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Many control technologies are available for control. Early control systems relied upon mechanisms and electronics to build controlled. Most modern controllers use a computer to achieve control. The most flexible of these controllers is the PLC. This book addresses the need for a comprehensive examination of modern control techniques found in manufacturing environments. The book examines PLC usage for more complex control tasks. By the time the book is complete, students will comprehend how this work, and how they can be applied. The aim of preparing this book is to develop a teaching material appropriate and consistent with needs of students of college of Engineering, Mechatronics Department, that will help and cover the student's needs to understand and apply automation and PLC basic fundamental knowledge from fundamentals, concepts and definitions, to multiple examples and diverse applications. Therefore it was necessary for us to refer and use literature and a variety of sources to quote what is appropriate for achieving this aim.

Ever increasing Energy demands of the World pushes the limit of Mother Nature. Man has tried to harness energy from every possible way. Petroleum products from the last few decades have been an obvious choice for a range of power consuming units. Apart from harmful carbon emissions and pollution, their increasing depletion rate and limited reserves are a source of constant alarm for growing economies. This book, therefore, represents the importance of renewable energy resources and focuses on Kaplan Water Turbine. A simple design methodology for Kaplan Turbine is applied for a specified problem and various steps are elaborated. Various parts of Kaplan Turbine are described, design constraints and solutions are discussed. This book will definitely provide an immense exposure to professionals who wants to excel in the field of Renewable Energy Resources, providing a simple and Environment friendly solution to all of their concerns.

On Green Python details the results of four years of research into the conservation and ecology of Morelia viridis. This was the author's PhD topic while he was at the Australian National University. It represents the first study on the species, and is significant in its breadth and extent of coverage. The book covers growth and aging, reproductive activity, behaviour and activity patterns. It also solves the adaptive evolution of different colour morphs for juvenile and adult individuals.

The book is one of the earliest studies to investigate impoliteness within a multilingual and multicultural African context. It makes significant contribution to the study of Politeness and impoliteness by investigating and comparing the discourse of people of different African cultural and linguistic backgrounds who interact within a lingua franca, which is not culturally neutral. The study demonstrates that identity is core to the understanding of impoliteness and vice versa. This book should be of great interest to students and researchers in Linguistics, Gender and a in a wide range of disciplines across humanities and social sciences. ¿It is an excellent intervention into the field of politeness research and impoliteness research since there has not been a great deal written on impoliteness outside the context of English, and also a dearth of research of politeness relating to African languages¿. Professor Sara Mills Humanities Research Centre University of Sheffield

The Java Programming Language course provides students with a solid foundation for programming with Java, including: information about the syntax of the Java programming language; object-oriented programming with the Java programming language; creating graphical user interfaces (GUIs), exceptions, file input/output (I/O), and threads; and networking. Programmers familiar with object-oriented concepts can learn how to develop Java technology applications Java was started as a project called "Oak" by James Gosling in 1991. The first public implementation was Java 1.0 in 1995. The pluses to this new language were: ¿It promised the ability to "Write Once, Run Anywhere" (WORA), providing no cost runtimes on popular platforms, and ¿Its security was configurable, allowing network and file access to be restricted. Java quickly became a popular programming language. Newer versions of the java programming language had multiple configurations built for different platforms. For example, J2EE for enterprise applications and J2ME for mobile applications.

Knowledge Management (KM) has become an important area of focus in many organizations. This is not surprising given that KM is increasingly associated with organizational success in today's business environment. However, despite the fact that KM is important, KM practitioners are finding hard to implement it and organizations are still reluctant to undertake it. This fear is often attributed to the organization failing to incorporate a knowledge audit in the KM programme. KM gurus agree that the knowledge audit is an essential process in any KM initiative. Knowledge audit will help organizations ensuring that their KM initiatives are informed by real section needs. Because every organization is unique therefore the KM initiatives that each undertake are also unique. This will help organizations to develop informed KM strategies and subsequently implement successful KM initiative. There are many literature in KM however very few look at practicality of conducting a knowledge audit, this will help KM professionals and anyone else who may be interested in conducting a knowledge audit.

