Bøker utgitt av LAP Lambert Academic Publishing

The use of direct resin based composite materials has become an active part of contemporary Operative Dentistry. The esthetic appearance associated with conservative cavity preparations and the constantly improved properties has made these materials main choice for all classes of restorations. Resin composites have gone through generations of traditional composites to microhybrid composites and nano composites. Furthermore improvements in optimization of properties and development of new techniques for placement have made restoration of direct composite more predictable.

Renewable energy is energy that is collected from renewable resources that are naturally replenished on a human timescale. It includes sources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves, and geothermal heat. Renewable energy stands in contrast to fossil fuels, which are being used far more quickly than they are being replenished. Although most renewable energy sources are sustainable, some are not. For example, some biomass sources are considered unsustainable at current rates of exploitation.

This book is intended as a reference book for students in Physics, Chemistry and Engineering Field.The present book, 'Astrophysics' is a branch of space science that applies the laws of physics and chemistry to seek to understand the universe and our place in it. The field explores topics such as the birth, life and death of stars, planets, galaxies, nebulae and other objects in the universe.We are thankful to god & our parents. We also give great thanks to our institution for their full support to publish this book.

The courtyard housing concept blends local and universal architectural traditions aiming for humane and sustainable designs. Originating from Neolithic settlements, courtyard planning provided security against external threats, showcasing enduring significance.Exploring the evolution of courtyard housing involves three pivotal factors: social, climatic, and cultural influences. In Morocco and Korea, these factors intricately shaped courtyard houses, forming a complex interplay of evolutionary forces. While courtyards are acknowledged for moderating hot and arid conditions, socio-cultural conditions in regions rooted in tradition and religious beliefs significantly influence architectural and spatial arrangements.This book explores the characteristics, evolution, and variations of courtyard houses across diverse cultures and seeks to uphold the concept of the courtyard house by delving into its social, cultural, and environmental roles in the past while envisioning its potential in the future built environment.

The dental caries affect the salivary proteome. Consequently saliva appears to be a potential source of biomarkers for dental caries. After the analysis of several studies, there are various proteins candidate for a biomarker role of dental caries, namely, sIgA, mucins 1 and 2, cystatin S, statherins, defensins, CD14 and glucosyltransferase B. The caries susceptibility is measured by the DMFT index, which gives information about the individual caries experience in the past and present. For the assessment of dental health at the time of the study, the DMFT fails, since it cannot distinguish the present experience from the past experience of dental caries. The criteria for dividing individuals into groups with low, moderate and high caries experience are not uniform, varying from study to study, which may contribute to conflicting results. Further studies are needed to define a benchmark to infer whether the individual has an increased risk of caries for an actuation in an early stage.

This book provides a comprehensive overview of the field of maxillofacial prosthodontics, offering a detailed exploration of techniques, technologies, and best practices for restoring and rehabilitating facial structures. From congenital anomalies to traumatic injuries and oncologic resections, each chapter delves into the multifaceted aspects of maxillofacial prosthetic rehabilitation, guided by the principles of precision, aesthetics, and patient-centered care. With contributions from leading experts in the field, this book serves as an invaluable resource for dental professionals, oral surgeons, and interdisciplinary teams involved in the treatment of patients requiring maxillofacial prosthetic intervention.

Combining buttermilk and cinnamon creates a flavorful synergy with numerous health benefits. Buttermilk, rich in nutrients and probiotics, supports bone health, muscle development, and aids digestion, making it suitable for those with lactose intolerance. Cinnamon, derived from Cinnamomum trees, adds therapeutic value with its potent antioxidant, cinnamaldehyde, combating oxidative stress and potentially reducing chronic disease risks. This dynamic duo's synergy fortifies the immune system, preventing infections, and may contribute to weight management. Buttermilk's protein promotes satiety, while cinnamon's potential to regulate blood sugar levels helps control cravings and supports weight maintenance. Beyond taste, this combination provides a holistic approach to well-being. Incorporating buttermilk and cinnamon into the diet introduces a flavorful twist, offering benefits ranging from improved digestion and immune function to heart and oral health. Whether enjoyed separately or together, these ingredients contribute to a wholesome and healthful experience.

