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Frontiers of Artificial Intelligence in Medical Imaging considers the recent advancements happening in hospitals to diagnose various diseases accurately using AI supported detection procedures.

This book conceptualises the interrelated physical processes of water-soil-vegetation systems, introduces mathematical models for simulating the processes, and develops a variety of modelling cases of selected systems across the world.

This book examines several different issues that arise in physics to illustrate what philosophy of physics is about, what the different traditions reveal about physics, and the value of these inquiries. The topics examined include discovery, experiment, method, space, time, and the interpretation of quantum mechanics.

The purpose of this book is to present and discuss the theory, measurement and analysis of phototransferred thermoluminescence, a method for studying point defects in insulators.

This book shows the progress of integrated (thick) CMOS SPADs towards high photon detection probabilities and applications such as in low-cost consumer data communication and high-end single-photon counting for quantum applications. New research is introduced and comprehensively detailed.

Spectroscopic techniques have potential applications in many different fields. This book presents a general overview of different spectroscopic techniques and explores how they might be used for dentistry applications. With a general introduction to different techniques, the book discusses a wide range of spectroscopy techniques, with individual chapters focusing on specific techniques important to dentistry applications. Such techniques include Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), Raman Spectroscopy, Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. The book also covers molecular spectroscopic techniques such as UV-Visible Spectroscopy, Near-infrared Spectroscopy and Mid-infrared Spectroscopy. This book is suitable for Professionals and researchers in academia and Industry, as well as advanced students involved with EPR Spectroscopy and dentistry.Key Features:The book highlights different spectroscopic techniques for dentistry applications.Each chapter includes a brief review followed by recent trends.Individual chapter content will be designed to address the needs of technicians in addition to researchers.  

This book provides a comprehensive account of the fundamental aspects of electrochemical energy storage devices, with a focus on electrochemical supercapacitors. Building from an in-depth knowledge of the present state of energy utilisation, contextualised against the requirement for renewable energy, the book sets out the components and performance-governing parameters of conventional and supercapacitors, identifying the challenges, trends and limitations involved in their implementation. Accessible and authoritative, this book is ideal for undergraduates, postgraduate students and research scholars, as well as industry professionals working in energy, nanoscience, material science, and the automobile industry for e-vehicles.Key Features:Each chapter contains a table comprising performance parameters of the deviceProvides fundamental electrochemical properties of material and performance parameters for energy storage devicesIncludes requirement, characteristics, classification and recent trends in electrode materials for supercapacitorsSummarizes formation of material by various methodsProvides a broad insight of energy storage devices for future technological applications

Flow Dynamics and Tissue Engineering of Blood Vessels explores the physical phenomena of vessel compliance and its influence on blood flow dynamics, as well as the modification of flow structures in the presence of diseases within the vessel wall or diseased blood content. This volume also illustrates the progress of tissue engineering for the intervention of re-engineered blood vessels. Blood vessel organoid models, their controlling aspects, and blood vessels based on microfluidic platforms are illustrated following on from the understanding of flow physics of blood on a similar platform.The purpose of this book is to provide an overview of regenerative medicine and fluid mechanics principles for the management of clinically diseased blood vessels. Authors discuss tissue engineering aspects and computational fluid mechanical principles, and how they can be used to understand the state of blood vessels in diseased conditions.Key FeaturesComputational and experimental fluid dynamics principles have been used to explore the modelling of diseased blood vesselsPrinciples of fluid dynamics and tissue engineering are used to propose innovative designs of bioreactors for blood vessel regenerationOffers experimental analytical studies of blood flow in vessels with pathological conditionsControlling aspects of various parameters while developing blood-vessel bioreactors and organoid models are presented critically, and optimization techniques for these parameters are also provided

This course text studies the application of quantum mechanics to some of the most current and notable concepts in the area. Working through mathematically rigorous material using a clear and practical approach, it highlights the fundamental principles of quantum physics used to develop quantum computing. The result is a clear and accessible step by step explanation of Quantum Computing and Quantum Optics, appropriate for courses in these subjects, their students, and engineers.

The Jaynes-Cummings Model (JCM) has recently been receiving increased attention as one of the simplest, yet intricately nonlinear, models of quantum physics. Emphasising the omnipresence of the JCM across a range of disciplines, this comprehensive review conveys to the reader the fundamental generality of its formalism, looking at a wide range of applications in specific physical systems and across disciplines including atomic physics, quantum optics, solid-state physics and quantum information sciences. An ideal reference for researchers in quantum physics and quantum optics, the book also comprises an accessible introduction for students engaged with non-equilibrium quantum phase transitions, quantum computing and simulation, and quantum many-body physics.Key Features:Collects JCM physics and applications scattered across literature and different applications.The exposition guides the reader through a rich and appealing landscape interlacing quantum optics and condensed-matter physics.All chapters discuss theory and experiment, linked historically to the development of the various directions stemming from JC physics. This is accompanied by a thorough list of references to the key publications.The presentation is kept concise, while continuous text is interspersed with various illustrations and an economical use of mathematical expressions.

