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In the current revival of studies on Alexander the Great, literature has until now neglected - also because of the scarcity of testimonies - its 'poetic' side. Choerilus of Iasus, the most important among the poets who accompanied Alexander's endeavours, represents no exception. For this reason, the book delivers a complete study of Choerilus' works, life and (mis-)fortune. By doing so, it reassesses philologically and historically a blind spot in present-day research and therefore illuminates further the field of Alexandrography as well as its literary reception. The volume entails first of all a new edition of all the testimonies and fragments pertaining to Choerilus of Iasus, updating and expanding the latest collection edited by H. Lloyd-Jones and P. Parsons in the Supplementum Hellenisticum (1983). Following up, the book develops in four chapters an analysis and discussion of the texts collected in the critical edition. The fifth concluding chapter retraces and contextualises the history of modern studies, from the Renaissance on, concerning the elusive figure of Choerilus.

Historical studies on the practice of Islamic law (sharīʿa) tend to focus on practice in a Sunni setting during the Mamluk or Ottoman periods. This book decenters Sunni and Mamluk and Ottoman normativity by investigating the practice of sharīʿa in a Twelver Shiʿi Persian-speaking milieu, in early modern Iran between the sixteenth to twentieth centuries. Drawing on documentary evidence and narrative sources, it reconstructs who the practitioners of Islamic law were, how they authenticated, annulled, and archived legal documents, and how they intervened in the resolution of disputes over religious endowments (waqf). The study demonstrates that following Iran's conversion to Twelver Shiʿism under the Safavids, the dominance of Uṣūlī Shiʿi legal theory, which conferred judicial authority on scholars recognized as Shiʿi jurists (mujathids), affected both the practitioners of Islamic law and the procedures of sharīʿa court practice in Iran. Shiʿi jurists in Iran, as a result, would come to exercise by the end of the nineteenth century a judicial monopoly over valid sharīʿa court practice thus laying the foundation for Ayatollah Khomeini's extension, during the Iranian revolution, of the authority of the Shiʿi jurist over political affairs.

Telling a story requires selecting and assembling individual elements of the events one wishes to communicate. The "nonnarrated" are the events (or parts of events) that were deliberately left out of the selection, meaning all that was not chosen to be told in the story, or chosen not to be told. Since the realm of the nonnarrated in any given story is infinitely large, studying the nonnarrated requires focusing on that which is not told but nevertheless belongs to a story. This monograph explores the phenomenon of the nonnarrated in narrative short forms from Cechov to Murakami and in novels by Dostoevskij and Robbe-Grillet.

This book discusses the effects of prolonged hypoventilation, or a pulmonary condition on hypoxia, and hypercapnia, its effect on the formation of some joint diseases, and the types of natural medicine used in the treatment of each joint disease. You will also find methods used to calculate thermodynamic parameters. You can also learn optimized structures for these chemical compounds. The book includes a listing of the thermodynamic table for literature values for standard enthalpy of formation, and C-H and O-H Bond dissociation energizes energies for some chemical compounds; simple multi-fluorinated organic alcohols.

The manufacture of artifi cial leather using polymeric systems is a vital component as an essential commodity for consumer, industrial and automobile applications. Both practical and exciting possibilities to the standard traditional coatings with PVC and polyurethanes with newer coatings of silicone and graphene induced coatings, and economical biomass materials as non-traditional fi llers, stiffening and softening agents are discussed.

Building on Calvino's observations on Exactitude in Six Memos for the Next Millennium, the present book elucidates on the possible definitions of exactitude, the endeavor of reaching exactitude, and the undeniable limits to the achievement of this ambitious milestone.The eighteen essays in this interdisciplinary volume show how ancient and medieval authors have been dealing with the problem of exactitude vs. inexactitude and have been able to exploit the ambiguities related to these two concepts to various ends. The articles focus on rhetoric and historiography (section I), exact sciences and technical disciplines (II), the peculiarity of quotations (III), cases of programmatic inexactitude (IV) and textual transmission (V). Several interconnected questions weave a net across the volume: to what extent is exactitude the goal in ancient and medieval texts? How can the concepts of accuracy and inaccuracy aid the reinterpretation of an already known text or fact? To what extent can certain definitions of exactitude be stretched, without turning into inexactitude?The volume presents an extensive study capable of highlighting the shrewdness and aptness of the concepts introduced by Calvino more than thirty years ago.

