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This edited book is written for students, postdocs and established investigators who want to enter the field of single-particle cryo-EM. This is a recently developed method to determine high-resolution structures of biological macromolecules. A major strength is the fact that cryo-EM does not require prior crystallization of protein complexes. It is especially well suited for larger complexes and molecular machines. This book, provides a comprehensive, accessible and authoritative introduction to the field. It covers all necessary background, ranging from the underlying concepts to practical aspects such as specimen preparation, data-collection, data analysis, and the final validation of results.Key featuresWritten for students, postdocs and established investigators who want to enter the field of single-particle cryo-EMProvides a comprehensive, accessible and authoritative introduction to the field of high-resolution structure analysis by single-article cryo-EMCovers all necessary background, ranging from the underlying concepts to practical aspects such as specimen preparation, data-collection, data analysis, and the final validation of resultsAuthors of individual sections of this book have been recruited from among the most authoritative leaders in each topic

Optical Radiation and Matter provides a deeper look at electricity and magnetism and the interaction of optical radiation with molecules and solid materials. The focus is on developing an understanding of the sources of light, how light moves through matter, and how external electric and magnetic fields can influence the way light waves propagate through materials.Classroom tested for over 30 years and now revised and expanded, this textbook provides introductory chapters reviewing the basics before moving into more advanced topics. With an introduction, worked examples, and end-of-chapter problems for each chapter, this textbook is suitable for readers with a background in electricity and magnetism at an advanced undergraduate level and will complement any course on advanced electricity and magnetism, electro-optics, and radiation and matter.Key FeaturesStarts with the key basic concepts of electricity and magnetism.Includes many fundamental concepts of both optical radiation and materials.Addresses applications of a wide variety of optical radiation principles. Worked examples throughout. Exercises at the end of each chapter.

Semiconductor Integrated Optics for Switching Light, Second Edition provides concise description of the physics and engineering of semiconductor optical waveguides for photonic and electronic switching with a focus on optical communication applications. It provides Python notebooks that illustrate the concepts discussed in the book.

Spectroscopy and sensor technology is routine in water quality evaluation, coupling with artificial intelligence is opening a new era of quality monitoring and predictive analysis. This book acquaints readers with recent advances and applications for sectors including environmental protection, industry, agriculture, and drinking water provision.

This book is dedicated to the study of theoretical tools in spin models in magnetism. It presents the basic tools to treat spin models in magnetic systems such as: spin waves, Schwinger bosons formalism, Self-consistent harmonic approximation, Kubo theory, Perturbation theory using Green's function. Some important areas of interest in magnetism today are spin liquids and magnon topological insulators, both of which are discussed in the book.

This research text provides a concise overview of the technical approaches to the synthesis and characterization of hybrid nanoparticles, with a focus on one of the most promising 'bottom-up' techniques for designing tailored hybrid nanoparticles based on the practical magnetron-sputtering inert-gas-condensation (MS-IGC) method. A modified MS-IGC system is presented, and its performance under different conditions is evaluated.This fully revised second edition provides the latest developments in the design and characterization of hybrid nanoparticles produced by gas phase methods and includes a new chapter that explains how the design of the modified MS-IGC system is contributing to the shape transformation of nanoparticles (0D) to form nanorods (1D) with different aspect ratios.Key features- Provides insight into one of the most promising 'bottom-up' techniques for producing tailored hybrid nanoparticles based on the practical magnetron sputtering inert-gas-condensation (MS-IGC) method.- Displays the fundamentals behind the design and tailoring of nanoparticles produced by the MS-IGC method.- Shows how the morphology, size and properties of the nanoparticles can be modulated by tuning the deposition parameters.- Provides a multidisciplinary view relevant to physics, materials science, biophysics and process engineering.- Fully updated with the latest advances and includes a new chapter on the contribution of the MS-IGC system to the shape transformation of nanoparticles (0D) to form nanorods (1D) with different aspect ratios.

This book aims to present a concise introduction, for graduate students and researchers, to powerful techniques and important concepts in condensed matter physics. Key conceptual elements include the fluctuation-dissipation theorem, the theory of critical phenomena (both classical and quantum) and the renormalization group. The book focuses on the Green''s functions method and the real space renormalization group (RG).  The Green''s function method has been used extensively to study a large variety of problems in physics. In the book we present a generalized version of this method that allows one to use perturbation theory including time dependent perturbations. This can be used to treat a variety of new fundamental problems in condensed matter, such as quantum and topological phase transitions. The real space renormalization group is a highly intuitive method to introduce main concepts in statistical mechanics and the theory of phase transitions. The book discusses the notion of scale invariance, stable and unstable fixed points, flow in parameter space, crossover and relevant and irrelevant perturbations. These will be illustrated with several examples. The book illustrates that the real space RG is very useful for treating problems such as percolation and localized magnetism as described, for example, by the Ising model.The book considers problems in both pure and disordered condensed matter systems and discusses the new effects introduced by the latter.  The book presents the solutions of some fundamental problems in condensed matter physics using the methods and tools introduced in the chapters. The calculations will be carried out with step-by-step details to help readers master the techniques. Finally, the book explores how the Green''s functions and real space RG techniques detailed can be used to study modern problems arising from the consideration of topological aspects of condensed matter. Key Features:Provides a generalization of the Green''s function method that allows for the treatment of a much larger variety of problems, which should encourage people to study and use it.Suitable for readers who want to learn about real space renormalization group (RG), whilst avoiding Feynman diagrams and perturbation expansions. The ideas and methods will be introduced by considering different examples.Contains material that can be covered within a semester and is therefore not too long.Provides the reader with the tools to tackle their own problems.Considers actual problems in condensed matter physics such as; quantum phase transition, topological aspects of condensed matter and the effect of disorder on physical properties.