VLSI is a well-established field of research that ignited the modern computing revolution. Serving as a guide to future developments, this book provides a framework for design, modeling concepts, and application of Image Processing based systems using VLSI design techniques. This volume focuses on a range of topics including object detection, recognition, smart traffic management, surveillance systems, face detection, gesture-based automated systems, and smart cities based on automated cameras. The book will help the research community to get in-depth knowledge of various systems that can be designed with image processing techniques using hardware.Key Features: Describes concepts of state-of-the-art Image processing-based VLSI Design.Describes the Hardware implementation of image and video processing algorithms.Offers real-time hardware system design for smart citiesDevelops dedicated hardware design for medical image processing applicationsExplores VLSI design for cognitive science, augmented reality and virtual reality

Healthcare delivery is progressing into a format wherein analysis of a combination of disease data and patient data using predictive analytics provides additional information for physicians and healthcare providers to make more accurate detection, diagnosis, and treatment decisions. This is a unique book offering a novel course on Predictive Analytics in Healthcare. In this book, the focus in chapters is placed on reviewing and analysing the current and future applications of analytics in several health care disciplines, which can, later on, contribute to technical implementation. This book aims to provide comprehensive information to guide physicians, medical students, hospital administrators, biomedical engineering students, data scientists, and the industry in the proper identification of analytics applications in healthcare.Key FeaturesPresents an overview of Predictive Analytics for physicians, medical students, biomedical engineers, and data scientists in the health care domain.Identifies and presents the several existing applications of analytics in healthcare domains such as public health, women's health, telemedicine, and neurology, so that readers specializing in the particular field can have a comprehensive overview of all methodologies already in place.Enables readers to identify what new applications are needed to advance the use of analytics in their field.Presents case studies for the reader to understand how to us predictive analytics to bring their ideas to fruition.

Ever since the first observations of turbulent fluctuations in laboratory plasma experiments in the years around 1980, turbulence in magnetised plasmas has been a subject of vigorous interest in the field of plasma physics and magnetic confinement.The second of a two-volume set, this book begins with a review of the concepts behind magnetised plasma turbulence as covered in Volume One. After covering the effects of temperature dynamics, especially heat flux inertia, the rest of the first half reviews classical field theory in the necessary language, then builds the gyrokinetic and gyrofluid theory in a systematic and self-consistent manner, with special emphasis on energetic consistency. Gyrofluid turbulence in various flavours in a magnetised plasma is then covered, with control cases and energetic analysis. Familiar magnetohydrodynamic instabilities are reproduced in gyrofluid language, and then turbulence in a flow layer, current channel, pressure layer, or all three, is covered. A reprise of the theory in terms of a gauge transform with functional Lie-Poisson bracket structure closes the volume.Key FeaturesWritten by a world-leading expert in magnetised plasma turbulenceFills a long-standing gap in the plasma physics literatureFirst unified book on gyrokinetic and gyrofluid theory and turbulenceIncludes complete derivations of the fundamental concepts

This book focuses on the fundamental excitation properties of a large range of graphene-related materials, presenting a new theoretical framework that couples electronic properties and e-e Coulomb interactions together in order to thoroughly explore Coulomb excitations and decay rates in carbon-nanotube-related systems. It is the ideal reference text for researchers in nanomaterials.

Biosensors have been employed for numerous applications from medical diagnosis, environmental monitoring, pharmaceutical analysis, food quality testing to defence and security purposes. Their development encompasses chemistry, physics, materials science, nanotechnology, and engineering. Being at the intersection of these multiple disciplines, this book is suitable for academic, clinical, and commercial researchers, as well as graduate students. This book reviews the latest studies and developments in the use of a range of biosensor platforms for the analysis of viral infections. Following an introduction to viruses and the importance of virus detection for medical applications the book introduces the properties, fabrication, characterization, applications, and recent research regarding optical, electrochemical, piezoelectric, fluorescence, thermal, magnetic, and micromechanical sensor families. It further embraces state-of-art technological developments that incorporate additional platforms such as microfluidic systems, lab-on-a-chip tools, and molecular imprinting techniques, and also includes relevant chemistry, physics, biology, medicine, and nanotechnology. In each case, the use and potential of each biosensor for viral detection are explained, and these points have been elaborated for the applications in Coronavirus, HIV, Hepatitis, Ebola, Zika, Norovirus, Influenza, SARS, and others.Key FeaturesTimely - with recent outbreaks of SARS, MERS and the present Covid-19 pandemic, biosensors for the detection of viral pathogens offer a cheap, simple to use and fast solution.Includes current trends and recent developments in biosensors, embracing state-of-art technological developments that incorporates additional platforms such as microfluidic systems, lab-on-a-chip-tools, and molecular imprinting techniquesFeatures the common biosensors systems used for medical applications, including applications for Coronavirus, HIV, Hepatitis, Ebola, Zika, Norovirus, Influenza, SARS and others.Future outlook and expectations for the biosensor technology for viral infections

