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Principles of Optical Interferometry" is an edited book consisting of 19 contemporaneous open-access articles featuring different aspects of optical interferometry, from heterodyne to speckle interferometry. It includes methodologies of interferometric fringe analysis, as well the applications of Fabry-Perot, Fizeau, and Mach-Zehnder Interferometers. It introduces to a class of recent interferometer designs such as the Point Diffraction Interferometer, Radial Shearing Interferometer, Fiber-Optic Ring Resonator Interferometer and a Neural Network-Based Laser Interferometer. Reading this book requires some knowledge in calculus, differential equations, electromagnetism, and general topics in interferometry. This book is intended to reach an academic audience ranging from Science undergraduate students to experienced researchers.

Applied Algebraic and Differential Calculus" is an edited book consisting of 18 open-access articles on mathematical analysis and computational methodologies for solving differential equations, as well as matrix eigenvalue, boundary value, and bifurcation problems. It includes a variety of algebraic and numerical strategies from decomposition to neural network based methods. Reading this book requires some knowledge in advanced calculus, differential equations, matrix computations. This book is intended to reach an academic audience ranging from graduate student to experienced researchers.

"Solar and Space Physics" is an edited book consisting of 16 contemporaneous open-access articles featuring the modeling of the solar magnetic activity and space weather. It aims to provide an overall overview and to review the recent advances in the modelling of the solar dynamo and its important features, including the sunspot butterfly diagram. It also focuses on the impact of the solar activity cycle on Earth's environment. It includes magnetohydrodynamics modeling and forecasting of the past, current, and future solar magnetic activity, from the strong magnetic eruptions during solar minima to low number of sunspots and weakening of magnetic structures during solar minima. It includes, in particular, the analysis of the most recent solar cycles (Solar Cycles 23 and 24) as well as a prediction for the current solar cycle (Solar Cycle 25). Reading this book requires some knowledge in electromagnetism, hydrodynamics, and time series. This book is intended to reach an academic audience ranging from advanced undergraduate students to experienced researchers.

"Statistical Mechanics and Entropy" is an edited book consisting of 16 contemporaneous open-access articles that highlight different aspects of the definition of entropy in statistical mechanics and other fields. The book includes a reflection on the real physical meaning of thermodynamic entropy, and several misconceptions regarding the violation of the second law of thermodynamics by perpetual motion machines, Maxwell's demon, vortex tube, etc. It overviews the concept of generalized Boltzmann-Gibbs entropy in dynamical systems (e.g. Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy), information theory (e.g. Rényi and Shannon entropies), and statistical physics (e.g. Tsallis entropy). It includes quantum modifications and extensions of equilibrium statistical mechanics. Fundamental laws of nature and thermodynamics are expanded from classical simple systems to quantum systems, as well as to more complex systems in biology, cosmology, economy and communication networks. Reading this book requires some knowledge in thermodynamics, calculus and differential equations. This book is intended to reach an academic audience ranging from undergraduate students to experienced researchers.

This book covers different topics from neuroscience and computational intelligence, including semantic and concept modeling, general neuroscience topics, reasoning and knowledge modeling, and topics from clinical neuroscience. Section 1 focuses on semantic and concept modeling, describing automatic concept extraction in semantic summarization process, a further analysis of taxonomic links in conceptual modelling, a general knowledge representation model of concepts, intelligent information access based on logical semantic binding method, and automatic concept extraction in semantic summarization process. Section 2 focuses on general neuroscience topics, describing the philosophy and neuroscience movement, the creativity as central to critical reasoning and the facilitative role of moral education, the information infrastructure for cooperative research in neuroscience, and computational intelligence and neuroscience in neurorobotics. Section 3 focuses on reasoning and knowledge modeling, describing knowledge representation in a proof checker for logic programs, episodic reasoning for vision-based human action recognition, a knowledge representation formalism for semantic business process management, and gaining knowledge from imperfect data. Section 4 focuses on clinical neuroscience, describing neuroscience and unconscious processes, validating new technologies to treat depression, pain and the feeling of sentient beings, Alzheimer's disease as an adaptability disorder and what role does happiness have in treatment, management and prevention, as well as how neuroscience relates to hearing aid amplification and social cognition through the lens of cognitive and clinical neuroscience.