Seagrass meadows are of economic importance and high conservation significance, and offer a sensitive bioindicator for estuarine ecosystems. Successful management depends on appropriate monitoring of the health and extent of seagrass meadows. The research in this book advances the field of remote sensing of seagrasses, and is applicable to plants more generally. Hyperspectral reflectance studies are combined with ecophysiology and biochemistry to generate essential baseline data, facts and tools that optimise the mapping of seagrass meadows and lay the groundwork for monitoring the physiological condition of plants. These include the first spectral library of aquatic plant species to account for the range of spectral variability expected for a species under natural conditions, a comprehensive characterisation of spectral, biochemical and physiological changes in light-stressed eelgrass, and a new plant stress index. This book will be invaluable to researchers and students investigating the remote sensing of vegetation or those examining seagrass health and dynamics, and offers a useful guide to managers developing monitoring programs in shallow aquatic ecosystems.

Over the last few decades, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is popular as an analytical, major diagnosing tool in the name of MRI in thehealth care industry. However, basic researchregarding phase transition, quantum tunneling,molecular dynamics and structure is still a evergreen topic for Solid State NMR. Though commercial high-resolution NMR spectrometers are popular, they arevery expensive to procure and maintain. However, low-resolution NMR spectrometers (few MHz range) are more appropriate to understand slow molecular motions insolids. Thus, for those interested in time domainexperiments, it is appropriate to develop/build their own SSNMR spectrometers. This book describes withgreat details about the assembling and development of wide line and pulsed NMR spectrometers (withtemperature variation assembly), and 1H/19F NMRinvestigations (wide temperature range 400-4.2 K) ontechnologically important ammonium and methylsubstituted ammonium metal halides like super-ionic compounds as evident in our publications. Thefundamental and advanced instrumentation microdetails provided in this book help the reader tobuild and use their own spectrometers.

Bhutan's development philosophy of 'Gross National Happiness' has received overwhelming global attention, as the concept opposes the measure of 'Gross Domestic Product' which is one sided in dimension to measure the actual societal progress. Gross National Happiness, on the other hand is a multidimensional development concept taking care of all aspects of development, such as culture, environment, social, economic etc. If happiness is the ultimate goal of every human being, then there is no better development paradigm than 'GNH' which can possibly save the planet earth from its destruction due to human greed.

What is Ecopreneurship? This book proposes to define Ecopreneurship in theory, as well as to increase the understanding of it in practice. Conceptually Ecopreneurship is to be found at the intersection of the entrepreneurship and the sustainability science fields, excluding social sustainability. It is constructed around the three core principles of entrepreneurship, which are redefined in order to fit sustainability requirements: eco-innovation, eco-opportunity and eco-commitment. Operationalized in terms of the three aforementioned concepts Ecopreneurship is applied to four different cases, four companies in the south of Sweden, to investigate whether their business could be deemed ecopreneurial. The analysis of the cases reveals new unexpected insights into the four companies and it also establishes the practical usefulness of the ecopreneurship framework as an analytical tool. Only with a thorough and honest conceptualization of ecopreneurship that incorporates the principles of sustainability, does environmental progress become discernible from "green-washing" when analyzing "green" companies. It is one of the central aims of this book to help make this distinction possible.

In Oct. 1892, in the midst of treaty negotiations, a native committee appointed by a federal treaty commission becomes the recognized government body of the Turtle Mountain Chippewa, ousting the traditional tribal government headed by Chief Little Shell III. The new tribal government, known simply as the Committee of Thirty-Two, sign a land settlement treaty, of which the TMC would get one million dollars for ten million acres, no re-enlargement of the existing reservation, and thousands of people would be dropped from the tribal rolls. This agreement with the Federal Government would become infamously known as the ¿10 Cent Treaty of 1892.¿ In this historical investigation, Roland E. Marmon has uncovered a paper trail which implicates the federal government and various tribal representatives who would in cover of secrecy wrest control of the last thing the Turtle Mountain Chippewa held dear and that was the land itself. The questions posed by the newly uncovered evidence will raise even more questions, but it will be a rallying cry to understand the real story behind the massive land loss and dispossession of an American tribe.