Practical Collider Physics provides a self-contained summary of all of the necessary theoretical, experimental and statistical knowledge required to analyse hadron collider data, focussing on the skills and techniques that are rarely covered in standard textbooks. It covers topics including parton distribution functions, resummation, parton showers, hadronisation, and the underlying event and jet algorithms, all of which are vital for understanding the form and function of Monte Carlo generators. A detailed overview of the ATLAS and CMS detectors is also provided, along with their object-reconstruction algorithms, followed by a pedagogical introduction to computing and data-processing approaches, data-analysis basics, and detailed methods for high-precision measurements and particle searches. This book is appropriate for honours-level undergraduates and masters students, as well as supporting taught-course and practical aspects of a PhD in particle physics.Key FeaturesProvides a detailed reference on current LHC analysis techniquesCovers all of the necessary theoretical, experimental and statistical knowledge required to perform a complete hadron collider data analysisA unique collaboration between particle experimentalists and theoristsCovers complex topics at a level that makes it accessible to final year undergraduate students

Concepts drawn from topology and differential geometry have become essential to the understanding of several phenomena in condensed matter physics. This book provides a self-consistent introduction to the mathematical ideas and methods from these fields that will enable the student of condensed matter physics to begin applying these concepts with confidence. This expanded second edition adds eight new chapters, including one on the classification of topological states of topological insulators and superconductors and another on Weyl semimetals, as well as elaborated discussions of the Aharonov-Casher effect, topological magnon insulators, topological superconductors and K-theory.Key Features: Provides an introduction to path integral formalism Introduces all the basic concepts in differential geometry and topology Presents the quantum Hall effect using topology conceptsIncludes an introduction to topological insulatorsPresents the Weyl semimetal using topological conceptsStudies spin systems using topology

This volume presents the applications of Nanotechnology to different fields of dentistry. Recognized dental specialities such as orthodontics, endodontics and prosthodontics have been covered in addition to general dentistry applications of nanotechnology. The book, in a comprehensive fashion, delves into such technologies as drug nanocarriers, nanomaterials, implants and other nanoparticle applications related to dentistry, and shows how these, in turn, will enhance therapeutic effects against dental bacteria and erosion. This book not only presents the current trends in dental therapies but also presents the current research trends and potential applications. A bottom-up approach has been mostly adopted to suit the need of a wide audience including novice researchers and post graduate students.Key Features: Each chapter includes brief review in the initial paragraphs followed by recent trendsContent level designed to suit the needs of technicians in addition to novice researchersThere is necessary minimum overlap from available literatureA number of the chapter authors are highly esteemed researchers in their prospective fieldsUnique coverage of such topics as nanorobotic local anesthetics, neurotoxticity, nano endodontic sealers, orthodontic nanorobots, nanodiagnostics

This research and reference text provides a comprehensive and authoritative survey of the state-of-the-art in terahertz electronics research Covering the fundamentals, operational principles, and theoretical aspects of the field, the book equips the reader to take the practical steps involved in the fabrication of devices that work in the terahertz frequency range. Volume two focuses on optical devices and their applications, providing a detailed discussion of bolometers, Golay cells, pyroelectric detectors, optical rectification and electro-optic effect-based components, photoconductive antennas, photomixers, quantum cascade and optically-pumped gas lasers. Applications of terahertz electronics in communication, spectroscopy and imaging are also described. Intended for researchers and professionals in the field, the text is an essential reference for anyone working at the cutting edge of terahertz electronics.Key Features: Provides a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art in terahertz electronics researchThis volume covers photothermal methods, THz optoelectronics and applications in communications, imaging and spectroscopyIncludes fundamentals, operational principles, theoretical aspects of devices and circuits, and advanced researchIncludes discussion sections and illustrative numerical problemsProvides an up-to-date, cohesive text for researchers and professionals, and acts as valuable supplementary reading for electronic engineering students

This book covers the state-of-the-art techniques of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) imaging for the diagnosis of retinal diseases.It is part of a three-volume work that describes the latest imaging techniques in which to bring optical coherence tomography (OCT), Fundus Imaging and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) to accurately facilitate the diagnosis of retinal diseases. Clinical disorders of the retina have been attracting the attention of researchers, aiming at reducing the blindness rate. This includes uveitis, diabetic retinopathy, macular edema, endophthalmitis, proliferative retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration and glaucoma. Treatment is significantly dependent on having early and accurate diagnosis, which can be significantly improved by employing the techniques described in the book.Key Features: Provides a comprehensive overview of all pertinent topics related to optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) imaging techniques, applicable to diagnosis of eye disorders.Offers a unique coverage of Neural Networks in distinguishing eye diseases.Machine learning techniques are presented in detail throughout.Many of the chapter contributors are world-class researchers.Extensive references will be provided at the end of each chapter to enhance further study.