Il Περὶ ἑπτὰ θεαμάτων è l'unico trattato sulle sette meraviglie che ci sia giunto dall'antichità. Il solo testimone che ne tramanda il testo - il Pal. Gr. 398, celebre testimone appartenente alla cosiddetta "collezione filosofica" - lo attribuisce all'ingenere ellenistico Filone di Bisanzio, attivo fra la metà e la fine del III sec. a.C. Tale attribuzione ha accresciuto, fin dal XVII sec., fama e autorità del trattatello. Tutto indica, tuttavia, che l'autore debba essere considerato tardo-antico, se non addirittura proto-bizantino. Questo volume offre la prima edizione critica del Περὶ ἑπτὰ θεαμάτων, corredata di traduzione, e preceduta da un'ampia introduzione che esplora la tradizione letteraria di cui l'autore si è nutrito, nonché le sorti testuali, il genere, la lingua e lo stile del trattatello, per arrivare a un'ipotesi di datazione. A ciascuna delle meraviglie descritte dall'autore sono inoltre dedicati approfondimenti di carattere storico e letterario, utili a far emergere le peculiarità della prospettiva adottata dallo Pseudo-Filone, e - in alcuni casi - a individuarne le probabili o sicure fonti. A corredo e giustificazione del testo è offerta una discussione dei passi più problematici sotto il profilo esegetico e critico-testuale. Conclude il volume la traduzione latina, sinora inedita, di Lukas Holste (1596-1661).

This handbook brings together 42 contributions by leading narratologists devoted to the study of narrative devices in European literatures from antiquity to the present. Each entry examines the use of a specific narrative device in one or two national literatures across the ages, whether in successive or distant periods of time. Through the analysis of representative texts in a range of European languages, the authors compellingly trace the continuities and evolution of storytelling devices, as well as their culture-specific manifestations. In response to Monika Fludernik's 2003 call for a "diachronization of narratology," this new handbook complements existing synchronic approaches that tend to be ahistorical in their outlook, and departs from postclassical narratologies that often prioritize thematic and ideological concerns. A new direction in narrative theory, diachronic narratology explores previously overlooked questions, from the evolution of free indirect speech from the Middle Ages to the present, to how changes in narrative sequence encoded the shift from a sacred to a secular worldview in early modern Romance literatures. An invaluable new resource for literary theorists, historians, comparatists, discourse analysts, and linguists.

One of the first European hagiographic and epic poems, Bernardo de Monzón's Xavieradas unifies the western epic tradition, visual elements, metaphors, with some oriental knowledge, to bring back to life the adventures of Francis Xavier through East Asia. The story of Xavier's pilgrimage is accompanied by geographical descriptions, dramatic twists often dreamlike and unreal, portraits of illustrious people, historical events, appearances of nymphs, and much more. This very extensive heroic piece (more than 2,000 verses) has a solid structure and a clear language, in which many quotations from Latin and Greek authors, alongside Gongorian comparisons and metaphors, testify to the classical spirit of its author. The purpose of this critical edition is to bring further the rediscovery of a fundamental genre of the Spanish Golden Age: epic poetry. It offers a unique and modern approach to this little known piece, through a modern transcription, a critical apparatus, and a rigorous philological study that reveals the rich aesthetic of the epic and heroic discourse in the Spanish Golden Age, as well as the formation of some of the most innovative poetic modalities of the late Renaissance and Baroque.