This is a companion textbook for an introductory course in physics. The purpose is to thoroughly link the theories students learn in class with actual problem-solving techniques. In other words, it addresses the common complaint that ''I feel like I understand the concepts, but I can''t do the homework''. This book covers the fundamentals that comprise the majority of a physics course in as simple and concise terms as possible, with a particular emphasis on how the fundamental concepts and equations allow students to solve problems. In addition to updates across the board, this edition includes new material relating to waves, optics, fields, magnetism, and circuits. Each section focuses on a deeper understanding of the equations you will be using along with problem-solving skills. Remember that equations themselves are merely tools and you will be in much better shape if you know what tool you are looking for before you start looking. The book will equip you with the problem-solving techniques and conceptual explanations that can be applied to almost anything in your introductory physics course.Key Features∩╗┐Extensively updated and extendedStudent-friendlyTargeted and concise descriptions of each themeWorked examplesIntroduces problem-solving techniques and conceptual explanations that can be applied to almost anything in an introductory physics course

Biophysics of the Senses (Second Edition) connects fundamental properties of physics to biological systems, relating them directly to the human body. It includes discussions of the role of charges and free radicals in disease and homeostasis, how aspects of mechanics impact normal body functions, human bioelectricity and circuitry, forces within the body, and biophysical sensory mechanisms. This is an exciting view of how sensory aspects of biophysics are utilized in everyday life for students who are curious but struggle with the connection between biology and physics. Updates to the first edition include two new chapters covering the mechanics of sound and hearing and power tools.Key Features∩╗┐Bridges the gap between physics and biology.Easy to follow for those that are new to the field.Highlights real-world applications of physics.Includes step-by-step examples.

This book provides an introductory overview of warm dense matter research for new postgraduate students entering the field. Author David Riley, based at the Centre for Plasma Physics at Queen''s University Belfast, covers a broad range of topics with an emphasis on experimental techniques.The text begins with an introduction to the basic physics of warm dense matter and its important features, then moves on to discuss the principal techniques for creating warm dense matter and approaches to diagnosing it. Topics covered include the generation of warm dense matter via laser driven shocks and X-ray sources, explosives, gas guns and ion beams, as well as X-ray free electron lasers. Principal optical and X-ray diagnostics are also discussed. The book concludes with an overview of the large-scale facilities that are most commonly used for warm dense matter research and the technologies they employ.Key FeaturesWritten by a leading expert in the field.Includes discussion of the principal methods for creating and diagnosing warm dense matter.Covers recent advances in the field and new technologies.Provides an overview of research facilities currently in use and under development.

Ultrafast lasers are increasingly used in science by people who are not specialist laser physicists. This book clearly, and without dense physics or mathematics, presents the fundamental concepts of ultrafast lasers and optics that are needed to effectively work in a laser lab.

This reference text presents a conceptual framework for understanding room-temperature electron and phonon transport through molecules and other quantum objects. The flow of electricity through molecules is explained at the boundary of physics and chemistry, providing an authoritative introduction to molecular electronics for physicists, and quantum transport for chemists.Professor Lambert provides a pedagogical account of the fundamental concepts needed to understand quantum transport and thermoelectricity in molecular-scale and nanoscale structures. The material provides researchers and advanced students with an understanding of how quantum transport relates to other areas of materials modelling, condensed matter and computational chemistry. After reading the book, the reader will be familiar with the basic concepts of molecular-orbital theory and scattering theory, which underpin current theories of quantum transport.Key FeaturesIntroduces molecular electronics for physicists, and quantum transport for chemists.Presents a conceptual framework for understanding room-temperature electron and phonon transport through molecules and other quantum objects.Provides a pedagogical account of quantum-interference-enhanced electrical and thermal properties of single molecules and self-assembled monolayers. Provides readers with an understanding of how quantum transport relates to other areas of materials modelling, condensed matter or computational chemistry. Discusses concepts needed to engineer the properties of molecules and create new functions. Includes MATLAB codes to allow the reader to expand the examples presented in the book.