This book covers different topics related to advanced operational researches, including optimization and linear programming, graph-based techniques and route planning, operations research in logistics problems, and methods for resource allocation. Section 1 focuses on optimization and linear programming, describing a new approach for solving linear fractional programming problems with duality concept, a particle swarm optimization algorithm for solving pricing and lead time quotation in a dual-channel supply chain with multiple customer classes, inverting the multiple-assisting tool network problem to solve for optimality, a dynamic active-set method for linear programming, and the sliding gradient algorithm for linear programming. Section 2 focuses on graph-based techniques and route planning, describing route optimization of electric vehicle considering soft time windows and two ways of power replenishment, the route planning on campus bus in a University, integrating origin-destination survey and stochastic user equilibrium as a case study for route relocation, and research of UAV flight planning parameters. Section 3 focuses on operations research in logistics problems, describing optimization of urban rail transportation in emerging countries using operational research techniques, a review on strategic, tactical and operational decision planning in reverse logistics of green supply chain network design, research on agri-food cold chain logistics management system, a use case of sea-port operational efficiency by an evaluation of five Asian ports using stochastic frontier production function model, and the design of urban traffic in Ferizaj through operational research. Section 4 focuses on methods for resource allocation, describing application of the two non-zero component lemma in resource allocation, energy efficient non-cooperative methods for resource allocation in cognitive radio networks, an alternative interpretation of mixed strategies in n-person normal form games via resource allocation, and a dynamic optimization technique for resource allocation problems in a production company.

This book covers different topics from computer gaming technology, including educational and simulation games, games hardware, games software, and computer games for social and health purposes. Section 1 focuses on educational and simulation games, describing SIDH: a game-based architecture for a training simulator, an application of a game development framework in higher education, experiential learning in vehicle dynamics education via motion simulation and interactive gaming, and development of a driving simulator with analyzing driver's characteristics based on a virtual reality head mounted display. Section 2 focuses on games hardware, describing fast and reliable mouse picking using graphics hardware, ballooning graphics memory space in full GPU virtualization environments, platform for distributed 3D gaming, player profile management on NFC smart card for multiplayer ubiquitous games, and real-time large crowd rendering with efficient character and instance management on GPU. Section 3 focuses on games software, describing gamer's facial cloning for online interactive games, quantization of cognitive learning process by computer graphics-games, real-time animation of trees based on BBSC in computer games, a dense point-to-point alignment method for realistic 3D face morphing and animation, and knowledge encoding in game mechanics: transfer-oriented knowledge learning in desktop-3D and VR. Section 4 focuses on games for social and health purposes, describing Hall of heroes - a digital game for social skills training with young adolescents, Kinect-based exer-games tailored to Parkinson patients, and development of a gesture-based game applying participatory design to reflect values of manual wheelchair users, using the revised bloom taxonomy to analyze psychotherapeutic games.

This book covers different topics related to the recent advances in multimedia, including machine learning and AI methods in multimedia research, multimedia applications in health and medicine, multimedia transmission in wireless networks and multimedia applications in education. Section 1 focuses on machine learning and AI methods in multimedia research, describing context-aware attention network for human emotion recognition in video, large-scale video retrieval via deep local convolutional features, region space guided transfer function design for nonlinear neural network augmented image visualization, data-driven methods for image and video understanding, and pretraining convolutional neural networks for image-based vehicle classification. Section 2 focuses on multimedia applications in health and medicine, describing study of multimedia technology in posture training for the elderly, rapid extraction of target information in messy multimedia medical data, effectiveness of a multimedia messaging service reminder system in the management of knee osteoarthritis, and virtual realities in the treatment of mental disorders: a review of the current state of research. Section 3 focuses on multimedia transmission in wireless networks, describing clustering in wireless multimedia sensor networks, a dynamic link adaptation for multimedia quality-based communications in IEEE_802.11 wireless networks, multimedia and VoIP-oriented cell search technique for the IEEE 802.11 WLANS, and ubiquitous control framework for delivering perceptual satisfaction of multimedia traffic. Section 4 focuses on multimedia applications in education, describing online individualized multimedia instruction instrument for engineering communication skills, design model for educational multimedia software, cognitive constructivist theory of multimedia, design of videogame based on inca abacus, and multimedia approach in teaching mathematics through examples of interactive lessons from mathematical analysis and geometry.