The monograph realigns political culture and countermeasures against slave raids, which increased during the breakup of the Golden Horde. By physical defense of the open steppe border and by embracing the New Israel symbolism in which the exodus from slavery in Egypt prefigures the exodus of Russian captives from Tatar captivity, Muscovites found a defensive model to expand empire. Recent scholarly debates on slaving are innovatively applied to Russian and imperial history, challenging entrenched perceptions of Muscovy.

This is the first modern edition and an essential tool for scholars of all aspects of the subject. This edition of the lexicon of the ancient Greek scholar Hesychius was begun by K. Latte and revised and completed by P. A. Hansen and I. C. Cunningham. The text with apparatus was published in four volumes between 1953 and 2020. This final volume contains additions and corrections to the eararlier four and three indexes (of authors cited, authors of related texts, and subjects). The lexicon is an important source for ancient Greek vocabulary, grammar, history and literature.

In der Reihe Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft (BZAW) erscheinen Arbeiten zu sämtlichen Gebieten der alttestamentlichen Wissenschaft. Im Zentrum steht die Hebräische Bibel, ihr Vor- und Nachleben im antiken Judentum sowie ihre vielfache Verzweigung in die benachbarten Kulturen der altorientalischen und hellenistisch-römischen Welt. Die BZAW akzeptiert Manuskriptvorschläge, die einen innovativen und signifikanten Beitrag zu Erforschung des Alten Testaments und seiner Umwelt leisten, sich intensiv mit der bestehenden Forschungsliteratur auseinandersetzen, stringent aufgebaut und flüssig geschrieben sind.

While modern students of Greek religion are alert to the occasion-boundedness of epiphanies and divinatory dreams in Greek polytheism, they are curiously indifferent to the generic parameters of the relevant textual representations on which they build their argument. Instead, generic questions are normally left to the literary critic, who in turn is less interested in religion. To evaluate the relation of epiphanies and divinatory dreams to Greek polytheism, the book investigates relevant representations through all major textual genres in pagan antiquity. The evidence of the investigated genres suggests that the 'epiphany-mindedness' of the Greeks, postulated by most modern critics, is largely an academic chimaera, a late-comer of Christianizing 19th-century-scholarship. It is primarily founded on a misinterpretation of Homer's notorious anthropomorphism (in the Iliad and Odyssey but also in the Homeric Hymns). This anthropomorphism, which is keenly absorbed by Greek drama and figural art, has very little to do with the religious lifeworld experience of the ancient Greeks, as it appears in other genres. By contrast, throughout all textual genres investigated here, divinatory dreams are represented as an ordinary and real part of the ancient Greeks' lifeworld experience.

Myth in the Modern Novel: Imagining the Absolute posits a twofold thesis. First, although Modernity is regarded as an era dominated by science and rational thought, it has in fact not relinquished the hold of myth, a more "primitive" form of thought which is difficult to reconcile with modern rationality. Second, some of the most important statements as to the reconcilability of myth and Modernity are found in the work of certain prominent novelists. This book offers a close examination of the work of eleven writers from the late eighteenth century to the beginning of the twenty-first, representing German, French, American, Czech and Swedish literature. The analyses of individual novels reveal a variety of intriguing views of myth in Modernity, and offer an insight into the "modernizing" transformations myth has undergone when applied in the modern novel. The study shows the presence of the "subconscious", the mythic layer, in modern western culture and how this has been dealt with in novelistic literature.

Over the last two decades, the study of graffiti has emerged as a bustling field, invigorated by increased appreciation for their historical, linguistic, sociological, and anthropological value and propelled by ambitious documentation projects. The growing understanding of graffiti as a perennial, universal phenomenon is spurring holistic consideration of this mode of graphic expression across time and space. Graffiti Scratched, Scrawled, Sprayed: Towards a Cross-Cultural Understanding complements recent efforts to showcase the diversity in creation, reception, and curation of graffiti around the globe, throughout history and up to the present day. reflecting on methodology, concepts, and terminology as well as spatial, social, and historical contexts of graffiti, the book's fourteen chapters cover ancient Egypt, Rome, Northern Arabia, Persia, India, and the Maya; medieval Eastern Mediterranean, Turfan, and Dunhuang; and contemporary Tanzania, Brazil, China, and Germany. As a whole, the collection provides a comprehensive toolkit for newcomers to the field of graffiti studies and appeals to specialists interested in viewing these materials in a cross-cultural perspective.