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is divided into two etiologic categories: psychogenic and organic. Vascular insufficiency is probably the most common cause of ED. The pelvic floor muscles play a role in sexual activity, its voluntary activity is more efficient in potent men in comparison to impotent men matched by age which supports the idea that pelvic floor inefficiency may be related to ED. In this book, we discuss the normal anatomy & physiology of penile erection and the different types & causes of ED also we talk about the available methods of treatment especially the role of pelvic floor rehabilitation in treatment of venogenic ED. To confirm this hypothesis, 30 patients with venogenic ED were evaluated and examined for the value of pelvic floor rehabilitation program and interestingly many patients were improved. Considering these data, pelvic floor rehabilitation program through physiotherapy may improve penile erection; it provides noninvasive method of treatment that is easy to perform, cheap and painless.

The book contains elementary ideas of different Intuitionistic fuzzy algebraic structures viz. Intuitionistic fuzzy ideals and Intuitionistic fuzzy submodules. Some interesting relationships between images of Intuitionistic fuzzy ideal and Noetherian & Artinian rings are established. The notion of Intuitionistic fuzzy essential submodules, Intuitionistic fuzzy closed submodules, finite dimensional Intuitionistic fuzzy submodules, Intuitionistic fuzzy uniform submodules, Intuitionistic fuzzy submodules of IF Goldie dimension, Intuitionistic fuzzy projective and injective submodules are introduced and many of their important properties are discussed. Hope this book will provide necessary prerequisites for researchers in this field.

How many of us realize that the Indian subcontinent is among the world's most disaster-prone areas? Believe it or not, 54 per cent of the Indian land mass is vulnerable to earthquakes, eight per cent vulnerable to cyclones and more than five per cent vulnerable to floods (Armonk, 2006). With such estimations, can we lay back and pronounce that we are safe? No. Disasters have shown their abilities to strike anywhere and at any time. Children playing cricket on the Marina in Chennai were swept away. The list goes on. Could a tragedy of this nature and dimension have been avoided? Could we have saved most of the lives that now have been lost? Could we have forecast the scenario and been a better- prepared lot? Well, these are questions that we will have to answer, if we are to make this world a safer place. Naturally, and Justifiably, Disaster management is increasingly a global enterprise for international organizations, governmental institutions, and arguably individuals. Under the above backdrop, let me present before you an interesting discourse for your cerebral exercise.

In the 1920s Forster's liberal brand of colonialism ended in an abortive symbiosis only accelerating the colonizers' passage out of India. Anand, in the thirties and onward zeroed in on the indigenous and expansionist dimensions of colonialism with the inherited ills further compounded. Centuries away from the signpost of postcolonialism, Garcia Marquez is found to grapple with the miasma of the colonial days revisited under newer labels. This work attempts to make a postcolonial reading of the major novels of the three writers with focus on the dichotomies emanated from the sociology and historicity of the literatures concerned carrying a strong impression of inheritance, transmission and proliferation from precolonial to neocolonial times via their colonial and postcolonial stopovers. This study, for all its insight and comprehensiveness, might prove seminal to global readers, critics, scholars and students both within and beyond literatures.

Following the entry into force of the Kyoto Protocol, a new global market for trading allowances to emit greenhouse gases, known as the carbon market, has emerged. As an alternative to a command and control penalty regime or carbon taxes, regulation of emissions is increasingly taking the form of emissions trading through cap and trade schemes. Many jurisdictions including the European Union, Alberta and New South Wales are adopting cap and trade systems as their preferred method of achieving reductions. Given this development, it is important to determine how carbon capture and storage, a popular mitigation technology, is accounted for within these systems.