Summary by doing in other words, this monograph on cement systems the work activities improve and the environmental effect of reduction promising and stable approach as poly acids based on cement aggregates get technology to lighting directed. Polyacid cement filler of substances synthesis methods, features and application learning through this research more stable construction to the industry transition according to to continue doing to efforts contribution adds.

The acquisition of the state status of the Kazakh language in the years of independence gave a powerful impetus to the activation of innovative processes of word and meaning formation in the lexical and semantic system of the modern Kazakh language. The purpose of the monograph is to study the current state of the vocabulary of the Kazakh language, the dynamics of its development during the years of independence, to identify active derivative and lexico-semantic processes, to establish the conformity of the neoplasms to the norms of the literary Kazakh language.

The Purpose of the book is to highlight the emerging needs of palliative end-of-life care in Indian clinical settings. The book focuses on delivering a good/meaningful death and dying process, which becomes the underlying factor in the formation of the current research book. Palliative care practitioners may seize the opportunity to encourage patients to find meaning in suffering as they face inevitable death. The meaning-making process can be generative for patients' feelings of anxiety, guilt, or hopelessness that seem punishing and unrelenting at the end of life and can be transformed into ways of actively exploring the relationship with self and others. Finding meaning at the end of life is no small endeavour: it takes courage, commitment, and conviction to reflect upon and take ownership of one's existence. The value of Spiritual psychotherapy in end-of-life care is that it encourages patients to seriously explore their past, present, and future in terms of meaningful choices and the experiences that created and continue to generate their stories.

Isfahan has become one of the tourist destinations in the world in terms of economy, society and population, as well as due to the existence of historical monuments. Therefore, many foreign and domestic investors have set goals in this city. Therefore, it is necessary to plan and design the stock market building as one of the important management and decision-making centers, whose architecture has a special place in the physical structure of the city. Considering that the stock exchange organization acts in line with the optimization of the available funds and also in the direction of increasing the usefulness of the society and the country, it should keep itself in sync with the new economic and scientific mechanisms and be a symbol of a healthy economy. In this research, the theoretical foundations of investment and the stock exchange were examined, and then similar examples and the design criteria and standards of the office building of the stock exchange were examined in line with the plan, and the design stage was based on the theoretical foundations, criteria and standards and by applying design solutions, the final design has been achieved.

В монографии в основном рассматриваются дифференциальные уравнения с разделением переменных, однородные дифференциальные уравнения, линейные дифференциальные уравнения, уравнения Бернулли, уравнения Риккати, Лагранжа и Клеро. Подробно объясняются такие понятия, как уравнения, линейные дифференциальные уравнения высшего порядка, системы дифференциальных уравнений. Все темы включают теоретическую информацию, примеры примеров и решения проблем, а также задания, предназначенные для самостоятельного выполнения учащимися.

Inclusive Education, which is the content of our first chapter, is based on the right of every child to be part of the common school life and to be provided with appropriate teaching and educational experiences. Differentiation referred to in the second chapter is perhaps the most realistic proposal to the requirement for the implementation of child-centred individualization practices and seems to respond dynamically to the need for teaching effectiveness in contemporary classrooms. Play, which is the subject of our third chapter, enhances the teaching practice as it has a key role in preschool and early school settings. The ways in which teachers can teach and transmit values that are integral to democracy should be explored. We demonstrate this in chapter four, which is an example of the application of inclusive education in a democratic school. All of the above is difficult to implement without addressing the issue of successful transition, which is the subject of our fifth chapter and is a topic of study in the scientific community in order to identify ways and factors to improve the experiences for children with typical and non-typical development and their families.

The author would like to commence by building the argument on Ayn Rand's philosophy. Ayn Rand stated, "How desperately the world needs prime movers and how viciously it treats them," aiming to portray "what happens to the world without them." The author derives from her the concept of primary movers and articulates how women, in their own ways, serve as primary movers and have been treated viciously. There is immense hostility against the entire concept of womanhood. Women are often treated merely as tools for sex and reproduction, while men reap the benefits of their labor.

