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Discusses recent trends and discoveries in physical organic chemistry. The text provides the chemical community with authoritative and critical assessments of the many aspects of field. The field is a rapidly developing one, with results and methodologies finding application from biology to solid state physics.

Focuses on community-level topics relevant to human interaction with vegetation, including global change, nature conservation, nature management, restoration of plant communities and of natural habitats, and the planning of semi-natural and urban landscapes.

Pests and plant interaction is a dynamic system, which is beyond our Imaginations and thoughts in the universe. Plants and insects are highly diverse groups due to their ability to exploit a wide range of niches, from the desert to the arctic zone and also almost all the plant species growing on the planet. Plants and insects make up together approximately half of all known species of multicellular organisms. Each plant interacts with insects in a different manner; insects may act as protection, dispersers, or fertilizers for plants while plants may be a food/energy resource or nest location for insects. In an environment with changing availability and quality of host plants, phytophagous insects are under selection pressure to find quality hosts. They need to maximize their fitness by locating suitable plants and avoiding unsuitable ones. Thus, they have evolved a finely tuned sensory system, for detection of host cues, and a nervous system, capable of integrating inputs from sensory neurons with a high level of spatio-temporal resolution. Insect responses to cues are not fixed but depend on the context in which they are perceived, the physiological state of the insect, and prior learning experiences. However, there are examples of insects making 'mistakes' and being attracted to poor quality hosts. While insects have evolved ways of finding hosts, plants have been under selection pressure to do precisely the opposite and evade detection or defend themselves when attacked. Once on the plant, insect-associated molecules may trigger or suppress defence depending on whether the plant or the insect is ahead in evolutionary terms. Plant volatile emission is influenced by defence responses induced by insect feeding or oviposition which can attract natural enemies but repel herbivores. Conversely, plant reproductive fitness is increased by attraction of pollinators. Interactions can be altered by other organisms associated with the plant such as other insects, plant pathogens, or mycorrhizal fungi. Plant phenotype is plastic and can be changed by epigenetic factors in adaptation to periods of biotic stress. Space and time play crucial roles in influencing the outcome of interactions between insects and plants. This book has been designed to suit the knowledge and pursuit of the researcher and scholars and to empower them with various aspects of plant-pest interactions, so that they are updated with the information. I hope that the readers find the book explanatory and insightful and that this book is referred by the scholars across various fields.

Aquatic plants are plants that grow in and around water and have structural, functional, and economical roles in an aquatic ecosystem. This book covers biology and the importance of aquatic plants in food, health, and biofuel industries. This book also discusses their role in water treatment and resource recovery. This book also enlightens the readers about the different types and uses of aquatic plants. Additionally, this will provide highlights on the anatomy of aquatic plants, anatomical adaptations of aquatic plants, life forms of the aquatic plants, evolution, distribution and diversity of aquatic plants, cellular biology, physiology, and morphological adaptions of the aquatic plants. This book also sheds light on the future economic and environmental impacts of microalgal technology. This book also mentions the impact of changing the global environment on the water plants, environmental impacts of the microalgae technology, impacts to aquatic biodiversity, and terrestrial impacts. This book is an important resourse material for students of undergraduate, postgraduate and research scholars working the field of hydroplant ecosystem. This book has been designed to suit the knowledge and pursuit of the researcher and scholars and to empower them with various aspects of the aquatic plants, so that they are updated with the information.

This book takes the readers through several different aspects of vegan food, vegan diets, comparison between veganism and vegetarianism. This book sheds light on the several concepts of vegan food and diet, its benefits, food justice, public health nutrition and the vegan studies in the discipline of religion, the anthropology and archaeology of food and the future of veganism. A healthy, plant-based diet requires planning, reading labels, and discipline. Vegetarian diets do not contain meat, poultry or fish; vegan diets further exclude dairy products and eggs. In general, vegetarian diets provide relatively large amounts of cereals, pulses, nuts, fruits and vegetables. In terms of nutrients, vegetarian diets are usually rich in carbohydrates, n-6 fatty acids, dietary fibre, carotenoids, folic acid, vitamin C, vitamin E and Mg, and relatively low in protein, saturated fat, long-chain n-3 fatty acids, retinol, vitamin B12 and Zn; vegans may have particularly low intakes of vitamin B12 and low intakes of Ca and vitamin D. This book has been designed to suit the knowledge and pursuit of the nutritionist, dietitian, students, researcher and scholars and to empower them with various aspects of the vegan food so, that they are updated with the information.

