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Pakistan is a developing country and agriculture is the mainstay of its economy. About 67.5% of country''s population living in rural areas is directly or indirectly involved in agriculture. It provides employment to more than 48% of country''s work force. This sector not only fulfills the human food and animal feed requirements of the country but also provides raw material to its agro-based industries. In the foreign trade, it is agriculture, which dominates through exports of raw commodities like rice, cotton and fruits; semi processed and processed products like cotton yarn, cloth, carpets and leather products. To improve agricultural production through effective dissemination of agricultural technology, various extension approaches have been tried from time to time including commodity specialized approach. The present study was designed to investigate into the working of commodity specialized extension approach followed by sugar mills in Faisalabad.

The development of the information society and the improvement in new technologies, especially with regard to handling large amounts of data, now make it possible to manage volumes of data that would have been unthinkable just few years ago. This has created a new scenario around making business decisions. The information society has provided publicly available population databases, and new technologies have improved their performance in terms of processing power and data analysis capabilities in an extraordinarily short period of time. Advances in data storage standards also facilitate the use of this tool by reducing the cost of transformation, standardization and loading processes. Thanks to this framework, Geographic Information Systems are particularly important again and technical advances are used in business applications that are taking over the world of business often related to location decisions,and more recently for marketing and social aspects. However, little has been written about the importance of establishing a methodology to manage and take advantage of GIS as part of a Decision Support System. This book provides a clear and occurate methodology for it.

VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor) is a potent angiogenic signal implicated with a key role in several pathological processes, including tumour vascularization, angiogenesis, and endothelial cell growth. The members of VEGF family bind to tyrosine kinase receptors on the cell surface to initiate a signalling cascade. VEGFR-2 is one such Receptor Tyrosine Kinase(RTK) that is found to mediate a majority of the cellular responses to VEGF. A structure based drug design study was performed on VEGFR-2 inhibitors based on the article ¿Hetaryl imidazoles: A novel dual inhibitors of VEGF receptors 1 and 2¿. The target protein was retrieved from the Protein Data Bank (I.D. 2OH4), based on the Ramachandran plot. The structures of reported inhibitors were obtained in 3-D format using standard software packages. These 3-D analogues were docked to the protein of choice using Molegro Virtual Docker. Based on a correlation between experimentally obtained log IC50 values and the results of the docking study, direct drug design was carried out. Novel inhibitors with significantly higher moldock scores were obtained with simple modifications to the original structure.

Jackfruit considered as the world''s largest fruit does not enjoy its due respect at present. The fruit is not popular among the masses as it is not easy to eat out of hand owing to difficulty in separating fruit bulbs from rind, and also due to morphological and/or biochemical hindrances associated with the fruit. Processing and product diversification in jackfruit is thought to help in popularizing the fruit. A wide diversity among jackfruits is seen in the Western Ghats of India, which is considered as the center of its origin. Western Ghats, the treasure house of diversity for jackfruit, provides ample opportunities for survey, collection and evaluation of fruit quality for dessert and processed products and to identify the types suitable for different purposes to augment its use as food. The exploration should help throw some light on jackfruit diversity, its physico-chemical aspects for using the fruit for dessert and processing purposes. The study should be especially useful to the academicians, researchers and students in horticulture, agriculture, biodiversity, food processing or anyone else who may be considering such under-utilized fruit crops.

This study attempts a comparative and contrastive analysis of the subsystems of the prepositions in Arabic and English, in terms of their uses, function and meanings in order to find the major similarities and differences between Arabic and English and to account for any possible deviations that may characterize the performance of Arabic learners. The result showed that there are similarities and differences between these two subsystems of the prepositions in Arabic and English. The similarities between them facilitate the development process of learning a foreign language (positive transfer), whereas differences make learning process of a foreign language difficult and Arabic learners make many mistakes (negative transfer or interference).This study has pedagogical implications for teaching prepositions in English and to help teachers and motivate them to describe and analyse the learners'' errors and also to prepare remedial exercises to eliminate the errors their students make in the use of prepositions.

Although cooperative learning is old method of classroom activities in the Western educational setting, it is not widely exercised in Nepalese academia. In this book, an attempt is made to apply cooperative learning in Oral Communication and English Composition class in a public college of Nepal to examine how effective it is perceived among students of various learning levels. The lessons are made in cooperative structure, the feedback from students and the data were analyzed to understand the cooperative learning in Nepal. Results of this study show that cooperative learning groups outperformed individual learners on many measures. Cooperative pedagogy, therefore, is effective approach to be promoted by teachers and educators in Nepalese ELT.

This book deals with the study of quantum communication protocols with Continuous Variable (CV) systems. Continuous Variable systems are those described by canonical conjugated coordinates x and p endowed with infinite dimensional Hilbert spaces, thus involving a complex mathematical structure. A special class of CV states, are the so-called Gaussian states. With them, it has been possible to implement certain quantum tasks as quantum teleportation, quantum cryptography and quantum computation with fantastic experimental success. The importance of Gaussian states is two- fold; firstly, its structural mathematical description makes them much more amenable than any other CV system. Secondly, its production, manipulation and detection with current optical technology can be done with a very high degree of accuracy and control. Nevertheless, it is known that in spite of their exceptional role within the space of all Continuous Variable states, in fact, Gaussian states are not always the best candidates to perform quantum information tasks. Thus non-Gaussian states emerge as potentially good candidates for communication and computation purposes.

