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This guidance note explains why countries in Asia and the Pacific should use technology including remote sensing and artificial intelligence to reform property tax management and help strengthen public finances.Outlining why property tax is a stable revenue source, it shows how technology can be used to roll out computerized mass appraisal systems, automated value modelling, and integrated land information systems. It assesses the complex hurdles and financial constraints facing countries and shows how ADB is helping better integrate land management into wider e-government systems.

This report explains why strengthening the governance around public investment management is central to cutting inefficiencies and unblocking the climate finance needed to narrow Asia and the Pacific's gaping infrastructure gap.Outlining how adaptation and mitigation should be woven into more inclusive investment planning, the report explains why private investment should be combined with public resources to better tackle the climate and investment shortfall. It shows why a stronger understanding of climate data and risk analysis can help drive transparent and accountable climate responsive investment in order to finance a solid pipeline of resilient infrastructure projects.

This report provides an overview of changes in trade and global value chains (GVCs), cross-border investment, financial integration, and the movement of people in Asia and the Pacific and explores ways of decarbonizing GVCs.The report considers how deeper regional integration and greener growth can bolster trade and act as a buffer against future shocks. It looks at ways technology, carbon pricing, and trade policies can help economies tackle both supply chain vulnerability and climate change.

In the Asia and Pacific region, accessing clean water and sanitation is a constant challenge for residents of informal settlements. Informal service providers, or intermediaries, have emerged in response to this significant essential service gap.This publication examines good practices particularly those involving intermediaries-social enterprises, the private sector, and nongovernment organizations-in delivering water and sanitation services in informal settlements, and their potential for expansion. It presents case studies from Bangladesh, Cambodia, India, Nepal, Papua New Guinea, and the Philippines. The learning is intended to encourage governments, water supply and sanitation utilities, and development financing institutions to incorporate intermediary service providers as valuable partners in large-scale, sustainable investments in water and sanitation service delivery.

Assessing how Asia and the Pacific can benefit from stronger tax systems, this comparative analysis drills down into the set-ups and performance of revenue bodies in 41 economies to highlight reform challenges and outline opportunities.Drawing on the results of the International Survey on Revenue Administration (ISORA 2022) survey, it provides background on each economy, details the performance of their revenue bodies, and looks at growing digitalization. The seventh edition in the series, it outlines major trends and sets out ways government and officials can reform their revenue bodies to build more effective and efficient tax systems.

The COVID-19 pandemic hit India in three waves between 2020 and 2022 with severe socioeconomic impact, particularly on poor and vulnerable people. This report examines the Government of India's comprehensive and graded response over different phases of the pandemic and ADB's comprehensive support.As its long-standing partner, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) proactively supported the government's strategic, multisectoral, and well-planned intervention. ADB effectively realigned its operational priorities and internal business processes to provide swift, systematic, and concerted support during this period to help India deal with the immediate and long-term pandemic impacts.

This road map shows how Bangladesh can swap diesel irrigation pumps for solar powered systems to reduce fuel imports, increase farmers' incomes, and support the country's clean energy transition.

This publication introduces the Global Integration Index as a tool to explore how global and regional integration affect development outcomes.The 43 indicators in the index include digital connectivity and environmental cooperation and build on the Asian Development Bank's framework to measure progress in regional cooperation and integration. The index confirms deeper global economic linkages in Asia and the Pacific and enables comparison with other regions and across dimensions. The publication considers how policymakers can combine global and regional integration efforts with domestic policies for sustainable and inclusive economic growth.

ADB's South Asia Department conducted a study to assess the status and responses to the needs of disadvantaged groups in its member countries and identify entry points for greater gender equality and social inclusion impacts in its operations.This publication presents the results, providing an analysis of nine dimensions of exclusion and vulnerability- gender inequality; old age, disability, social identity, diverse sexual orientation, gender identity and expression, and sex characteristics; geographic location; income poverty; young age; and migrant status-and how these dimensions overlap in the lives of people with intersecting disadvantaged identities. Drawing from the good practices of governments, civil society organizations, and ADB-financed projects in South Asia, the publication provides SARD a 10-point guide for designing and operationalizing programs for gender equality and social inclusion.

This note is intended to guide the Asian Development Bank, executing and implementing agencies, consultants, and contractors in setting up, adapting, and managing grievance redness mechanisms assigned to receive reports on sexual exploitation, abuse, and harassment in ADB-financed projects with civil works. The proposed reporting mechanisms and case handling processes in this publication are based on good practices by international development agencies and multilateral development banks. This good practice note may be used independently but is better understood when read together with the Good Practice Note on Addressing Sexual Exploitation, Abuse and Harassment in ADB- Financed Projects with Civil Works.