Hypertension is described as the "silent killer" often showing no distinct symptoms or warning signs. The condition is estimated to affect 1.13 billion people across the globe with two-thirds in low/middle-income countries. This book presents research-backed data as to the trend in hypertension in children and adolescents along with associated factors such as sleep and even the impact of seasons! Another USP of this book is the connection between COVID-19 infection and hypertension. Overall, this book presents the current scenario of hypertension along with new advances and current gaps to help us to tackle the "silent killer".

The concept of domesticating plants dates back to ancient times with initial dependence on natural changes and later approaches using mutagenesis. In order to address the issue of food insecurity due to population demands, decrease in arable land (due to excessive human interference) and climate change, the concept of "gene editing" is being pursued among the slew of approaches by researchers. This book comes at a time given that the year 2020 was ten years since the use of homing endonucleases and zinc finger nucleases to produce the first gene-edited plants. The year 2012 saw the emergence of CRISPR/Cas9, which subsequently altered the arena of gene editing to receive "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry, 2020." The book concisely summarizes the concept of genome editing and its relevance in plants along with the approach, as described by research. Latest developments in approaches along with case studies and examples of genome editing have been elucidated. Further, the current scenario of the regulatory checklists across several countries concerning genome-edited plants has also been presented to enable a reader to gain a complete picture.

The appearance of climate change in the form of extreme weather conditions is not a new challenge to the world. Water has been always an important need in any sector of human activity. In recent years the importance has increased especially in arid and / or semi-arid regions where water resources have become increasingly scarce. Though the importance is very much pertinent in drylands, the opinion of most of the researchers is that the irrigated regions of the country behold the relevance as world food production from irrigated agriculture represents more than 40 % of the total. This book illustrates natural water cycle (i.e. hydrological cycle), recent advances in hydrometeorological predictions, with an emphasis on modern forecasting techniques and meteorological observations. The topic of hydrometeorology includes a broad range of areas, such as weather radar, satellite and other monitoring techniques, flow routing, hydraulic models, rainfall-runoff, and Mathematical Weather Predictions. Primary applications of hydrometeorology include drought forecasting, flood forecasting, reservoir management, climate change assessment, water quality and water resources studies. Therefore, this book is intended for development students, researchers, policymakers, progressive farmers, and media peoples interested in water management and hydrometeorology under change in climate.

Paleoclimatology is the study of climate prior to the period of instrumental measurements. This book provides an enlightened approach towards the conceptualization of interacting components of the Earth system and their various features affecting the climate. This book elaborates paleoceanic techniques developed to gather data on stable isotopes, radiogenic isotopes, biogenic compounds and, elements. Additionally, paleoceanic processes such as paleotides, radiation, change in the oceanic base and, ice have been discussed in detail. Moreover, Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) modeling and methods of climate change have also been discussed. Through this book, we emphasized on worldwide climate change and its impact on human evolution. This book can deliver a great deal of vital information to scientists, environmentalists, policy makers, professors and students. Students and teachers from the background of environmental science, geology, petrology, botany, and zoology can take away valuable information from this book.

Mariculture is an important role in world economy. From long period of time mariculture are cultivating their traditional way, but now a days adopting new technology and other experiences in their field. In this book takes the reader, types of mariculture and its operations along with the marine environment and structure for cultures. It also provides information regarding integrated multi- trophic aquaculture that is the IMTA, its concepts and current systems. It's also containing environmental and ecological impacts of mariculture and how to manage it. In this book, we include different concept and methodologies related to mariculture and contains the integrated fish farming, backyard re-circulatory aquaculture system and the different types of farming in mariculture. We accentuate the development of sustainable methods such as lagooning and artificial wetlands, sustainable feed management and use of chemicals. We shed lights on the future of mariculture as well as aquaculture, sustainable growth and development in various countries along with defining their diseases. This book has been designed to suit the knowledge and pursuit of the researcher and scholars and to empower them with the concepts of mariculture and aquaculture. I hope that the readers find the book descriptive and perceptive and that this book is referred by the scholars across various fields.

The total aquaculture production has expanded tremendously and contributes to the worlds supply of fish for human consumption in an expanding significant way. In Intensive aquaculture, the fish are quite dependent on the feed artificially provided, and the water need to be replaced or replenished at very high rates so that it can maintain the amounts of oxygen to be enough and to also remove the waste. A variety of important institutional and technological requirements depend on the ability to operate a sustainable and economic viable aquaculture. The United Nations estimates that roughly 32 of worldwide fish numbers are overexploited, depleted or recuperating and must be urgently restored. Fish farming is welcomed as a strategy to prevent overfishing. This book presents some advantages and disadvantages of intensive aquaculture, in addition to provide data and the currently situation of this type of cultivation.