All type of testing done in the Quality control (QC) Department of Pharmaceutical industries are necessary as they plays an important role in defining the quality of products manufactured in the pharmaceutical Industries. These different types of testing cited that whether the raw materials & the water used in the manufacturing of the Pharmaceutical products is right to use or not. Also plays an important role in determination of the different components of drugs in right concentration. HPLC technique is used most widely for the testing. This book gives a practical illustration of most of the Pharmaceutical Q.C. techniques followed in the labs including microbial limit tests, determination of total microbial count (TMC), total bacterial count (TBC), total fungal count (TFC), serial dilutions, tests for specified microbes, biochemical tests, chromatographic techniques (HPLC, Ion exchange chromatography, size exclusion chromatography, affinity chromatography etc.) with step wise directions for handling purpose. In this book we had also included some of the experiments practiced by most of the Q.C. labs, so that it helps students for better understanding the Q.C. practical works.

Frequent use of multimedia in almost everywhere brings some new issues and challenges about its veracity and reliability. The use of digital media in court, military, and medical documents requires certain guarantees about its origin and veracity. Recent studies in multimedia forensics have begun to develop techniques to test the reliability and admissibility of multimedia. In multimedia forensics, there are two main challenges. First one is analysis and classification of specific multimedia characteristics related with the acquisition device. Such an analysis makes possible to establish a link from multimedia output to its source device, brand, or model. This is called source identification. The second challenge is investigating the veracity of multimedia using intrinsic or extrinsic methods. This is called tamper or doctoring detection. Considering these two issues, here we will introduce several forensic techniques for source class identification, source device identification, image tamper detection, and document copy detection. Each technique in this thesis will be presented and elaborated in separate chapters and substantiated with theoretical and/or experimental analysis.

Numerous diverse drugs are capable of causing histologic and cytogenetic damage In vivo mammalian system. The potential of similar effects in man is obvious. It is important to determine if drugs to which man may be exposed are capable of inducing cytogenetic and histopathological damages. This book provides experimental work already made by the author about the histopathological and cytogenetic effects of piroxicam (Feldene); a non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drug (NSAID) widely used in treatment of rheumatic diseases. The book express a short summary of the mechanism of action of piroxicam, its absorption, half-life and excretion is prsented. A review on the side effects, general toxicity of piroxicam is presented with special reference to its genotoxicity

The use of Quadrotor UAVs has been widely well known. It has capability to hover, vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) with having less complexity in vehicle dynamics compared with small helicopter. It is basically an unstable system and exhibits nonlinear behavior. This book describes the development of nonlinear model of quadrotor dynamics derived from Newton-Euler formulation and presented under Matlab/Simulink environment. The Model is equipped by Stability Augmentation System (SAS) to maintain the quadrotor level flight (attitude stability). The autonomous mission for this vehicle is fixed for trajectory following. LQR Optimal control was chosen to accomplish this mission.

One of the fundamental goals of behavioural ecology is to understand the evolution of animal societies ¿ how they are formed, structured and stabilized. A generalised understanding of the functioning of animal societies has clear, far-reaching consequences for our understanding of the evolutionary origins of our own societies. In order to shed light on our own behavioural characteristics, we much first conduct detailed investigations into the structure, functioning and stability of model animal systems that can be experimentally manipulated to test key theories in social behavioural evolution. This work represents a quantitative, experimental investigation into the mechanisms responsible for the evolution and maintenance of monogamy, group-living, conflict resolution and cooperation, using a social coral-reef fish as a model species. In so doing, it provides a comprehensive picture of social and reproductive behaviour of this species, and contributes to a greater understanding of the processes governing the evolution and maintenance of societies in general.

A research proposal is a plan that indicates the strategy the researcher intends to use in search of answers to the main research problem and specific research questions.The actual format of the research proposal,as well as its contents can vary from study to study.However,a research proposal should consist of the components in this book.Although reality provides us with innumerable problems, selecting a research problem is a delicate task. Out of the great variety of questions arising from our environment,one has to sort out problems adequate for scientific investigation. Only general guidelines on how to choose and formulate a research problem can be stated.The difficulty of providing students with precise directive for the selection of research problems is due to the diversity of the possible topics and their sources.This book is an expansion of lectures to my students at the Catholic university of Eastern Africa,Egerton University, Laikipia University College, Nakuru Town Campus of Egerton University, Military students studying Military Science in Moi Air base in Kenya, and Maseno University postgraduate Students.The book is good to universities engaged in proposal writing.

