents a discussion of the strategic framework of future space needs, the roles and responsibilities for meeting those needs, an assessment of Navy support to space mission areas, and a proposed vision for fulfilling Naval forces space needs.

Underground facilities are used extensively by many nations to conceal and protect strategic military functions and weapons and stockpiles. Based on numerical calculations, this report presents a series of findings comparing the effectiveness and expected collateral damage of nuclear EPW and surface nuclear weapons under a variety of conditions.

Identifies questions and issues that veterinary research can help to address, and discusses the scientific expertise and infrastructure needed to meet the most critical research needs. This report finds that there is an urgent need to provide adequate resources for investigators, training programs, and facilities involved in veterinary research.

Offers recommendations for research to improve understanding of how changes in human populations affect the natural environment by means of changes in land use, such as deforestation, urban development, and development of coastal zones. This book is useful for researchers, research funders, and students.

Mammography is an important tool for detecting breast cancer at an early stage. When coupled with appropriate treatment, early detection can reduce breast cancer mortality. This book provides recommendations aimed at improving mammography interpretation; and, revising MQSA regulations, inspections, and enforcement.

Recognizing the importance of good nutrition for physical and mental status, the Department of Defense asked the Institute of Medicine to guide the design of the nutritional composition of a ration for soldiers on short-term, high-stress missions. This book considers military performance, health concerns, food intake, and food technology issues.

Illustrates the critical role of engineering research in maintaining US technological leadership. This book also offers specific recommendations for leaders in federal and state government, industry, and universities to help strengthen US engineering research in the face of intensifying global competition.

Mechanical ventilators and other respiratory support devices rescue thousands of fragile newborns every year. This book examines the food and drug administration's monitoring and use of adverse event reports, the postmarket surveillance of medical devices used with children, and more.

The Domain Name System (DNS) enables alphanumeric names and domain names to be assigned to Internet sites. Many of these names have gained economic, social, and political value, leading to conflicts over their ownership, especially names containing trademarked terms. This report presents the results of a study conducted to address these issues.

Calls for the federal government to create and fund the United States Global Health Service (GHS) to mobilize the nation's best health care professionals and other highly skilled experts to help combat HIV/AIDS in hard-hit African, Caribbean, and South-east Asian countries.

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) workforce is highly skilled and employees frequently work under pressure to ensure mission success. The Office of the Chief Health and Medical Officer at NASA requested that the Institute of Medicine review its occupational health programs. This work presents the committee's findings.

Advanced polymer matrix composites are expected to play a greater role in future military systems. This report provides an assessment of fiber technology and industries, a discussion of R&D opportunities for DOD, and recommendations about accelerating technology transition, reducing costs, and improving understanding of the design methodology.

Explores the role and impact of students and scholars on US educational institutions and the US economy. This report discusses trends in international student enrollments, stay rates, and examines the impact of visa policies on international mobility of the highly skilled.

The Navy has put forth a construct for its strike forces. A key aspect of this construct is the need for flexible, adaptive command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (C4ISR) systems. This report provides an assessment of C4ISR capabilities for each type of strike group.

The Smallpox Vaccination Programme: Public Health in an Age of Terrorism