Divine Names are a key component in the communication between humans and gods in Antiquity. Their complexity derives not only from the impressive number of onomastic elements available to describe and target specific divine powers, but also from their capacity to be combined within distinctive configurations of gods. The volume collects 36 essays pertaining to many different contexts - Egypt, Anatolia, Levant, Mesopotamia, Greece, Rome - which address the multiple functions and wide scope of divine onomastics. Scrutinized in a diachronic and comparative perspective, divine names shed light on how polytheisms and monotheisms work as complex systems of divine and human agents embedded in an historical framework. Names imply knowledge and play a decisive role in rituals; they move between cities and regions, and can be translated; they interact with images and reflect the intrinsic plurality of divine beings. This vivid exploration of divine names pays attention to the balance between tradition and innovation, flexibility and constraints, to the material and conceptual parameters of onomastic practices, to cross-cultural contexts and local idiosyncrasies, in a word to human strategies for shaping the gods through their names.

The nucleus of society is situated at the local level: in the village, the neighborhood, the city district. This is where a community first develops collective rules that are intended to ensure its continued existence. The contributors look at such configurations in geographical areas and time periods that lie outside of the modern Western world with its particular development of society and statehood: in Antiquity and in the Global South of the present. Here states tend to be weak, with obvious challenges and opportunities for local communities. How does governance in this context work? Scholars from various disciplines (Classics, Theology, Political Science, Sociology, Social Anthropology, Human Geography, Sinology) analyze different kinds of local arrangements in case studies, and they do so with a comparative approach. The sixteen papers examine the scope and spatial contingency of forms of self-governance; its legitimization and the collective identity of the groups behind them; the relations to different levels of state governance as well as to other local groups. Overall, this volume makes an interdisciplinary contribution to a better understanding of fundamental elements of local governance and statehood.

Ancient epistolary fiction is a still largely under-explored field of research, at the intersection of studies on epistolography and on pseudepigraphy. The present volume sketches out a broad panorama of ancient fiction in letters. It covers a large period of time up to late Antiquity, with a main focus on letters from the imperial era. Epistolary fiction is examined as a mainly Greek phenomenon (there are few Latin equivalents) that was characteristic of both pagan and Christian literature. The material investigated falls within two categories: fictional letter collections from well-known authors of the Second Sophistic and their successors (Lucian, Alciphron, Philostratus, Aristaenetus); letters attributed to famous historical or legendary characters (pseudonymous letters). Focusing on the specific features of epistolary fiction, the book aims to analyse its forms, its functions as well as its effects. It gathers a series of 11 state-of-the art essays, all tackling the same important issues: the manuscript and printed tradition, the form of epistolary fictions and the universe they build, the arrangement of the letters and their overall structure, the relation between the author and his external readers.

A treatment of the transport and transfer processes of heat, mass and momentum in terms of their analogy. The processes are described with the help of macro and micro balances which in many cases lead to differential equations. This way, the textbook also prepares for Computational Fluid Dynamics techniques. The topics of the five chapters of the textbook are: Balances: shape and recipe, mass balance, residence time distribution, energy and heat balances, Bernoulli equation, momentum balances Molecular transport, dimensional analysis, forces on immersed objects Heat transport: steady-state and unsteady conduction, the general heat transport equation, forced and free convective heat transport, radiant heat transport Mass transport: steady-state and unsteady diffusion, the general mass transport equation, mass transfer across a phase interface, convective mass transport, wet bulb temperature Fluid mechanics: flow meters, pressure drop, packed beds, laminar flow of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, Navier-Stokes equations The leading idea behind this textbook is to train students in solving problems where transport phenomena are key. To this end, the textbook comprises almost 80 problems with solutions.