Indonesia's micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) are crucial drivers of economic growth, and this joint publication with Gojek looks at the potential of digital sales to strengthen their resilience. It shares findings from a study of MSME merchants using Gojek's GoFood platform during the COVID-19 pandemic. It notes that Gojek played an important role in the continued operation of MSMEs that otherwise would have been cut off from customers. The publication explores the pandemic's impacts on merchants, including the particular burdens faced by women. It suggests ways of enhancing merchants' experience with online platforms and developing mutual benefits.

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Detailing how Australia's Therapeutics Goods Administration conducted horizon scanning for new vaccines during the pandemic to assist ADB, this report is designed to help countries in Asia and the Pacific prepare for future outbreaks.It provides details of 16 vaccine manufacturers with novel and established vaccine technologies adapted to new pathogens like SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Offering information on their vaccine pipeline and partnerships, the report shows their approach to working with ADB's developing member countries and can be used to inform decisions related to vaccine manufacturing and procurement.

This publication explores how data from ships' Automatic Identification System (AIS) can be used to produce near real-time, granular statistics for analyzing maritime activities and detecting disruptions to port operations. Recent global supply chain disruptions have underscored the need for more timely and accurate data. This publication shows how indicators from AIS data can be used to supplement official statistics. Highlighting how AIS data can swiftly capture the impact of events on major ports and maritime highways, it outlines a framework to leverage this data and support a broader understanding of maritime activities from major hubs and cases of disruptions.

Introducing a data-driven framework aimed at closing the digital education gap, this report assesses 10 developing member countries and illuminates how a multi-stakeholder, systemic approach-including engagement with the private sector-can enhance the delivery of digital education.Utilizing five overarching categories of the framework-infrastructure, government policy, educators, students, and service providers-as lenses to examine each country's unique landscape, the report identifies tailored pathways for incremental and staged development. The report envisages adopting sustainable, scalable solutions that contribute to a more cohesive and inclusive digital education ecosystem.

This publication provides updated statistics on a comprehensive set of economic, financial, social, and environmental measures as well as select indicators for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The report covers the 49 regional members of ADB. It discusses trends in development progress and the challenges to achieving inclusive and sustainable economic growth across Asia and the Pacific. This 54th edition of Key Indicators examines how the increased cost-of-living crisis combined with the lingering impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic are pushing millions of people in Asia and the Pacific deeper into poverty. The report identifies the need for more galvanized efforts to ensure poor people are able to cope with inflationary pressures and ongoing economic uncertainties.

This publication provides a case study of how digital tools can help optimize road design to strengthen climate resilience, safety, and efficient resource use.It explains how virtual models can be used to simulate and analyze the effects of potential design choices and future scenarios such as climatic conditions. It shows how greater use of data and digital solutions can help build greener, more durable transport infrastructure and bolster safety. The case study was developed in collaboration with ORIS as part of a project to upgrade a section of the A380 Highway in Uzbekistan.

This edition shows how a modest improvement in economic fundamentals has buoyed East Asia's local currency bond (LCY) markets, but potential renewed increases in inflation and further interest rate hikes could pose risks for the region's borrowers.Covering the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), the People's Republic of China, Hong Kong, China, and the Republic of Korea, the report notes that positive investment sentiment supported a narrowing of risk premiums, a rally in equity markets, and net foreign portfolio inflows. However, interest rates in the region remained elevated, partly due to a rise in bond yields in major advanced economies. Higher borrowing costs have contributed to debt stress and bond defaults in some markets in the region over the past few months.

Providing high-level climate risk assessments for cities in Armenia, Georgia, and Uzbekistan, this report is designed to mainstream mitigation and adaptation into urban planning to help ensure climate resilient growth. For each country, it harnesses climate data, models, and projections. It offers a range of scenarios, assesses potential risks to key infrastructure, and sets out ways to combat the impacts of events such as increasingly severe floods and heatwaves. Targeted at focal agencies, ADB project teams, and development practitioners, it proposes urban planning and policy measures that can help each of the countries reach their ambitious climate commitments.

This publication analyzes the evolution of Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDC) in Asia and the Pacific, assesses their potential risks and technical challenges, and shows their potential to improve cross-border payments and financial inclusion.Ahead of the launch of any large-scale Asian CBDC, it details various models and explores how Cambodia, the People's Republic of China, Singapore, and Thailand are taking the lead. Outlining global developments and emerging trends, it shows why a robust digital infrastructure, strong public-private collaboration, and fintech literacy are central to ensuring CBDCs help drive the transition to a digital economy.