The aquaculture sector has a lot to add towards achieving the SDGs, especially SDG 14 which involves conserving and economically utilizing the seas, oceans and marine rsources for sustainability. Aquaculture keeps on showing the huge success in providing food, sustenance and work. This book shows the significant challenges ahead in spite of the advancement made on various fronts. For instance, there is developing proof that when fisheries are appropriately overseen, stocks are reliably above target levels, offering validity to the fishery stakeholders and governments all throughout the planet. Notwithstanding, the book likewise shows that the victories accomplished in certain nations have not been adequate to invert the global pattern of overfished stocks, demonstrating that in places where fishery boards arent set up, or are insufficient, the fish stocks become poor and weakened. This calls for new components to help in the viable execution of strategy and the guidelines for sustainable fisheries and environments, as there is no lone answer for guaranteeing fisheries stock throughout the planet.

Wheat is an important cereal food crop ranked as the third-largest crop produced worldwide. The vulnerability in wheat production due to changing climatic scenarios are seen worldwide. This book enlightens the readers with the wheat crop history of its cultivation practices, prebreeding, agronomic practices, genetics, and breeding, different types of wheat and their utilization. This book is an ideal resource that encompasses challenges associated with changing climate and wheat production. The abiotic and biotic stresses that are affecting wheat crop yield and approaches to combat the issue are also worth reading. This book has been designed to suit the knowledge and pursuit of the researcher and scholars and to empower them with various aspects of the production of wheat so that they are updated with the information. I hope that the readers find the book explanatory and insightful and that this book is referred by the scholars working for wheat improvement.

Renewable energy is now powering or assisting several numbers of on-farm necessity of energies, and that varies from water pumping to space heating. Both, farmers as well as ranchers are now increasingly selling energy and utilising these energies into the industry of agriculture (for example, application of solar energy and wind energy). This book takes the readers through an overview or agriculture, its history, and their types. This book further sheds light on the significance of renewable energy in the industry of agriculture and various applications of these renewable energy (solar energy and wind energy) in agriculture.

The halal business has encountered significant progress, particularly in the food sector. This volume seeks to investigate the challenges and prospects of the halal food sector in different counties across the globe. The volume suggests that the growth of the halal industry was set off by the expanding interest for halal accreditation and quality approval, just as the advancement of the food business. This is an extraordinary chance for entrepreneurs to fulfill the increasing need for halal food. The test is on the way to improve quality and meet halal guidelines to satisfy a worldwide demand. Some of the topics covered include; introduction to halal food, the history of halal food, the difference between halal and haram foods, and how do you assure a restaurant is serving halal food. This accessible, It explains why there are so many different interpretations of Halal and why this needs to be resolved if international trade is to be developed. The final chapter covers other aspects of Halal, including cosmetics, tourism, lifestyle, and banking, and finishes with a look at what the future holds for Halal. This book is especially useful for the readers from food industry, researchers and faculties working on Halal food sciences.

Water differentiates planet earth from all the other planets in the solar system. At the same time, as the global supply of freshwater is beyond enough to meet all contemporary and foreseeable water needs, its spatial and temporal allocations are not. There are numerous areas in which freshwater resources remain inadequate to fulfill domestic, socioeconomic growth and environmental needs. In such areas, the lack of clean water to satisfy human consumption and sanitation needs is indeed a limitation on human health and productivity, and for this reason on economic growth as well as on the upkeep of a clean environment and holistic ecosystems. This book mentions that researchers must discover ways to take away these constraints. There are a couple of demanding situations in doing that, in particular given an unstable and unsure future climate, plus a rapidly developing population that is driving expanded socioeconomic improvement, globalization, and urbanization. How best to fulfill these needs requires research in various areas of water management. This book identifies the problems facing water managers today, and the research required to better inform individuals who attempt to develop a more sustainable and suitable future.