The book entitled 'Rheology of Mayonnaise' is structured in three chapters. Chapter 1 focuses on mayonnaise-type food emulsions with increased biological value, covering the development of technology for obtaining such emulsions, physico-chemical quality indices, intensity of accumulation of oxidation products during the preservation process, and microstructure of these emulsions throughout preservation.Chapter 2 delves into the research of rheological characteristics of mayonnaise with different varieties of honey added. Chapter 3 explores the physicochemical, rheological, and microstructural properties of low-fat mayonnaise manufactured with hydrocolloids from Dioscorea rotundata as a fat substitute.

Management Information Systems (MIS) constitute a pivotal aspect of modern organizational infrastructure, integrating information technology, human resources, and procedural frameworks to facilitate the efficient execution of business functions. At its core, MIS entails the systematic collection, processing, storage, and dissemination of data to support decision-making, coordination, and analysis across various operational domains. This involves harnessing data from internal sources like transactional systems, as well as external channels such as suppliers and customers. Through sophisticated processing mechanisms, MIS transforms raw data into actionable insights, stored securely within databases or data warehouses to ensure accessibility and integrity. Users can then retrieve pertinent information via tailored reports, dashboards, and analytical tools, enabling informed decision-making at strategic, tactical, and operational levels. Moreover, MIS fosters communication and collaboration among stakeholders, integrating seamlessly with other organizational systems like ERP and CRM to streamline processes and enhance productivity.

The concept of combining computers, sensors, networks to control and monitor devices began in the previous century. Nowadays, the convergence between current market trend and emerging key technologies is guiding human beings into the new era of the Internet of Things. Internet of Things can be defined as integration of physical objects with controllers, sensors and actuators with the internet for the desired output. There are various technologies and applications designed and developed in the field of smart city for making our life easy. Despite the potential notable consequences, there are lot of possible challenges in the field of standards, interoperability, security, privacy, ethical issues, legal issues and trust. All these challenges need to be addressed by minimizing the risk and maximizing the benefits.

The topic for this work is "A Comparative Study of Dividend Policies of Three Quoted Companies". Namely, John Holt Pic. CFAO (Nig.) PIC and Texaco (Nig.) Pic". Since dividend policy is a policy decision whether all company's net earnings should be distributed to shareholders or a portion should be distributed and the balance retained. Occasionally, such decision might be subject to the approval of the shareholders at the annual general meeting. While the retention of earnings enhances the growth of the firm, the shareholders may favor high dividend payout ratio to maximize their earnings, the problem then arises as to what dividend policies - the firm must adapt to carry along with it, the investors' confidence and at the same time enhance the economic base of the firm.

By March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced the feared sickness, COVID-19 a pandemic which required the close of global, public and regional boundaries (Mirzaei, McFarland, Karamouzian and Sharifi, 2020; Spinelli & Pellino, 2020). Millions of employers and employees had to telecommute (Work from Home (WFH)), although the COVID-19 hit hard on employees it could offer airay of hope for the over 25 million people with disabilities in Nigeria because it makes telecommuting a more acceptable and practical approach for business owners and employers (Lisa, Mason & Douglas, 2020; Thompson, 2020). This exploratory research utilised mixed method (qualitative and quantitative), a survey and secondary data was used together data, the quantitative data was then analysed using descriptive statistics. Study findings indicate that most of the disabled persons in Nigeria considers teleworking as a commodious working arrangement.The study concludes by stating that timely and appropriate accommodations such as teleworking can help employees who experience disabilities stay at work instead of avoiding the labour force, which is consistent with prior literature.