It is a fact that today's British stages resound with powerfully innovative voices and that, very often, these voices have been those of young women playwrights. This collection of essays gives visibility and pride of place to these fascinating voices by exploring the vitality, inventiveness and particularly strong relevance of these poetics. These women playwrights sometimes invent radically new forms and sometimes experiment with conventional ones in fresh and unexpected ways, as for example when they re-energize naturalism and provide it with new missions. The plays that are addressed are all concerned with the necessity to grasp the complexity of the contemporary world and to further investigate what it means to be human. Intimate or epic, and sometimes both at once, visionary or closer to everyday life, these plays approach the contemporary world through a multitude of prisms - historical, scientific, political and poetic - and open different and visionary perspectives.

During early modern European expansion, America emerged as dynamic meeting ground, continuously forging multidirectional global encounters. Relating Continents dismisses the semantics of 'encounter' which, in the politics of naming, euphemistically substitutes invasive violence, but invests in the notion's dimension as an enactment of literary, cultural, and social relations, fusing people, goods, texts, artifacts, ideas, and senses of belonging. Understanding the practice of relating as both connecting and narrating, this anthology investigates the linking of continents in Romance literary and cultural history, as well as the tales of entanglement produced in the process. The contributors revisit the worldwide impact of distant or in-person negotiations between conquerors and local actors; they assess how colonial interventions shift hemispheric native networks, and they examine the ties between America, Africa, and Asia. By doing so, they prove the global constitution of early modern Spanish and Portuguese American literatures, their historical and cultural contexts, and their long-lasting legacies.

This is the first full-scale critical edition of the Epigramma Paulini, with English translation and commentary. The Epigramma Paulini (110 hexameters) is a late-antique poem of unknown date and authorship (arguably written during the first decade of the fifth century AD), preserved by only one (Carolingian) manuscript. While the outside world is torn by outbreaks of war and social unrest, the poem's three characters discuss people's behavior and reaction to the crisis. What should one change to stop social and political decline? What hope does one have to end the crisis and to rebuild a new society? These are some of the questions the three characters of the poem strive to answer. In recent years, scholars have paid some attention to this piece, mainly drawn to it by a singular insertion of satire within the frame of Vergil's pastoral model; however, no close study of the poem had been published. This first critical edition provides an in-depth exploration of the poem's message and its innovative contribution to the reception of classical, pagan literature in a Christian context.

Fictional novelists and other author characters have been a staple of novels and stories from the early nineteenth century onwards. What is it that attracts authors to representing their own kind in fiction? Author Fictions addresses this question from a theoretical and historical perspective. Narrative representations of literary authorship not only reflect the aesthetic convictions and social conditions of their actual authors or their time; they also take an active part in negotiating and shaping these conditions. The book unfolds the history of such 'author fictions' in European and North American texts since the early nineteenth century as a literary history of literary authorship, ranging from the Victorian bildungsroman to contemporary autofiction. It combines rhetorical and sociological approaches to answer the question how literature makes authors. Identifying 'author fictions' as narratives that address the fragile material conditions of literary creation in the actual and symbolic economies of production, Ingo Berensmeyer explores how these texts elaborate and manipulate concepts and models of authorship. This book will be relevant to English, American and comparative literary studies and to anyone interested in the topic of literary authorship.