This book gives an overview of the sources and types of air pollution and discusses its effects on the climate and the health of people and the environment. Chapter one begins by discussing the different types of air pollution and how they are categorized. The difference between primary and secondary air pollutants is explained, as well as how each of these types impact the environment. It concludes by going over some of the methods that are being used or considered to reduce the emissions and impact on these different types of air pollution. Chapter two follows with an examination of how air pollution interacts with the climate. It discusses the different types of climates found around the world and how they are classified using different systems. The impact of climate change is explored, including an analysis of which vulnerable populations are expected to be at higher risk from its effects. Chapter three explores what it is to be considered healthy and what factors contribute to this. Different health issues are discussed, separated by which are most common among different age groups. The discussion then turns back to air pollution in chapters four and five, going into more detail about the main types of pollutants. Where the air pollutants come from, what areas of the world experience them at greater volumes, and how they effect human health is explored. Chapter six explores existing policies aimed at reducing air pollution, identifies which organizations are involved in these efforts, and ponders new ways of moving towards a cleaner air system. Different air pollution monitoring systems are also discussed, which are essential when deciding how to effectively reduce the worst contributors to air pollution. Chapter seven returns to the discussion of the effects of climate change on health, exploring the negative effects a hotter climate will have on health, air quality, mental health, food security, disease prevalence, and the ocean. Chapter eight discusses some ways to combat climate change, from personal actions, to changing land management, exploring alternative energy sources, and even considering geoengineering. Chapter nine recognizes that we are already experiencing the impacts of climate change, and so looks at some of the ways to mitigate and adapt to the negative effects. Finally, chapter ten asks how the Environmental Protection Agency is helping to combat air pollution and climate change. Their research projects, relationships with individual states, and how they interact with community members are covered and related back to fighting climate change as a community.

Globally most farmers are considered small scale. For some time, small scale farmers have been ignored. But, with the realization that they play a major role in poverty eradication and achieving food security in both developing and developed countries, governments and stakeholders have put in place measures to promote it. This book looks at some profitable small-scale farm enterprises that different stakeholders promote and how to carry them out profitably. The audience will be taken through general characteristics that qualifies a small-scale farmer and some factor that may determine the profitability of the farmers. The book also highlights some small-scale farming schemes like inclusive value chains that help the small-scale farmer to profitably take advantage of the local and global market. By expounding the benefit and dynamics related to small-scale farming, this book shows some of the strategies that small-scale farmers can be transformed to be more profitable. For small-scale farming to be more profitable the book describes some Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) that a farmer can comply with in order to access the Global market.

Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a family of enveloped single-stranded RNA viruses of medical and veterinary importance that infect mammals and birds, causing respiratory or enteric diseases. The book draws attention to the lessons accumulated from the large number of studies of the pathogenesis of animals and birds coronaviruses and their vaccines, particularly the bovine, feline, and avian coronaviruses. The lessons drawn from the studies will have an immense influence on how the human coronaviruses pathogenesis and vaccine development will proceed. In addition, the extensive efforts to designate suitable animal models to study the lately emerged human coronaviruses are one of the invaluable contributions carried out by veterinarian scientists.

Rodale Institute one of the most reputable institute in organic farming first used the term regenerative farming in the early 1980s. Although the interest of this term did not become popular in the 1980s, there is a renewed interest due to the contribution of agriculture to greenhouse gasses. While some people emphasize on how huge it benefits are, there are some with reservations due to difficulties to estimate the exact benefits attributed to RA. This book provides the audience with an overview of RA, its rationale, critics, and principles in order to accurately understand RA potential and limitations. The book also gives the audience with some tool to measure and quantify the impact of RA and some farming practices that are considered s RA. Filled with great examples and case study, this book is an invaluable source of information for people seeking to know or practice RA.

In many communities in the world, the population lives on agriculture. Smallholder agriculture covers 75 of agricultural production, most of which are rain-fed agriculture. This number indicates that the impact of population explosion in rural areas is prompting communities to adopt unsustainable farming practices, like burning of tropical rain forests to grow crops, planting on steep slopes, entering fragile marginal ecosystems, and overgrazing and over cropping. This volume estimates that one-sixth of the globes land area (nearly 2 billion hectares) has been degraded due to overgrazing and negative farming practices. Water supply for agricultural purposes is becoming scarcer, and there is almost no land reserve that can be used to expand the agricultural base. Come 2025, nearly 3 billion people in 48 countries shall be affected by severe water shortages throughout the year or some months. The volume recommends suitable and site-specific technologies to reverse poverty and food insecurity issues. Some of the chapters mentioned include: chapter 1: philosophies of restoration agriculture on small farms, chapter 2: soil food web and chapter 3: conservation farming among others. Both scientific and indigenous knowledge available to the community should effectively facilitate this process, and farmers must actively participate in designing, implementation and evaluation of these technologies.

