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The first major study of politeness in Ancient Greece and Rome, introducing the linguistic framework and showcasing a range of methods, topics, and genres. The individual chapters focus on canonical authors as well as on under-studied texts by ancient scholars and court proceedings.

In the midst of the Second World War, the Allies acknowledged Germany's ongoing programme of extermination. In the Shadow of the Holocaust examines the struggle to attain post-war justice and prosecution. Focusing on Poland's engagement with the United Nations War Crimes Commission, it analyses the different ways that the Polish Government in Exile (based in London from 1940) agitated for an Allied response to German atrocities. Michael Fleming shows that jurists associated with the Government in Exile made significant contributions to legal debates on war crimes and, along with others, paid attention to German crimes against Jews. By exploring the relationship between the UNWCC and the Polish War Crimes Office under the authority of the Polish Government in Exile and later, from the summer of 1945, the Polish Government in Warsaw, Fleming provides a new lens through which to examine the early stages of the Cold War.

The first volume to explore the rich tradition of commentaries on ancient texts produced and circulating in Byzantium from the twelfth to the fifteenth century. Examines different types of commentaries on ancient poetry and prose within the context of the study and teaching of grammar, rhetoric, philosophy and science.

Drawing on very extensive new data from the Varieties of Democracy project, this volume presents and evaluates the most prominent theories of democratization and democratic decline and sets out the global history of the development of democracy over the last two centuries.

Galen's project of scientific medicine entails philosophical issues such as the relation between experience and reason, the criteria of truth, and the methods of inquiry and justification. This volume explores his contributions to (mainly scientific) epistemology as well as their legacy in the Islamic world.

Argues for the need to rethink the place of late Hellenistic literature within the wider landscape of Greek and Roman literary history. Explores a wide range of texts and genres, in prose and verse, showing how they engaged with their social, cultural and political contexts and with each other.

The writings of Cicero contain hundreds of quotations of Latin poetry. This book examines his citations of Latin poets writing in diverse poetic genres and demonstrates the importance of poetry as an ethical, historical, and linguistic resource in the late Roman Republic. Hannah Culik-Baird studies Cicero's use of poetry in his letters, speeches, and philosophical works, contextualizing his practice within the broader intellectual trends of contemporary Rome. Cicero's quotations of the 'classic' Latin poets, such as Ennius, Pacuvius, Accius, and Lucilius, are responsible for preserving the most significant fragments of verse from the second century BCE. The book also therefore examines the process of fragmentation in classical antiquity, with particular attention to the relationship between quotation and fragmentation. The Appendices collect perceptible instances of poetic citation (Greek as well as Latin) in the Ciceronian corpus.

Adopts and promotes a bilingual focus on the Greek and Latin poetry of late antiquity. Sheds light on the literary developments regarded as typical of the period and explores the poetic and aesthetic ideals that affected individual Greek and Latin poems.

This is the first book for a century to explore the development of French opera with spoken dialogue from its beginnings. Musical comedy in this form came in different styles and formed a distinct genre of opera, whose history has been obscured by neglect. Its songs were performed in private homes, where operas themselves were also given. The subject-matter was far wider in scope than is normally thought, with news stories and political themes finding their way onto the popular stage. In this book, David Charlton describes the comedic and musical nature of eighteenth-century popular French opera, considering topics such as Gherardi's theatre, Fair Theatre and the 'musico-dramatic art' created in the mid-eighteenth century. Performance practices, singers, audience experiences and theatre staging are included, as well as a pioneering account of the formation of a core of 'canonical' popular works.

Explores the religious rituals and beliefs of ancient Greece and Rome, using modern research into human cognition to better understand the experiences of men and women. Integrates literary, epigraphic, visual and archaeological evidence. Accessible to those without prior knowledge either of cognitive theory or of the ancient world.

