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By virtue of its subject, its methods, and its disciplinary tradition, philosophy of science straddles the borderlines between C. P. Snow's Two Cultures, connected equally strongly to the learned realm of the humanities and the technological domain of the sciences and thereby linking these worlds. Philosophers of science who engage with scientists or engineers often understand their role as that of the voice of reflection: the philosophical eagle perspective allows them to engage with those questions all too often ignored in the everyday routine of scientific practice: questions about the motivation, norms, values, methods, and limitations of the scientific enterprise. Many modern scientific projects covering all of the disciplines in the natural, medical and engineering sciences urgently require this level of philosophical reflection: large-scale collaborative scientific projects with major impact on our world and society raise concerns about sustainability, safety, objectivity, inter-subjectivity, ethics, and the fundamental concepts underlying the scientific questions, all of which are firmly within the domain of competence of the philosopher of science. This is the inaugural volume of the new book series Comptes Rendus de l'Acade¿mie Internationale de Philosophie des Science whose volumes are freely available online. The series is edited on behalf of the Acade¿mie Internationale de Philosophie des Sciences (AIPS) and this volume contains papers presented at the AIPS conference held in Amsterdam in September 2018.

With the development of several new directions of AI, including explainable AI, ethical AI and knowledge-based AI, the corresponding directions of logical research are gaining momentum: causal reasoning, reasoning with norms and values, and knowledge graph reasoning. In an open and dynamic environment, the main challenges for modeling such kinds of reasoning are to deal with information that is typically incomplete, uncertain, dynamic and conflicting, and to effectively explain the results and procedures of reasoning to ordinary human beings.Nonmonotonic logics and formal argumentation can be used as fundamental theories to cope with these challenges. The papers in this volume report some recent advantages of the research on related topics.

Aristotle's Syllogistic Underlying Logic is a ground- breaking and thorough study of Aristotle's logic, including a new translation of select chapters of Prior Analytics that treat the logic's formal components. This study shows that Aristotle consciously modeled his Underlying Logic, that Prior Analytics is a metasystematic discourse with its own underlying logic. The author clearly demonstrates that Aristotle conceived his logic as natural by explicating his notion of human cognition, central to which is his epistemic concern with syllogistic mediation that restricts a syllogism to two premises.The study further represents Aristotle's philosophy of logic as having a fully developed ontology that underlies the epistemics of syllogistic argumentation. It identifies his distinctions between syntax and semantics and provides his definitions of logical consequence and deducibility to demonstrate his metasystematic sophistication. The study carefully sets out Aristotle's metasystematic analyses and his proof-theoretic demonstrations of the logic's soundness and completeness.Unlike previous scholarship, this study works with the entire corpus of the Organon - inclusive of On Expression, Predications, Topics, Sophistical Refutations and chapters of Metaphysics - to assemble Aristotle's underlying logic in Aristotle's own words with extensive citation of primary texts. The translations are accompanied by the original Greek texts that serve as a ready resource for comparative analyses. For the translation of Prior Analytics, the Greek text and the translation appear on facing pages. The author includes a set of principles used for making the translation.An especially innovative feature of the new translation is to block passages of the text and to insert subsection titles that help (1) to elucidate Aristotle's meaning, (2) to indicate the movement of his thinking, and (3) to reveal the careful and systematic character of his logical investigations.The reader will find, in one volume, a thorough and meticulous examination of the full compass of Aristotle's logical investigations that establish him as the founder of formal logic.

We look at problems of truth and knowledge from various angles. Insufficient information may prevent the direct use of certain operations, as the use of probability in legal reasoning, so we have to take detours. We may have only contradictory information from different sources, and will use and adjust past reliability of the sources to evaluate the information.Conjectures about homogenousness of the domain may also help.On a more formal level, we extend the formal semantics of counterfactual conditionals to analogical reasoning, and examine Yablo's Paradox using various concepts and examples.

This book honors J. Michael Dunn, who was a preeminent relevance logician. Dunn's careerspanned over 50 years and his research results had an impact on philosophy, mathematics and informatics. Dunn often used algebraic techniques in his research into logics such as relevance, orthomodular and substructural logics. He invented the logic R-mingle and the sequent calculus LR+; he proved crucial theorems about 2-valued first-order logic and non-classical higher-order logics - among many other results. The papers in this volume touch upon topics that Dunn was concerned with. Some authors were students or colleagues of Dunn; some other authors had not met Dunn in person, but share his research interests. None of the articles published here have appeared in print before; indeed, most of the papers were written specifically for this collection. The diversity of the themes of the articles reflects the scope of Dunn's own research in logic. It will also ensure that anybody with an interest in logic - whether a student, a logician or a scholar in another field - will find reading this book a worthwhile endeavor. The editor, Katalin Bimbó was the 14th Ph.D. student of J. Michael Dunn at Indiana University in Bloomington, IN, U.S.A.; currently, she is a professor of philosophy at the University of Alberta in Canada.

"In spite of all that can be said against our age, what a moment it is to be at university!"Some Quaint, Old-fashioned Advice has been written to help students get the most from their time at university. It has also been written to give potential students a glimpse into university life - its rewards, its challenges, its character.Numerous survival guides populate the shelves of university bookstores. Even so, few discuss what is most distinctive about university life. Some discuss how to prepare for admissions exams. Others focus on how to make (and stick to) a budget, how to cook one's own meals or how to find the best deals on everything from student accommodations to smart phones. These are all valuable skills, but they do little to help students understand what's special about universities and how to get the most from their time at university. They also do little to explain why a university education is important.This book is different. Rather than giving suggestions about how best to navigate one's newfound social independence, this book focuses on helping students (both young and old) take advantage of their newfound intellectual independence. It says something about the opportunities and excitement a university education offers, and about the difference between a successful and an unsuccessful degree. It also includes some concrete suggestions about how to make the most of one's time at university.To anyone who recently has been accepted into college or university, congratulations! Your adventure is about to begin!A. Troglodyte began writing at Oxford University over a century ago. Recently, he (Or she? Or they? - no one really knows) has re-emerged to give advice to today's talented, hard-working college and university students.

"Half the job of getting the right answer is finding the right question."Sitting alone in my cave, as a troglodyte is wont to do, my tranquility is interrupted by a question that floats uninvited into my mind. Annoyed that I don't know the answer, I go next door to consult my neighbour, only to find that he has decamped for the season to his winter cave in Palm Springs. Discouraged, I make the fatiguing trek to my local library, where the musty smell of old books and the predictable peace and quiet quickly put me to sleep. When I awake, the question still nags at me, so I undertake the onerous task of opening a book and I begin reading.A few pages later, I make a startling discovery. It turns out that unanswered questions have been at the heart of intellectual progress for centuries! Even more, it seems that learning how to ask a good question is a skill we all need. Doctors need to ask questions to diagnose illness. Police officers need to ask questions when investigating a disturbance. Lawyers need to cross-examine witnesses. Journalists, it seems, find it necessary to ask questions of just about everyone.I also learned that discovering the right question can be tricky. Half the job of getting the right answer is finding the right question. Who would have guessed?The more I read, the more I realized that the right question can open up completely new subjects of investigation. The right question can motivate the scientist, the novelist, the voter and the small-business owner alike. A good question can help each of us see the world and ourselves in dramatically new ways.Rather annoyingly, the more I thought about this, the more I was intrigued. And the harder it was to get back to sleep.A. Troglodyte began writing at Oxford University over a century ago. Recently, he (Or she? Or they? - no one really knows) has re- emerged to give advice to today's talented, hard-working college and university students.