This book introduces an overview of language teaching and instructional technology. It gives a critical look at computer and mobile assisted language learning, electronic test, and technology assisted language learning. The most outstanding feature of the book is its description on online learning during Covid-19 Pandemic. The book outlines technology-enhanced learning environment from different views, current SLA theory and CALL, social networking, assessing language through computer technology, factors influencing the quality of online learning, parents attitudes toward online learning, and teachers challenges for online classrooms during Coronavirus.

Data science plays a very vital role in shaping up the process of transitioning data into information and into knowledge. As business enterprises, organizations, governments, IT companies, and service providers are keenly becoming data-driven, the role and responsibility of data scientists are bound to go up significantly. Python is emerging as the leading programming language for data science projects. The aim of the book is to clearly explain how Python simplifies and speeds up the realization of next-generation data science applications.

This book sheds light on various key terms or jargans that have been used for marketing and advertising. In basic terms, marketing is the process of identifying customer needs and determining how best to meet those needs. In contrast, advertising is the exercise of promoting a company and its products or services through paid channels. In other words, advertising is a component of marketing.

This volume synthesize and explains the most common computer science terms spanning a wide of range of computer science areas, including hardware, software, multimedia, computer applications, networking, and personal computing. This glossary volume defines complex terms in an easy-to-understand fashion, which makes the book valuable for non-technical and technical audience alike. Terms are defined in a jargon-free and concise manner. The technical terms are illustrated with specific examples whenever appropriate. After reading this book, you will be able to understand computer concepts without going in circles with definitions

In this book, various key terms on managament have been explained. Management is a process of planning, decision making, organizing, leading, motivation and controlling the human resources, financial, physical, and information resources of an organization to reach its goals efficiently and effectively.

This book offers to explain the basic concepts of tourism labor and employment, role of labor in the tourism and hospitality, human resource management for tourism, quantifying employment in tourism industry. This book sheds light on managing employee attitudes and behaviors in tourism, employer branding for hospitality and tourism industry. It also addresses the numerous challenges and opportunities in tourism and future trends and policies in tourism.

Tourism is an important sector for economic development in a country. With a year ahead full of important sporting events, we look at how sports tourism has grown in importance from niche market to multi-billion dollar business. Sport and tourism each contribute a great deal to the global economy and have become an element in the armoury of politicians, planners and economists seeking to regenerate local economies. The trend to increase sport touristic experiences and to provide them in faraway, often very different cultures simply increases the importance of addressing both the potential positive and the negative sociocultural impacts of sport tourism. This book critically explores sport-related tourism drawing on the fields of sport management, sports marketing, economic, sports geography, and tourism studies.

The book provides a breif overview of work managing in the digital economy, and the challenges and strategies involved in it. It deals with digital economy for customer benefit and business fairness. This book sheds light on the human resource management, digital transformation of labor, principles of management, efficiency and effectiveness and the social as well as economic transformation in the digital era

Service excellence is about delivering to the customer expectation, and then meeting and slightly exceeding that expectation. Service operations management in the tourism and hospitality industry requires a high level of coordination, communication and facilitation to satisfy visitors. In all of these activities, service excellence means a lot to visitors in terms of their experience, and to the business it means repeat customers and word-of-mouth marketing. This book analyses important drivers of service excellence in the tourism and hospitality industry. The book is meant as a reference and supplementary reading for students, researchers and industry practitioners.