Bringing together research from queer linguistics and lexicography, this book uncovers how same-sex acts, desires, and identities have been represented in English dictionaries published in Britain from the early modern to the inter-war period. Moving across time - from the appearance of the first standalone English dictionary to the completion of the first edition of the Oxford English Dictionary - and shuttling across genres - from general usage, hard words, thieves' cant, and slang to law, medicine, classical myth, women's biography, and etymology - it asks how dictionary-writers made sense of same-sex intimacy, and how they failed or refused to make sense of it. It also queries how readers interacted with dictionaries' constructions of sexual morality, against the broader backdrop of changing legal, religious, and scientific institutions. In answering these questions, the book responds and contributes to established traditions and new trends in linguistics, queer theory, literary criticism, and the history of sexuality.

How do terror and popularity merge under a dictatorship? How did the Gestapo deal with critics of Nazism? Based on hundreds of secret police case files, Enemies of the People explores the day-to-day reality of political policing under Hitler. Examining the Gestapo's policy of 'selective enforcement', J. Ryan Stackhouse challenges the abiding perception of the Gestapo as policing exclusively through terror. Instead, he reveals the complex system of enforcement that defined the relationship between state and society in the Third Reich and helps to explain the Germans' abiding support for Hitler and their complicity in the regime's crimes. Stories of everyday life in Nazi Germany paint the clearest picture yet of just how differently the Gestapo handled certain groups and actions, and the routine investigation, interrogation, and enforcement practices behind this system. Enemies of the People offers penetrating insights into just how reasonable selective enforcement appeared to Germans, and draws unavoidable parallels with the contemporary threat of authoritarianism.

From the establishment of a coherent doctrine on sacramental marriage to the eve of the Reformation, late medieval church courts were used for marriage cases in a variety of ways. Ranging widely across Western Europe, including the Upper and Lower Rhine regions, England, Italy, Catalonia, and Castile, this study explores the stark discrepancies in practice between the North of Europe and the South. Wolfgang P. Muller draws attention to the existence of public penitential proceedings in the North and their absence in the South, and explains the difference in demand, as well as highlighting variations in how individuals obtained written documentation of their marital status. Integrating legal and theological perspectives on marriage with late medieval social history, Muller addresses critical questions around the relationship between the church and medieval marriage, and what this reveals about both institutions.

With chapters ranging from early Greek housing in Homeric poetry, to the sounds of Pompeiian villas, to graffiti in houses in Roman Syria, and the presentation of 'domesticity' in contemporary museum, this volume tackles the challenge of combining textual and archaeological evidence to study housing in the ancient Mediterranean world.

Argues that buildings in early Italy serve as windows into the minds and lives of those who made and used them, and demonstrates that architecture was closely connected to communities, to the natural world, and to the cosmos, and had the power to shape society as much as reflect it.

How was power justified in late medieval Europe? What justifications did people find convincing, and why? Based around the two key intellectual movements of the fifteenth century, conciliarism in the church and humanism, this study explores the justifications for the distribution of power and authority in fifteenth- and early sixteenth-century Europe. By examining the arguments that convinced people in this period, Joseph Canning demonstrates that it was almost universally assumed that power had to be justified but that there were fundamentally different kinds of justification employed. Against the background of juristic thought, Canning presents a new interpretative approach to the justifications of power through the lenses of conciliarism, humanism and law, throwing fresh light on our understanding of both conciliarists' ideas and the contribution of Italian Renaissance humanists.

Explores the deep connection between music and memory in Graeco-Roman culture, and how this connection was understood and experienced by ancient authors, artists, performers, and audiences. Reveals how musical memory formed a fundamental part of social, cultural, ritual, and political life in ancient Greek- and Latin-speaking communities.

Bringing together research from an international team of scholars, this is the first book-length treatment of the phonetics and phonology of heritage languages. It analyses a diverse range of bilingual dyads through a variety of theoretical tools and methodological orientations, providing inspiration to researchers for future work in the field.

Offering a new take on the identities of medieval people, this volume intertwines the study of identities with current scholarship to reveal their multi-layered, sometimes contradictory dimensions, and looks beyond family, regional, or national communities to address the disparities forged by social status, gender, age, education, and displacement.