A New Theory and Method for the Study of Tourist Art proposes that the combined rigor of an aesthetic, visual, scientific and ethnographic approach allows for the precise documentation of formal variation and changes in meanings and cultural relevance over time in response to market demands. It argues that should ethnographers and art historians conduct sustained field studies of tourist arts with John Ruskin''s advice in mind, that sketching is a prerequisite for appreciating form, they may discover surprising insights that would not emerge otherwise. In this detailed formal case study of one genre of Shona sculpture from Zimbabwe, we learn that there exists a significant degree of variation, innovation and meaning in a craft form traditionally dismissed by art historians as repetitive, mass produced and meaningless kitsch.

Many know the famous Mr. Saint Laurent for his influence on fashion and how modern women dress today. But nowadays, it is creative director Stefano Pilati who dictates at the luxury fashion house. The brand aspires to have an artistic approach to fashion design in an industry that is mostly commercially driven. With the arrival of the Internet and with that access to immediate information, luxury fashion houses have become fully accessible and also approachable for the public. The brands have to represent themselves through multiple media channels, where the communication of a strong brand identity is vital. The research will look into ways for the brand to communicate the visual brand identity in the current fashion climate with Stefano Pilati¿s visioning, while maintaining Mr. Saint Laurent¿s legacy at the same time.

This book treats all the key issues concerning the teaching and learning of mathematics for students with special needs. It analyses the range of meanings given to the term special needs in mathematics. It analyses the concepts of intelligence and mathematical ability and the underlying concepts and theories. It devotes an extensive chapter to the diagnosis and remediation of specific learning difficulties in mathematics. An important issue is that of attitudes to mathematics, because low attainment is often associated with poor attitudes, and this is treated in depth. Another chapter focuses on the role of language, which is especially prominent in problems of dyslexia and dyscalculia and mathematics. High attainers and gifted and talented students in mathematics have their own special needs so that their unique talents can flourish, and there is an extensive treatment of students of these types. Lastly, the implications for the teaching of mathematics for students with special needs is considered. The penultimate chapter presents the most effective forms of mathematical pedagogy and curriculum modifications required to ensure success for all students.

This book focuses on participation and empowerment in rural development in South Africa and Rwanda. It uses convincing case studies to compare the implementation of the principles of the policies. The comparison involved the state of affairs with regard to the problem studied before and after the important political changes in the two countries. The apartheid in South Africa and genocide in Rwanda remained key political events to offer strong background for the analysis. The book indicates that participation and empowerment are understood differently in different contexts. Often, these are understood as token involvement of the beneficiaries in processes in which top-down decision-making tends to dominate. The examples of successful projects involved the beneficiaries on all levels, from the beginning of the intervention onwards, in order to promote ownership and self-reliance. The book equips active key players in rural development with participatory approaches to ensure successful interventions in developing worlds. It targets the donor community, decision-makers, non-governmental organizations, and civil society organizations engaged in driving social change from the bottom up.

Hyperbaric Oxygenation Therapy (HBOT) has a successive history for treating very specific groups of physical conditions. Research by Neubauer and colleagues states that HBOT''s ability to increase cerebral metabolism in the brain regenerates dormant neural tissue (Neubauer, Gottlieb, & Pevsner 1994). According to this research, the increase of cerebral metabolism levels restores mental capacity from the neurological insult. Despite promise, uncertainty exists as to whether this is a viable treatment option for people suffering from neural damage. The research results for this experiment will examine the effect of HBOT on cerebral metabolism levels in adults and pediatrics with chronic neurological problems. Fifty individuals diagnosed as having a neurological impairment whom met criteria for the study were analyzed from an archival data set. Criterion required chronic impairment, baseline SPECT, followed by HBOT exposures, and a post SPECT scan.

Gas turbine engines operate under the conditions of high temperature and stresses, and the engine components are also subjected to corrosion, oxidation and abrasion. Ceramic Thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) when deposited onto the hot sections of turbine engines improve their performance. TBCs have porosity by design, the architecture of which depends on the processing route. The presence of porosity gives rise to its low thermal conductivity and high strain tolerance. The porosity and its architecture can be significantly affected in service, thus changing the properties of the TBC and hence impairing its performance. Understanding the changes in pore architecture and relating it to changes in properties in-service thus forms an important objective. This book, suitable for engineering undergraduates, postgraduates and professionals, therefore, describes the materials'' issues involved in the development of ceramic TBCs together with a brief overview of the current TBC systems, their porosity and pore architecture, thermal and mechanical properties, and techniques available for measuring these properties.

The seasonal production of mango is an opportunity for the utilization of the fruit and minimizing post-harvest loss, particularly in developing countries. The influence of processing on some quality attributes of mango fruit leather developed from two fruit varieties namely, Keitt (local mango) and Tommy Atkins (export standard mango) was studied in Ethiopia. The research experiment was conducted using an electrical oven and convective hot air dryer to determine required minimum drying time to puree load. The major factors considered to have an effect on the fruit leather quality were drying temperature, puree load and mango variety. The developed mango fruit leather underwent physico-chemical,textural, Microbiological and sensory analysis. The data obtained was analyzed using SPSS version 17 statistical software. The project covered the process and analysis of mango fruit leather and its development at a laboratory scale. Additionally, an economical feasibility study was conducted and recommendations made. This book will be an asset for those interested in the effect of fruit processing on product quality and developing technology at an industrial level.