The capacity to concentrate and comprehend spoken language of multiple expressions (i.e., listening comprehension) is one of the essential aspect talents in literacy. In this book, the authors assess theoretical frameworks and empirical proof of listening comprehension and development, and propose an immediate and mediated model of listening comprehension. A review of correlational and intervention studies indicates that many language and cognitive abilities contribute to listening comprehension, together with operating memories, interest, vocabulary, syntactic information, inference, and comprehension of observance. Despite the limitation in variety, research indicates that those abilities are malleable. Active listening and comprehension form a crucial a part of reading and writing instruction, incorporating these are a couple of language and cognitive abilities. Guidance may further be used to improve modern literacy preparation, along with book reading or studying comprehension.The contribution of oral language in literacy development is indisputable in terms of concept and empirical evidence. Oral language, nevertheless, is a vast construct encompassing lexical, sentence, and discourse abilities. A lexical-degree oral language skill, vocabulary, has obtained plenty of interest in terms of theoretical ways of analyzing.

Enhancing the quality of education and universal access is the only way South America and the Caribbean can really reduce the inequality gap. This volume recommends creative policy formulation and commitment to adopt new technology, which is essential to ensuring that young people do not get lost in the education system. As UNICEF points out, well over 95% of youngsters in South America and the Caribbean are currently out of school. This has affected education tremendously, but also the society, politics and the economy, because education is closely related to all aspects of the community. Some of the topics covered in this book include; Chapter 1: Introduction to Educational Systems in South America, Chapter 2: Educational Indices in South America, Chapter 3. Literacy Rate in South America, and Chapter 4: Educational Attainment in South America. Information and communication technology (ICT) tools can help children better prepare for the challenges of the future. But South America is not ready yet. Despite increased efforts to integrate ICT into education, minimal progress has been made. The digital divide simply means that most low-income students lack reliable access to computers or broadband Internet, and dependence on ICT may aggravate existing inequalities.

It's broadly acknowledged that a large part of Africa's education systems suffers from low-quality teaching and infrastructure, in addition to inequalities and exclusion at different stages. Despite a sizable boom in the amount of youngsters with access to quality primary education, a vast number still remain away from school. This volume seeks to highlight the challenges to quality schooling in Africa and identifies feasible solutions to the issue. Unequal distribution of critical facilities, such as well-equipped schools, is identified as one the contributors of wide education inequalities. The topics covered include Chapter 1: History of Education in Africa; Chapter 2: African Countries with the Best Education System; Chapter 3: Challenges and Issues Facing the Education System in Africa; and Chapter 4: Major Progress in Access to Education in Africa; Chapter 5: Strengthening Education Systems in Africa; Chapter 6: Planning and Financing Sustainable Education Systems in Africa; Chapter 7: Girls' Education in Africa; Chapter 8: Boys' Education in Africa; Chapter 9: ICT in Education Initiatives in Africa; and Chapter 10: Education Reforms in Africa . Quality education enhances the distribution of competent workers, and governments can use this greater supply to develop an equitable where everyone, wealthy or poor, can have similar opportunities.

For children, the education system includes elementary schools, junior and senior high schools, and finally universities. The education system covers the socio-economic factors that usually influence schools at the state, federal, state, and community levels. The volume emphasizes that education is a key part of any development. Knowledge can increase wealth and well-being; college graduates in most countries earn higher incomes. The volume shows that people who have completed a high school diploma are more likely to show good health and wealth, than those who have not received a high school education. However, the education system needs to be monitored and improved to provide better educational opportunities-starting from early childhood education and continuing throughout life. They need to provide people with the knowledge, skills and tools needed to stay competitive and involved in society. Some of the topics covered in this book include; chapter 1: education systems in Europe, chapter 2: access to education in Europe, chapter 3: educational choices, transitions and aspirations in Europe, and chapter 4: globalization and Europeanization of education.