The study examined the Effect of Systematic Desensitization and Self management Counselling Techniques on Social Phobia among undergraduates of Yusuf Maitama Sule University, Kano State, Nigeria. It adopted the quasi-experimental design involving the pre-test and post-test design. Population of the study comprised all six (06) faculty male and female undergraduates of Yusuf Maitama Sule University, Kano State, Nigeria who demonstrated symptoms of Social Phobia Disorder (SPD).On the basis of the findings, it was concluded that Systematic Desensitization (SD)) was effective on cognitive, behaviour and physiological dimensions of social phobia, Self mnagement (SM) counselling technique also had effect on cognitive, behavioral and physiological dimension of social phobia and that there is no differential effect of the two techniques on cognitive, behaviour and physiological dimensions of social phobia. It was recommended that social phobia undergraduates should be detected early and solved using either the Systematic Desensitization (SD) counselling technique or Self management (SM) counselling.

This book was about feed formulation, the formulation of feed using a plant protein source to replace fish meal. Green peas or "garden peas," are the small, spherical seeds that come from pods produced by the Pisum sativum plant.They have been part of the human diet for hundreds of years, animal feeds and are consumed all over the world. Growing peas can be advantageous in many locations because they are easily harvested and are a valuable rotation crop for soil fertility in areas dominated by grains. E.g Canada is the largest producer of peas. It is also the largest exporter, with 40 percent of global pea exports. Largest use in Europe and north America in foods and largest use in Asia in feed industry and its also largest use in foods. The increased demand for fish meal, coupled with a significant shortage in global FM production, has created sharp competition for its use by the animal feed industry. Due to this reason that's make the feed to be expensive. The idea was to replace partially fish meal with green peas in order to reduce the price of feed in industry and also competition.

After twenty-four preceding sets of practical exercises laid forward in preceding manuscripts, I have inspired from my core ICT academic and research experience to produce this manuscript. Here, a successive set of 33 cohesively written practical exercises in softwares, directly related to Electronic & Fabrication Engineering Calculators, is laid forward, in a similar style as in the preceding manuscripts. Such exercises apply better to beginner levels in university courses. Of course, its applicability to advanced level courses may be appreciated by many academicians to their discretion. It is retained here that adaptations of these exercises by academicians to their requirements is very possible. It is recommended for students to devise good/workable summary sheets for each exercise, along with writing proper report and referencing needed. For each exercise, a share of analysis is required to develop thinking and critical/professional abilities. Most exercises are devised for computers/laptops along with currently trending smart phones/tablets. Students must communicate properly with their coach, who in turn, are recommended to perform judicious follow-ups.

Scientific knowledge is a set of theoretical knowledge based on scientific thinking. There are clear methods of scientific study of the essence of complex, diverse and colorful phenomena, laws of development in nature, society and human thinking. They determine the direction of scientific research. Language and speech together are a subject of common use. All their principles are equally important, because in the relationship between language and speech, neuropsycholinguistics also answers. There is always something new in this field of science. Cognitive principles - the brain and its relationship to language - are important in language acquisition and categorization. Although this work is very complicated and difficult, a person can be healed with a kind word. Because the word is also a source of energy in controlling the mind. This is one of the practically unsolved problems of neurolinguistics. The brain is a mysterious world, if it is studied from the point of view of the influence of speech, how we perceive language, how we talk becomes easier.

The essential concept of C programming revolves around mastering the fundamental principles of procedural programming and understanding the language's syntax, data types, and control structures. A crucial aspect is the emphasis on manual memory management, providing programmers with direct control over memory allocation and deallocation. The book likely covers the importance of pointers and their role in manipulating memory addresses efficiently. Additionally, C's modular approach through functions and the concept of libraries is likely highlighted, encouraging the creation of modular and reusable code. The understanding of input/output operations, file handling, and the use of structures and unions to organize and represent data further solidifies a comprehensive grasp of C programming concepts. The book may also delve into advanced topics like dynamic memory allocation, recursion, and the preprocessor directives, empowering programmers to write efficient and robust code in the C language.

