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Drawn together in a comprehensive Introduction, these essays include analyses of the climate and ecology underlying the slave trade, pan-Atlantic networks of religion and commerce, inter-ethnic collaboration in the development of tropical medicine, science as a product of imperial relations, and awareness of the Atlantic world in the mind of Hume.

Alexander shows how popular stories about mathematicians are really morality tales about their craft as it relates to the world. In the eighteenth century, he says, mathematicians were idealized as child-like, eternally curious; by the nineteenth century, brilliant mathematicians became Romantic heroes like poets, artists, and musicians.

Walter Benjamin is often viewed as a cultural critic who produced a vast array of brilliant, idiosyncratic pieces of writing with little more to unify them than the feeling that they all bear the stamp of his "unclassifiable" genius. Eli Friedlander finds an overarching coherence and a deep-seated commitment to engage the philosophical tradition.

Marking the tercentenary of Hume's birth, Annette Baier has created an engaging guide to the philosophy of one of the greatest thinkers of Enlightenment Britain. Drawing on a lifetime of scholarship and incisive commentary, she finds in Hume's personal experiences new ways to illuminate his ideas about religion, human nature, and the social order.

Despite large-scale government demand for new vaccines in the past decade, few have materialized. Vaccine innovation has been falling since World War II. Hoyt's timely investigation asks why, and teaches lessons for our efforts to rebuild biodefense capabilities when the financial payback for a vaccine is low but the social returns are high.

The Nuremberg trials are regarded as models of postwar justice, but the Mauthausen trial was the norm and reveals the troubling face of American military proceedings. This rough justice, with its lax rules of evidence and questionable interrogations, compromised legal standards in order to guarantee that guilty people did not walk free.

When Chief Justice Taney declared Lincoln's suspension of habeas corpus unconstitutional and demanded the release of John Merryman, Lincoln defied the order, offering a forceful counter-argument for the constitutionality of his actions. The result was one of the most significant cases in American legal history-a case that resonates in our own time.

The Retina (1987) quickly became the most widely recognized introduction to the structure and function of retinal cells. In this easy-to-read Revised Edition, John Dowling draws on twenty-five years of new research to produce an interdisciplinary synthesis focused on how retinal function contributes to our understanding of brain mechanisms.

Paul Mariani tells the story of how Bishop Kung, the Jesuits, and the Catholic Youth resisted the Chinese Communist regime and refused to renounce the Church in Rome. Mirroring tactics used by the previously underground CCP, Shanghai's Catholics persevered until 1955, when the party was betrayed from within their own ranks.

Leonardo Bruni is widely recognized as the most important humanist historian of the early Renaissance. Gary Ianziti undertakes a systematic work-by-work investigation of the full range of Bruni's output in history and biography, and assesses in detail the impact of the Greek historians on humanist methods of historical writing.

Historians have traditionally turned to free trade and laissez faire to explain the development of political economy during the Enlightenment. Reinert argues that economic emulation was the prism through which philosophers, ministers, reformers, and merchants thought about imperialism, economics, industry, and reform in the early modern period.

Before World War I, the British Admiralty conceived a plan to win rapid victory over Germany-economic warfare on an unprecedented scale. The secret strategy called for the state to exploit Britain's monopolies in banking, communications, and shipping to create an implosion of the world economic system. The plan was never fully implemented.

We once believed in the power of Proust's madeleine and Wordsworth's boyhood memories-before literary culture began to defer to Freud's questioning of adult memories of childhood. In this first sustained look at childhood memories as depicted in literature, Lorna Martens reveals how much we may have lost by turning our attention the other way.

The Satires of Amarcius unrelentingly attack both secular vices and ecclesiastical abuses of the late eleventh century. The Eupolemius is a late-eleventh-century Latin epic that recasts salvation history, from Lucifer's fall through Christ's resurrection, fusing Greek and Hebrew components within a uniquely medieval framework.

The Japanese invasion of Shanghai in 1937 led 30 million Chinese to flee their homes in terror, and live-in the words of artist and writer Feng Zikai-"in a sea of bitterness" as refugees. Keith Schoppa paints a comprehensive picture of the refugee experience in one province, Zhejiang, where the Japanese launched notorious campaigns.