The Allgemeines Künstlerlexikon (AKL), [Artists of the World], is the successor to the traditional Thieme-Becker and Vollmer standard reference works on art history. It has been published since 1991. Long a standard work in its own right, the AKL is intentionally not limited to the "grand masters", but includes artists from all over the world and throughout the ages from antiquity to the present. It not only contains painters, sculptors and graphic designers, but gives equal weight to architects, designers, photographers, calligraphers, craftsmen and many other artistic professions. Around 1,500 artist biographies are contained in each volume. An index arranged according to country and artistic profession follows every tenth volume. According to the updated schedule for the AKL, the print edition will be completed in 2022. In the meantime, the proportion of articles published exclusively online will continually increase. The first volumes of the AKL were compiled from 1969 onwards. This period of almost four decades is now being covered in supplementary volumes, the first of which was published in 2005, for the letter A. The fifth supplementary volume (Cassini - Czwartos) was published in 2012. Every entry offers the following clearly structured information: The name of the artist, including all variations of the name by which he or she was known. Pseudonyms, maiden names, or names previously wrongly attributed are deciphered. Respective cross-references to the main entry are included. Dates of birth and death of the artist and characteristics of the works and entire artistic oeuvre Information regarding the influence of this artist on his or her cultural environment A selection of the artist's works with their locations A selection of exhibitions on the artist Detailed lists of the artist's autobiographical writings and other writings An extensive bibliography. Also cross-references to entries in other reference works, unprinted source material and catalogues A signature of the article's author (or editor) at the end of every entry Since January 2010, we are offering a combined print + online annual subscription. For more information, please visit www.degruyter.de/akl.

The present volume offers a dozen studies of manuscripts of the Tibetan Bon and Naxi Dongba traditions across time and space. While some of the contributions focus on particular features of manuscripts from either tradition, others explicitly bridge the two by considering common codicological and material aspects of selected examples or common themes in the content of the texts. This is the first primarily object-based study to deal with the cultural history and technology of books from the two traditions. It discusses collections of Bon and Naxi manuscripts, the concepts and history of both traditions, the science and technology of book studies as it relates to these collections, the relationship between text and image, writing materials, and the historical and archaeological context of the manuscripts' places of origin. The authors are specialists in different fields including philology, anthropology, art history, codicology and archaeometry. The contributions shed light on trade routes, materials and technologies as well as on reading practices and ritual usage of Bon and Naxi manuscripts.

Josephus Flavius's life was defined by the Jewish war against Rome, about which he wrote his first book as a friend of the imperial family, enjoying the benefits of an end to the conflict. But this dichotomy between war and peace defined not only the life of our author but also the history of all peoples in Late Antiquity, so it is not surprising that war and peace also play a central role in his second book. A broader theme could hardly have been chosen for this volume, which naturally brought with it the diversity of the studies it contains. At a conference in May 2022 at Selye János University in Komárom - "Peace and War in Josephus" - a distinguished, international group of scholars took up this theme, including Tal Ilan (Israel), Steve Mason (Canada), Jiří Hoblík (Czech Republic), and five Hungarian colleagues: Tibor Grüll, Ádám Vér, József Zsengellér, István Karasszon, and Viktor Kókai-Nagy. Their papers in English or German are complemented by three additional papers from Carson Bay (Switzerland), Marin Meiser (Germany), and David R. Edwards (USA). Together, their work ranges from the historical and literary context to the political and philosophical thought of the author.

This volume explores and calls into question certain commonly held assumptions about writing and technological advancement in the Islamic tradition. In particular, it challenges the idea that mechanical print naturally and inevitably displaces handwritten texts as well as the notion that the so-called transition from manuscript to print is unidirectional. Indeed, rather than distinct technologies that emerge in a progressive series (one naturally following the other), they frequently co-exist in complex and complementary relationships - relationships we are only now starting to recognize and explore.The book brings together essays by internationally recognized scholars from an array of disciplines (including philology, linguistics, religious studies, history, anthropology, and typography) whose work focuses on the written word - channeled through various media - as a social and cultural phenomenon within the Islamic tradition. These essays promote systematic approaches to the study of Islamic writing cultures writ large, in an effort to further our understanding of the social, cultural and intellectual relationships between manuscripts, printed texts and the people who use and create them.