Curitiba, the capital city of the Paraná state in southeastern Brazil, has become a global model for urban development, environment preservation and transit. This book releases Curitiba's odyssey through pioneering and developing Bus Rapid Transit ¿pari-passu' with urban and metropolitan planning, bringing valuable experiences to cities worldwide. Similarly, this book contrasts Curitiba's design as a Transit Oriented Development (TOD) with Brasilia's (Brazil's capital city and most iconic Brazilian city) design as a Design Oriented to Traffic (DOT). Beginning with former Mayor and Architect Jaime Lerner's plans in the 1960s, Curitiba grew fast to almost 2 million inhabitants with quality of life as main achievement. The 1965, 1975, 1991, 2000 and 2004 Master Plans, as well as the controversial 1943 Agache's Plan, were revisited to extract lessons and parameters for such development. These plans' lessons greatly influenced the planning directions in some South American cities such as Bogotá, Santiago and Lima, and also important North American cities like Portland, OR; San Francisco and Los Angeles, CA. FOREWORDS: JAIME LERNER AND ALLAN JACOBS.

The land use allocation framework would contribute to the proper management and development of the area. This study attempts to design an efficient and science-based method to achieve the best land use allocation. The concept assumes that the best land use allocation is influenced by integrated components. The methodology would be useful as an area development approach to determine the goods and services on the basis of sustainability and contribute to policymakers in creating guidelines relevant to forestry, environment, and rural development and management. The output of the study would also facilitate policy formulation in a manner that could minimize adverse impacts resulting from unplanned and undesirable land use allocation. Furthermore, the study would contribute to making appropriate recommendation to the stakeholders about the best land use allocation. It would also generate the advancement of science and technology in forestry and environmental resources. Hopefully, this study would provide planners and decision-makers with a better basis for integrated land use planning and implementation of management strategies in the process of sustainable rural development.

Majority of the cities across the world are facing over population, environmental degradation and other planning challenges that make their situation unsustainable. This book discusses the relationship between urban form and sustainable development, energy consumption for transportation, environmental and social sustainability and also the quality of life in the city. To identify the strategies for design and planning sustainable city form, this volume puts the two contradictory yet predominant theories in practice: ¿the Compact city¿ Idea from the European context, and ¿Urban Sprawl¿ theory from Australia and North America. Four types of urban forms are selected as case studies and are measured in detail, in terms of their density and land use pattern. This volume proposes the applicable strategies for achieving a greater urban sustainability based on the empirical evidences from the west of Scotland-UK. It argues the necessity of ¿Mixed use¿ function which should be combined with "Density" measures simultaneously to create a new balanced model which can be termed ¿Compact- mixed use city form¿ as the alternative for achieving urban sustainability.

Human wildlife conflicts are a growing problem in many parts of the world. Influential factors include increasing human populations, loss of natural habitat, and, in some regions, growing wildlife populations resulting from successful conservation programs. Conflict can be particularly serious, where rural people live in close association with protected areas. Human-wildlife conflict attracts greatest attention when the wildlife species involved is endangered or where the conflict poses a serious threat to human welfare. Human wildlife conflict management is however as complex as human civilization itself, demanding innovation and committed policy changes that favor amicable solutions. Understanding the fudamentals driving the conflict is critical to the development of innovative solutions to this growing problem which if not managed will lead to a lose lose situation. Co-existance between humans and wildlife is a barometer that measures the success of our conservation efforts.

The rainfall runoff model is one of the most frequently used events in hydrology. It determines the runoff signal which leaves the watershed from the rainfall signal received by the basin. The present study develops an distributed approach to simulate the rainfall runoff process of a catchment. The catchment area has been divided in to the numbers of divisions equal to the numbers of rain gauge station. An lump model is also developed using average rainfall of the catchment. In case of lump model, average rainfall is calculated using thessian polygon method. In order to estimate runoff from rainfall events, loss rate or infiltration parameters for the basin have to be calculated, which is a basic input for further rainfall runoff modelling. The infiltration capacity of the basin depends on the land use and soil property. Therefore the estimation of infiltration parameters or curve number of the basin is made initially. An inverse model is formulated and solved for estimating the curve numbers for the lump and distributed models.