This book provides an overview of Aurivillius phase layer structured ferroelectrics, with a focus on in-depth classification of layer structured materials and their role in developing environmentally sustainable compounds. It is an essential reference for professionals and academics working in the field of electroceramics, electronic component manufacture, materials science and engineering.

We are now living in the multimessenger era in which often weak and elusive astrophysical phenomena need to be studied using different and orthogonal probes and information carriers in order to be fully understood. This book is designed to give advanced undergraduate students a description of the most popular techniques and instrumentation employed in modern astrophysics. Focusing on electromagnetic radiation and its detection spanning from radio- to X-ray wavelengths, it gives a general description of astrophysical observables, such as flux, brightness, throughput, and magnitude. It describes general concepts about geometrical and physical optics at different wavelengths, in an astronomical context, including the concepts of lenses, mirrors, antennas, telescopes, the focal plane, angular resolution, the field of view, and the diffraction limit. The origin of noise and the extraction of a signal from it is also covered, including noise reduction techniques such as filtering, amplification, as well as cryogenic techniques. The theory of signals and the theorems related to digital electronics are also introduced. A set of student laboratory activities is included to illustrate the concepts covered in the book.Key FeaturesProvides a comprehensive introduction to modern astrophysical techniques and instrumentationCovers astronomical optics, telescopes, noise, the theory of signals and digital electronicsDescribes different receiving techniques such as coherent radiometers, semiconductor and superconductor thermal bolometers, charge-coupled devices (CCDs), and X-ray calorimetersIncludes a set of student laboratory activities to illustrate the concepts covered in the book

Quantum and classical results are often presented as being dependent upon separate postulates as if the two are distinct and unrelated, and there is little attempt to show how the quantum implies the classical. The transformation to classical phase space gives researchers access to a range of algorithms derived from classical statistical mechanics that promise results on much more favourable numerical terms. Quantum Statistical Mechanics in Classical Phase Space offers not just a new computational approach to condensed matter systems, but also a unique conceptual framework for understanding the quantum world and collective molecular behaviour. A formally exact transformation, this revolutionary approach goes beyond the quantum perturbation of classical condensed matter to applications that lie deep in the quantum regime. It offers scalable computational algorithms and tractable approximations tailored to specific systems. Concrete examples serve to validate the general approach and demonstrate new insights. For example, the computer simulations and analysis of the ╬╗-transition in liquid helium provide a new molecular-level explanation of Bose-Einstein condensation and a quantitative theory for superfluid flow. The intriguing classical phase space formulation in this book offers students and researchers a range of new computational algorithms and analytic approaches. It offers not just an efficient computational approach to quantum condensed matter systems, but also an exciting perspective on how the classical world that we observe emerges from the quantum mechanics that govern the behaviour of atoms and molecules. The applications, examples, and physical insights foreshadow new discoveries in quantum condensed matter systems.Key FeaturesA computationally efficient approach to quantum condensed-matter many-particle systems based on a formally exact transformation of quantum statistical mechanics to classical phase space.Shows how the observed classical world emerges from the underlying quantum mechanics of atoms and molecules.Describes successive quantum corrections to classical statistical mechanics.Derives a number of expansions that account for the non-commutativity of quantum position and momentum operators when transformed to classical phase space.Tests various computer simulation algorithms against benchmark results for model condensed matter systems.

This book reviews and showcases the design, fabrication and implementation of printed and flexible sensors and their range of applications. Since the use of flexible sensors has been demonstrated in almost every sector researchers are working towards optimization of present technologies and the implementation of new approaches, especially in light of developments emerging in printed and flexible electronics research. Some of the common issues faced and discussed include sensor stability in dynamic environments, non-availability of point-of-care devices, multifunctional sensing prototypes, requirement of high input power, saturation of sensitivity, difficulty in replacement of sensors operating in harsh real-time environments and need of biocompatible sensors for health monitoring.Key FeaturesReview of the various classes of printed flexible sensors and their applicationsEmbraces fabrication and characterization methods.Included applications for biomedical, industrial and environmental sciences.