Mark Peterson makes an extraordinary claim in this fascinating book focused around the life and thought of Galileo: it was the mathematics of Renaissance arts, not Renaissance sciences, that became modern science. Painters, poets, musicians, and architects brought about a scientific revolution that eluded the philosopher-scientists of the day.

Jocelyn Maclure and Charles Taylor provide a clearly reasoned, articulate account of the two main principles of secularism-equal respect, and freedom of conscience-and argue that in our religiously diverse, politically interconnected world, secularism, properly understood, may offer the only path to religious and philosophical freedom.

With an extraordinary mix of technical, scholarly, corporate, and governmental expertise, John Deutch offers an eye-opening history of the muddled practices that have passed for energy policy over the past thirty years, and a cogent account of what we can learn from so many breakdowns of strategy and execution.

In Western democracies today, politics and politicians are held in contempt by the majority of citizens. Bilakovics argues that this disdain of politics follows neither from the discontents of our liberal political system nor from the preoccupations of a consumer society. Rather, he traces the sources of political cynicism to democracy itself.

Pragmatism has been reinvented in every generation since its beginnings in the late nineteenth century. This book, by one of our most distinguished heirs of pragmatist philosophy, rereads cardinal figures in that tradition, distilling from their insights a way forward and closing with a clear description of the author's own analytic pragmatism.

Prominent neuroscientists, psychologists, ethologists, and primatologists from around the world take a bottom-up approach to primate social behavior by investigating how the primate mind connects with other minds and exploring the shared neurological basis for imitation, joint action, and empathy as well as their evolutionary foundations.

The sixteenth-century monk Filofei proclaimed Moscow the Third Rome. By the 1930s, intellectuals and artists all over the world thought of Moscow as a mecca of secular enlightenment. Clark shows how Soviet officials and intellectuals sought to establish their capital as the Fourth Rome-a cosmopolitan post-Christian beacon for the rest of the world.

The 2008 recession restored Keynes to prominence. This account elaborates the misinformation that led to his repeated resurrection and interment since his death in 1946. Keynes was more open-minded about capitalism than is commonly believed, and his nuanced views offer an alternative to the polarized rhetoric evoked by the word "capitalism" today.

Guldi narrates how Britain built the first nation connected by infrastructure, how a libertarian revolution destroyed a national economy, and how technology caused strangers to stop speaking. The new infrastructure state saw unprecedented control by bureaucrats over everyday life and gave rise to competing visions of community still debated today.

The French Revolution invented the notion of the citizen, but it also invented the noncitizen-the person whose rights were nonexistent. The South American outpost of Guiana became a depository for these outcasts of the new French citizenry, and an experimental space for the exercise of new kinds of power and violence against marginal groups.

In the United States, almost 90 percent of state judges have to run in popular elections to remain on the bench. The People's Courts traces the history of this peculiarly American institution and the ongoing quest for an independent judiciary-one that would ensure fairness for all before the law-from the colonial era to the present.

After the Holocaust, the empty, silent spaces of bombed-out synagogues, cemeteries, and Jewish districts were all that was left of Jewish life in many German and Polish cities. What happened to this scarred landscape after the war, and how Germans, Poles, and Jews encountered these ruins over the past sixty years, is the story this book tells.

The Eighteenth Century features a rich collection of images of Africans representing slavery's apogee and the beginnings of abolition. Old visual tropes of a master with adoring black slave gave way to depictions of Africans as victims and individuals, while at the same time the intellectual foundations of scientific racism were established.

Why do free people submit to any rule? How is consent of the governed formed? Block argues that the source is found in the nursery and schoolroom, where the necessary synthesis of self-direction and integrative social conduct-so contradictory in logic yet so functional in practice-are established without provoking reservation or resistance.

Though blacks were not often seen on the streets of seventeenth-century London, they were already capturing the British imagination. In her exploration of this emerging black presence, Molineux assembles evidence ranging from shop signs, tea trays, trading cards, board games, and playing cards to song ballads and William Hogarth's graphic satires.