This report explores Uzbekistan's nascent technology start-up ecosystem, outlines hurdles entrepreneurs face to turn ideas into viable businesses, and offers practical ways to create the environment they need to thrive.Analyzing start-ups focused on agriculture, education, health, and the environment, the report explains the need to bolster talent, increase access to funding and incubator programs, and find fresh ways for the government to lend support. It shows how increasing grants, starting a national investment fund, and engaging foreign expertise will encourage entrepreneurs to build and scale up new businesses while helping diversify Uzbekistan's economy. It is the ninth country report in the series Ecosystems for Technology Startups in Asia and the Pacific.

This report assesses relief programs established by Nepal during its 2020 COVID-19 lockdown to mitigate food insecurity among vulnerable groups, analyzes their effectiveness, and recommends ways to make them more responsive and resilient.Outlining how Nepal strategically engaged the private sector, it explains the process of selecting eligible households, the challenges of food distribution, and shows how the program addressed issues such as gender and inclusion. It makes a series of recommendations including strengthening local capacity, harnessing data to identify vulnerable groups, and implementing disaster response mechanisms to help Nepal better manage future crises.

The Policy Actions for COVID-19 Economic Recovery (PACER) Dialogues was launched in June 2020 as the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic accelerated around the world.The PACER Dialogues share cutting-edge knowledge and best practices to help countries in Southeast Asia and the People's Republic of China strengthen cooperation to mitigate the devastating effects of COVID-19 and accelerate their economic recovery. This second compendium of nine policy briefs summarizes the discussions, recommendations, and actionable insights from the PACER Dialogues held from February 2021 to July 2022.

This report assesses climate finance in Asia and the Pacific and analyzes how it can be harnessed by developing member countries to expand climate action and spur low-carbon, resilient growth. Designed to help governments and development partners identify and address barriers, it offers a subregional breakdown and underscores the need for equitable access to funds to help countries meet their climate targets. It assesses financing gaps, considers how to increase investment, and outlines ways to scale up climate finance so that it reaches the countries and sectors that need it most.

Outlines how sector agencies in South Asia can develop gender equality and social inclusion (GESI) strategies, highlights their key elements, and shows how to effectively integrate them into projects and policies. Offers tips on how to adopt participatory processes to help develop and implement inclusive frameworks.

This edition presents recent developments in emerging East Asian local currency bond markets and features a special section about how increased climate risk awareness can influence investors' trading decisions.Bond yields in emerging East Asia declined from March to May amid easing inflationary pressures in the region and slower monetary tightening in the United States. The region's local currency bond stock grew 9.1% from a year earlier to $23.8 trillion at the end of March. The increase was largely driven by governments frontloading debt issuance to finance programs to support economic recovery. Corporate bond issuance remained moderate, partly due to higher interest rates.

Pacific economies are bouncing back as tourism recovers and infrastructure projects resume, but inflationary pressures and vulnerability to natural hazards remain downside risks.This edition of the Pacific Economic Monitor tracks the rebound of some tourism-dependent economies; explores new opportunities from agriculture, digitalization, and fisheries; and analyzes ways to mitigate fiscal risks and support sustainable economic growth. It highlights how policies can better support women entrepreneurs and how strengthening fiscal reserves can help countries recover more quickly from shocks.

This Energy Sector Directional Guide provides the strategic direction of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) for the energy sector.This sector guide describes the context and rationale that will guide ADB's agenda in supporting developing member countries (DMCs) with financing, knowledge, convening ability, and technical assistance (TA) to ensure improved coherence, relevance, efficiency, and effectiveness of ADB's energy sector investments. The guide also outlines the priorities and focus for the energy sector in line with Strategy 2030.This sector guide is designed to be a living document, to be updated as needed to remain relevant to the dynamic development context of Asia and the Pacific. A midterm review is to be conducted following the expected review of the Energy Policy in 2025.This guide is volume 2 in the seven-volume collection, Strategy 2030 Sector Directional Guides.

Analyzing the potential of carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) to secure a low-carbon environment for Asia and the Pacific, this Asian Development Bank (ADB) compendium features 11 CCUS technologies and tools.As ADB strives to facilitate this low-carbon future for the region within the next half of this century, the compendium explores how CCUS can enhance sustainable energy security and compliance with international commitments, while decarbonizing industries-without substantial disruptions to existing operations. Featuring technical, economic, and financial insights into pioneering technologies, the publication encourages collaborations between ADB members and stakeholders to nurture such urgently required innovations.

This tool kit explores some of the key attributes of potential and existing emission trading systems, carbon taxes, and fossil fuel subsidies rationalization programs in Asia and the Pacific and other emerging countries.It aims to guide policymakers in the Asian Development Bank's developing member countries to effectively design, implement, and manage the interplay of carbon taxes, emission trading systems, and fossil fuel subsidies reduction programs. The tool kit provides illustrative case studies as examples of the problems governments have encountered in implementing these programs and the solutions they have found to address these issues.