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In this third and final volume of A Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America, John Adams brings to a close his lengthy argument against collecting all authority into one center.By first continuing his exposition of the Italian republics of the middle age, Adams acutely demonstrates the disharmony and upheaval that result from governments being improperly balanced. He then turns to theory, beginning with the letter of Padua and extending into a detailed refutation of the writings of Marchamont Nedham.Against this backdrop of history and human experience, Adams is at his very best, pouring forth his timeless wisdom in defense of mixed and balanced governments and of the American constitutions.The best republics will be virtuous, and have been so; but we may hazard a conjecture, that the virtues have been the effect of the well-ordered constitution, rather than the cause.It is indeed a most excellent maxim, that the original and fountain of all just power and government is in the people; and if ever this maxim was fully demonstrated and exemplified among men, it was in the late American Revolution, where thirteen governments were taken down from the foundation, and new ones elected wholly by the people, as an architect would pull down an old building and erect a new one.Inspired by events in Europe and influencing events in America, Adams extensive work is a partial history of mans eternal struggle to control power, and can serve for all time as a guidebook on the means to keep a people free.

In this second volume of A Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America, John Adams continues his argument against Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot and his theories of ';collecting all authority into one center.'Delving into the Italian republics of the middle age, Adams uses pure history, extensive extracts from the works of Italian historians, to demonstrate to the American people, and the world, that the same tumult, corruption and blood that so pervaded those governments of the past, would be the effects of any government so constituted.';It is not easy to conceive what further experiments can be made of a sovereignty in one assembly, or how the consequences to be drawn from them can be more decisive. Whether the assembly consists of a larger or a smaller number, of nobles or commons, of great people or little, of rich or poor, of substantial men or the rabble, the effects are all the same,No order, no safety, no liberty, because no government of law.'';There are extant a multitude of particular histories of these cities, full of excellent warning for the people of America. Let me recommend it to you, my young readers, who have time enough before you, to make yourselves masters of the Italian language, and avail your country of all the instruction contained in them.'Inspired by events in Europe and influencing events in America, Adams' extensive work is a partial history of man's eternal struggle to control power, and can serve for all time as a guidebook on the means to keep a people free.

Available for the first time in a modern and readable edition!Preceding The Federalist by several years, this first volume of John Adams A Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America is a profound work of political and governmental theory.What prompted Adams to write such a remarkable treatise was a letter, a letter exchanged between a French statesman and a Welsh philosopher, between Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot and Dr. Richard Price. In his letter, Turgot criticized the constitutions of government that several of the American states had adopted since their separation from Great Britain. In Turgots view, their governments too much resembled the British government, with its king, lords and commons. Turgot advocated a much simpler form of government, a government as democratic as possible, consisting of a single assembly of representatives.Meanwhile, in America, the Congress established under the Articles of Confederation (a single assembly with little check or balance) was failing as the national government of the United States. And to address the institutional failures of this single-assembly government, the several states had appointed delegates to meet in convention at Philadelphia, to devise a more perfect union.Thus, Adams Defence, published in three volumes beginning in early 1787, could not have been more timely, for in addition to a vigorous defense of the several American constitutions, Adams also provided the Philadelphia delegates with a much-needed reference manual on republican governments.Inspired by events in Europe and influencing events in America, Adams extensive work is a partial history of mans eternal struggle to control power, and can serve for all time as a guidebook on the means to keep a people free.

A short and concise primer on the fundamental principles of the American Government, This Republic draws upon the writings of the American founders, and extensively the writings of John Adams, to thoroughly explain the nature of republics and republican governments.