This book is a self-contained undergraduate textbook in solid state physics, designed to accompany a one-semester second or third year course. The book is highly accessible and focuses on a selected set of topics (basically the physics of electrons and phonons), whilst also providing substantial, in-depth coverage of the subject.

This book provides a comprehensive overview of the role of 3D/4D ultrasound imaging in radiotherapy. It identifies barriers to the clinical implementation of ultrasound-guided radiotherapy, and provides a critical discussion of potential solutions as well as highlighting exciting new opportunities for research in this field.

Simple Atomic and Molecular Systems is devoted to simple atomic and molecular systems. It bridges the gap between the textbook descriptions of the systems and the state-of-the-art research, revealing counterintuitive phenomena involving these systems, their fundamental importance and practical applications.

This book, written by leading researchers and medical doctors in the field, provides an overview of intensity modulation technology and its evolution over the last 35 years. Every aspect of IMRT is covered, from fundamental concepts to advanced processes and clinical applications, and comprehensive references are included.

An introduction to the statistical thermodynamics of phase transitions in crystallized solids, polymers and liquid crystals. Written as an introductory treatise with respect to the soliton concept, the book examines structural transitions where the crystal symmetry changes, magnets and superconductors, and describes the role of nonlinear excitations in detail.

A Course on Digital Image Processing with MATLAB(R) describes the principles and techniques of image processing using MATLAB(R). Every chapter is accompanied by a collection of exercises and programming assignments, the book is augmented with supplementary MATLAB code, and hints and solutions to problems are also provided.

This book is an informal introduction to plasma physics and its space applications for non-specialist professionals and aerospace engineering students.

Measurement of values is fundamental in science and technology. Measurement, Uncertainty and Lasers examines the importance of uncertainty, accuracy and precision of measurement, and explains how laser technology has helped improve measurement and redefine standards. This book discusses SI units, standards and the importance of using lasers for measurement in modern metrology, including the redefinition of SI units over time.

Nano drug-delivery systems responding to cellular local stimuli, such as pH, temperature and reductive agent's activation, i.e. enzymes, could effectively provide passive-mode desirable release but fail in disease treatment following the biological rhythms of brain tumor. This book is a compilation of research development lead by expert researchers and it establishes a single reference module. It addresses, for the first time, all translational aspects and clinical perspectives of physically stimulated breast-cancer nanotheranostics from a wide-ranging and multidisciplinary perception providing unrivalled and comprehensive knowledge in the field.

This volume focuses on thin-film transistors (TFTs) and their properties, as well as covering field effect transistors (FETs), including electrolyte-gated field-effect transistors such as EGOFETs and OECFETs.

This volume focuses on energy devices such as supercapacitors, batteries, energy harvesters, solar cells, and the applications of flexible electronics in displays and light-emission devices, CNT field emitters, sensors, memories, antennas and RFID tags.

Extreme Solar Particle Storms: The hostile Sun provides a consolidated review of our current understanding of extreme solar events, or black swans, that leave our technological society vulnerable. Written by experts at the forefront of the growing field of solar storms, this book will be of interest to students and researchers, as well as those curious about the threat that our Sun poses to the modern world.

A must-read for researchers, graduate students and industry professionals who work in the VLC field, this book investigates the suitability of VLC for vehicular communications from a fundamental wireless communication standpoint. Mathematically accurate channel models are developed, and advanced signal processing approaches to overcome challenges such as sunlight interference, shadowing and fast changing channels are described. Results are verified through simulation with realistic parameters.

This comprehensive review provides a detailed insight into renewable energy options, their current state of development and how they can provide an environmentally sustainable energy future. This second edition is extensively revised and includes the latest advances in the field.

Aimed at scientists and engineers who specialise in integrated electro-mechanical drives, as well as researchers and students, this fundamental guide to the practical applications of mechatronics is applicable to transportation systems, industrial production processes, aerospace, aviation and automotive industries.

Principles of Biophotonics, volume two describes detection and statistical representation of optical fields. Beginning by placing the visible spectrum in the context of the electromagnetic frequency range, this presentation stresses how thin of a sliver is normally called the optical spectrum. In addition to describing properties of light with technical accuracy, the most common radiometric quantities are introduced, and conversion to photon-based quantities is explicitly presented. For completeness, an analogy to the photometric quantities is also made, and the three fundamental mechanisms for generating light, blackbody radiation, fluorescence and laser emission, are covered. Each chapter contains a set of practice problems and additional references, and this book aims to build the foundation for further study in subsequent volumes.

Quantum Mechanics: Problems with Solutions contains detailed model solutions to the exercise problems formulated in the companion Lecture Notes volume. In many cases, the solutions include result discussions that enhance the lecture material. For readers' convenience, the problem assignments are reproduced in this volume.

Statistical Mechanics: Problems with solutions contains detailed model solutions to the exercise problems formulated in the companion Lecture notes volume. In many cases, the solutions include result discussions that enhance the lecture material. For readers' convenience, the problem assignments are reproduced in this volume.