Neuro Linguistic Programming (NLP) is a fast growing area of personal development. In NLP, there are many strategies which can help in enhancing language learning skills. Though the subject is new and has not yet been explored by many, some NLP principles and techniques are being used effectively in teaching English as a foreign language. Anchoring, modeling, reframing, meta-modeling, calibrating, eye accessing cues and metaphors are some of the very effective NLP areas that can be useful tremendously for English language teachers in their various classroom situations. This book has two main parts: while the first one explains various facets and areas of NLP in a general sense, the second one tries to elaborate the practical application of NLP in ELT. The book contains numerous practical exercises which language learners can use on their own as well as EFL/ESL teachers may employ them in their different classroom situations.

Epilepsy is a common chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent unprovoked seizures. While traditional anticonvulsant drugs are primarily antimanics, lamotrigine is the most effective drug in the treatment and prophylaxis of bipolar depression. Two novel drug delivery systems were prepared with Lamotrigine. Orally disintegrating tablets are useful for pediatric and geriatric patients as well as patients who are unable to swallow. ODTs provide an immediate action of controlling the emergency. while sustained release tablets (SRT) offer the advantages of reduced dosage frequency. It provide prolong drug action. In this project both the ODT and SRT of lamotrigine has prepared by simple method to serve the different conditions in epilepsy.

On construction sites, the digital photos have been routinely applied for project management, such as documentation of daily activities and provision of visual aids for better communication. With the advance of the surveying technique of close-range photogrammetry, information from the two-dimensional (2D) digital images can be extracted to construct three-dimensional (3D) knowledge, which is of great assistance for site engineers, for example, to sketch profiles of site elements, measure structure geometric dimensions, and track progress states of an ongoing product. For the benefit of construction professionals who are interested in utilizing or developing close-range photogrammetry, this book introduces the fundamentals of this technique and applies it to analytically 1) model 3D construction site elements by point and shoot photography, 2) measure the geometric dimensions of building products, and 3) augment site photos with 3D graphics of underground facilities for better quality investigation and progress visualization of infrastructure construction.

This book consists of eight chapters. It investigated the relationship between trade, external capital and economic growth using Namibia as a laboratory test ground. Examples and discussions drawn from various economies of the world are also contained in this book. Graphical, algebraic and descriptive methods are invoked and applied to give a proper mix and balance in terms of the presentation of materials. This book is undoubtedly highly informative, educative, rewarding, thought-provoking and a uniquely authoritative document on issues affecting Namibia. I strongly recommend this book for undergraduate and postgraduate students, government functionaries, politicians, social scholars, educators, tourists, trainers and researchers who may be in dire need of vital information regarding the Namibian economy.

Participatory epidemiology is a branch of veterinary epidemiology that uses a combination of practitioner communication skills and participatory methods to involve animal keepers in the analysis of animal disease problems, and the design, implementation and evaluation of veterinary programmes and policies. Much of the early development of participatory epidemiology occurred in remote areas of Africa, where conventional veterinary services were limited, but where pastoralists possessed rich indigenous knowledge on animal diseases. This book presents some of the early studies on participatory epidemiology in East Africa, and assesses the validity and reliability of the approach by comparing information derived from adapted participatory methods with conventional veterinary investigation and epidemiological information. Field research with pastoralist communities in South Sudan, Kenya and Tanzania is described, covering cattle diseases such as ¿chronic wasting¿, trypanosomiasis, and foot and mouth disease. These validation studies demonstrated why participatory epidemiology was an important approach for improving livestock disease control and human welfare in resource-poor settings.