Compacted expansive clays which are high in montmorillonite content also have a very low hydraulic conductivity. When expansive clays are blended with fly ash, an industrial waste, the hydraulic conductivity further reduces as the ash-clay blends result in increased dry densities at increased fly ash contents. Hence, fly ash- stabilised expansive clay can also be proposed as an innovative clay liner material. It is, therefore, required to study various physical and engineering properties of this new clay liner material. Liquid limit (LL) and free swell index (FSI) are important index properties to be studied in the case of this clay liner material. Laboratory experimental studies were performed on expansive clay-fly ash blends, which would be suggested as a new clay liner material. This monograph discusses LL and FSI determined using deionised water and CaCl2, NaCl, and KCl solutions of varying concentration at 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% fly ash content in the blend.

This project is related to the "performance" of a solar collector, can be enhanced by several performance characteristics; the peak efficiency and artificial roughness range value is such type variable. The majority of thermal solar collectors typically have a value between 60% and 80%, although this number should be interpreted cautiously and taking into account the surface area it is based on. CFD models were used to assess the performance of the solar flat plate collector (SFPC). It was found that water greater density and thermal conductivity contributed to its increased efficiency. According to the modeling results, the air and water temperatures were increased to 73 °C and 79 °C, respectively. Hybrid Photo voltaic temperature (PVT) Systems simultaneously converts solar radiation to electricity and thermal power. Performance, reliability and creditability besides they work on noiseless environment. Efficiency of solar cell will drop when the temperature of it increases. The efficiency of the system will lose about 0.3% when cells temperature increased by 1°C. Air can be used to cool the surface temperature of the photovoltaic panel.

The Historical Context of the philosophical debate relating to the issue of whether Artificial Intelligence is anything more than a hypothetical metaphor awaiting more exact characterisation dates back to the 1940's and 50's. The central figure who initiated this discussion was, of course Alan Turing, the mathematical genius who worked with English military intelligence on the Enigma Project. The invention of ACE(The automatic computing engine) and its role in solving a problem that had defeated the best minds in England was the initiating event of the claim that machines of this kind were in a sense "intelligent". Intelligence, of course, is a psychological term with a contested psychological definition as was evidenced by the discussions that followed Piaget's theories and the attempts to constructive tools to measure this elusive capacity. This work argues that it is to Philosophy we must turn if we are to clarify a problem that was challenging theoreticians of the scientific and psychological community.

This book examines how digital technologies are transforming journalism and enabling new forms of storytelling. It explores the emergence of multimedia and online journalism, analyzing how the internet and digital tools allow journalists to tell stories that go beyond text to incorporate images, audio, video, graphics, and interactive elements. The book discusses key concepts like convergence, participatory journalism, computational journalism, and transparency. It looks at new storytelling techniques like nonlinear narratives, immersive journalism, interactive timelines, data visualization, and 360 video. Case studies of digital news sites like Vice, BuzzFeed, and Vox showcase innovative approaches to online publishing. Overall, the book argues that digital technologies enable journalists to craft multidimensional narratives that leverage the affordances of the web to engage users. It envisions continued evolution in digital journalism as technologies advance and new standards and best practices emerge around producing impactful, interactive stories optimized for online distribution. The book serves as a guide to the future of digitally-powered journalism.

This Monograph is intended to use Neuro-Linguistic Programming methods to improve communication skills of foreign language learners presenting a certain interest both for the theoretical investigation and for the practical language use of NLP methods and techniques. The researches theoretical worth lies in its examination of conceptually significant issues, TFL measures from the State Educational Standards, and the efficacy of neuro-linguistic programming. The study's findings may be able to address some of the methodological and cognitive linguistics issues.

With colourful photos and meticulous descriptions, the book "Symbiotic Mushrooms of Primary Forests of Cameroon: Sustainable Mycosylviculture and Mycotourism" presents diffrent varieties of symbiotic (Ectomycorrhizal) of natural humid forests of Cameroon. With more than 400 illustrations, this mbook on symbiotic mushrooms species of tropical pristine forests is the first complete identification guide on ectomycorrhizal mushrooms of Central Africa. Symbiotic mushrooms play vital roles in forest structure and functioning; they ensure biological tree growth, forest health and climate stability. The book aims at biodiversity conseravtion. Its target audience includes foresters, graduate students, researchers, teachers, actors of environemental protection and Climate Change.