Bøker utgitt av MOHAMMED ABDUL SATTAR

The world has been focusing more on a globalized economy through social integration, political integration, economic integration, technology development, international finance and multinational operation of transactional corporations and international trade. With the development of advanced technology, R and D spillover, international trade and social, political and economic integrations, the process of economic globalization has been changing rapidly and worldwide . The rising dependence on globalization impacts economic conditions and influences human life and welfare's social and political aspects. According to Gozgor and Ranjan , rapid economic globalization improves the country's welfare through the channels of better international relations via trade and capital flows. High dependence on globalization enhances the better economic performance of developed and developing economies in the long run . However, the current globalization process and structural transactions have been necessary for a better linkage between globalization and the country's economic condition. Still, it also makes a natural relationship between economic globalization and energy consumption demand. Moreover, in the last few decades, the role of globalization and the environment has been debated issues due to significant environmental consciousness, unfavourable climate change and serious attention on industrialization, the transport sector and building. The share of carbon emissions (CO¿) proxy for environmental quality has been increasing in our planet and contributing to greenhouse gas emissions. According to Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, CO¿ emissions contribution to air pollution was increasing day-by-days and reported as the main component for reducing environmental quality.

Oil and Gas are formed from organic material buried deep inside the earth's surface at a specific pressure and temperature conditions. These natural resources are trapped beneath the impermeable layers in porous and permeable rocks known as a reservoir. These Oil and Gas bearing reservoirs can be found onshore or offshore and requires a great marvel of engineering and expertise to explore, reach and produce Oil and Gas from these reservoirs. Initial wells drilled to produce these resources were shallow, simple, and located onshore, however with the increase in their demand drilling engineers reached challenging locations, drilling depths, and followed complex trajectory wells, which has resulted in an increased budget of the project exponentially.Drilling operation planning involves a lot of domain-specific expertise in well trajectory designing, Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA) designing, Drill Bit selection w.r.t formation compressive strength, mud type, and mud weight selection based on pore pressure/fracture pressure/differential sticking limit/wellbore stability limit, drilling string rotational speed and WOB determination based on BHA dynamics. The drilling operational efficiency enhancement is broadly evaluated on:Execution of well without any downhole complications and Increased ROP or drilling rate. Commonly encountered Down hole complications while drilling operations are circulation loss, well influx, and stuck pipe, among these problems, circulation loss is dependent upon formation characteristics and cured by using suitable Lost Circulation Material (LCM) like calcium carbonate (CaCO3), wood fibers, polymers, etc. Well control issue can be resolved by proper selection of mud weight and drilling practices, whereas stuck pipe issue requires a detailed analysis of multiple drilling parameters.Stuck pipe is a situation when the BHA is become immovable inside the wellbore at a particulardepth either due to string pack-off, drill string sticking, stuck in ledges,

Fossil fuels such as coal, oil or natural gas are consumed as a large part of the world's total energy consumption . Fossil-fuel-powered generators however produce the greenhouse gases such as CO2 or SO2 that cause environmental pollution and contribute to global warming. These problems challenge researchers to look for alternatives and sustainable energies. Thermoelectric (TE) materials are promising alternatives in this direction because they work without emissions of harmful gases or heat and without chemical waste. TE materials work noiselessly because they do not consist of any mechanical parts and convert thermal energy directly into electricity and vice versa. The conversion of thermal energy into electricity is based on the Seebeck effect and this phenomenon is also known as the thermoelectric effect or thermoelectric power, which is why the TE devices are more often referred to as thermoelectric generators (TEGs). Thermoelectric properties of some nanostructured materials refer to the study of the ability of materials at the nanoscale to convert temperature differences into electrical energy and vice versa. This phenomenon is known as the Seebeck effect, which is based on the generation of a potential difference when a temperature gradient is applied across a material. Nanostructured materials such as nanoparticles, thin films, superlattices, quantum dots, nanowires, and carbon nanotubes have unique properties that make them attractive for thermoelectric applications. These materials exhibit quantum confinement effects, which can enhance the thermoelectric performance by modifying the electronic and phononic properties of the material.The thermoelectric properties of nanostructured materials are characterized by the Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity. The figure of merit (ZT) is a measure of the efficiency of thermoelectric materials, and it is determined by the ratio of the Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity, and thermal conductivity. Researchers use various techniques such as thermal annealing, band structure engineering, density functional theory, high-throughput screening, molecular dynamics simulations, electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction to study the thermoelectric properties of nanostructured materials.Thermoelectric generators based on nanostructured materials have potential applications in energy harvesting from waste heat, solar thermoelectric power generation, and cooling devices. Hence, the study of thermoelectric properties of some nanostructured materials has significant implications for the development of sustainable energy technologies.