Mountains represents one fifth of the worlds land area, also about one tenth of the worlds population lives there, mountains are not just for spending some nice time and lovely vacation with mother nature. Mountains can produce a large variety of crops that are not available from the plains. There are two main general challenges facing mountain agriculture that includes: Market accessibility, which is not exclusive to selling the products but also sourcing the inputs as well, as they are usually far from the community clusters. Labor availability, mountain agriculture is a family based agriculture as no one will go far to a mountain and get up it to find work, in the same time mountain agriculture faces out-migration to cities and community clusters for high education and better jobs. Mountain agriculture has big economic development potential and its contribution to food security can be easily increased by increasing its efficiency and maintaining its biodiversity, this book is addressing the real potential of mountain farming.

In a more modern sense, Virology has acquired a broader significance as it encompasses the study of ecology, evolution of viruses, interaction among viruses and other microorganisms, and the ability of viruses to deliver their own and heterologous genetic information into cells. There are many books on the subject of Virology but updated information is not incorporated in the edition. This book has covered a range of syllabus and the student is an easy way to go through this book content. This book would serve not only for undergraduate but postgraduate students of biotechnology and also research scholar of various universities.

This book explains the various potential and existing applications of artificial intelligence across several fields ranging from agriculture to medicine to space exploration and crops. It is a first-ever book to compile all the applications to enable readers from scientific and non-scientific backgrounds to grasp the concepts and applications of "thinking machines".

Close to 77 million people lost their lives due to both world wars. Compare this with 30 million to 100 million loss of lives due to the Spanish flu epidemic. While epidemics are sudden outbreaks over one area, pandemics affect diseases across borders. According to research, epidemics not only target health but also socioeconomic systems. These factors coupled with the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic that has brought the world to a standstill several times make this book most timely. This book presents insights as to the current epidemic threats along with many diseases that are "neglected". A section has also been included on how healthcare providers: doctors and nurses are affected during such epidemics. Further, a chapter on the fear and stigma associated with such epidemic diseases has also been covered. This becomes relevant given and is also one of the unique aspects of the book given that the stigma associated with many diseases is more damaging than the disease!

According to the WHO Fact Sheet (January 2020), the numbers of people globally depressed are more than 264 million people! The sheet goes on to describe that depression is "e;a common illness"e;. In the recent COVID-19 epidemic, studies have shown that the prevalence of depressive disorder was around four times than what was reported in the second quarter of 2019 showing how depression has affected our lives due to a pandemic. This book comes at a time when the world is on the path to recovering from the aftermath of a viral epidemic: healing at physical, emotional, financial, social, and mental aspects. We present to you new insights to handling depression: pointers that can be kept in mind while discussing with a healthcare provider during the design of the treatment modules for ones self or relative/friend.

Atomic genetic strategy in fisheries is to use acquired, distinct and stable markers to distinguish genotypes among fish populations or species. This strategies can provide data on the level of genetic variability and circulation based on mating design, life history, stock size, movement and climate. This volume mentions several atomic devices and strategies that have been used on fisheries to solve different problems for research, and improve the fish production. It is very important to research about the molecular genetics in fisheries, to the production continues to growth. Also, severeal strategies that have been used in aquaculture production chain are already showing the importance of genetic knowledge to improve the yield in a sustainable manner. This volume summarizes the progress and some applications of molecular technology in a wide range of options in fisheries.

Climate forecasts show the potential to improve agriculture's ability to withstand climate shocks, but it is still uncertain how farmers will use this data in crop management decisions plus whether doing so will profit them. This volume introduces the most commonly used forecasting strategies in agriculture, like probability forecasting, real-time forecasting and ultra-short distance forecasting. These determine the pattern of planting dates and crop varieties, the latter being more common where more extensive weather forecasting methods exist. Hybrid strategies usually use more input elements (such as crop varieties) to define the strategy (such as sowing period). Production estimates indicate that, in most cases, using forecasted values can increase production with relatively minimal loss. The impact depends on the nature of actual rainy season, the forecast accuracy and the kind of response. In wet years, with the consolidation of the policy and accurate forecast, the positive response will be higher. This proves that climate prediction can help farmers acclimatize to climate variability, particularly to help them take advantage of the expected favorable conditions. The realization of possible advantages is related to the context of greater variety selection and enhanced selection. Even so, modern advances in weather modeling have improved the ability to accurately forecast rainfall through dynamic forecasting and statistical techniques.

Presents the concept of library management. This book reveals the content and structure of management, which make up its stages defining the mission and objectives of the library, analyzing the environment, choosing a strategic alternative, and organizing the implementation of strategy. This book also examines the organisational characteristics of the library as an object of management.

Helps students to understand the development of information technologies and their implementation in the field of library sciences for practice of the educational process. This book specifies the needs of students for understanding and learning library sciences in this information age, its personalization, personification, ways of realization, and semantic constructs.