Although the financial crisis has affected Asia, the region is still expected to achieve its educational goals. In terms of basic, primary, and higher education enrollment rates, the region's numbers gender disparity continues to decrease. Simply expanding the enrollment numbers is not enough. This volume shows that the dropout rate in the region has been high, and it is necessary to improve the nature of education in order to provide helpless families with better motivation and support tools to keep their children in school. Some of the topics covered include: Chapter 1: "Early Childhood Education in Asia;" Chapter 2: "Primary School Education in Asia;" Chapter 3: "Secondary School Education in Asia;" and Chapter 4: "Tertiary Education in Asia." The volume covers many achievements in the region and the difficulties that still exist in education. It explores various ways to respond to changes, revising the teaching framework to improve the quality, and establishing support networks for students and teachers.

The North American educational system is not the same as those in different continents. Despite the fact that the governments contribute altogether to the public education spending plan, schooling is essentially the duty of local and state administrations. This volume mentions that in nations like Canada, the US, and Greenland, the local administrations have their own departments of education and finance, who are responsible for the employing of school workforce and educational planning. Local states additionally decide the level of training: in many states, education is mandatory from 5 or 6 to 16 years old; yet in certain states, adolescents need to remain in school until age 18. Thus, every state has significant power over what is taught in its schools, and over the necessities that a student should meet; they are additionally liable for the subsidizing of tutoring. The authors mention these topics among others to explain their opinion: Chapter 1: "How American Education Systems Have Evolved?;" Chapter 2: "North American Primary and Secondary Schools;" and Chapter 3: "The North American Higher Education System." The volume makes reference that in many States, the government-funded education system is additionally divided into neighborhood school regions, which are overseen by an educational committee, addressing the nearby local area. School districts may be little, covering only a tiny community or rural region, or tremendous, covering an entire city. They will likewise appoint a varied measure of independence to every school inside their area (with certain exemptions, for example, general principles regarding wellbeing and security).

A basic introduction into the network coding, the theoretical frameowork for network coding, its implementation in the wireless systems are the different topics that have been illustrated in great detail in this book. It further talks about the multicast network coding, its use in application layer multicast together with the benefits, applications and challenges of network coding, and also discusses security against adversarial errors.

Along with providing an overview of cloud computing, this book talks about the various other dimensions involved in it such as the risk issues and security challenges in cloud computing. It highlights the appplication safety and service vulnerability in cloud network. It also gives an introduction to IoT security and its open challenges, IoT architecture security and the introduction into the social network and its security issues, as well as the cyberspace security in the digital age.

This comprehensive guide provides a detailed overview of modern biometrics, which allows a person to be identified and authenticated based on recognizable, unique, and verifiable data. Biometrics technologies include detection of dormant fingerprints, iris, gait, or facial and voice recognition. Today, biometrics powers cutting-edge security algorithms. Biometrics is used for access into banks, airports or personal smartphones, which means that your money and personal information can be stored safely. Each chapter starts with a comprehensive review of the biometrics technology and its algorithmic description, describes how it works, and outlines all of the applicable and modern use cases of that technology. This book will be an invaluable companion guide to students wishing to become system designers, micro-engineers, security algorithms creators, security experts, and electronic security system manufacturers working on controls or microchips.

The need for high quality water to sustain different ecosystems is an important issue and there is a need for preservation of these natural ecosystems for better access of future generations. Selenium is one of the chemicals which is distributed widely in nature and is found in most rocks and soils at concentrations. It also transported via different ways such as water system of farming, coal burning, silver, gold, coal and phosphate mining, metal purifying, and city landfills. This book provides in-depth technical knowledge on the selenium contamination in water. It starts with a presentation of selenium science, dissemination and health dangers due to this chemical. It has 10 chapters about water quality and its indicators, a background history of selenium, its chemistry and toxicology, its contamination issues, and selenium health benefit as well its hazardous for the human beings. It also explains how to remove selenium from water, and what are the future directions in selenium removal technologies.

In current times, innovation has gained tremendous interest as a strategic tool for business. For many industries innovation in business includes either digital or bio-tech. However, across most industries innovation covers both finance, and labor, and is a crucial towards achieving overall performance, although there is currently no formal innovation strategy. In this book, the topic of innovation in the corporate environment is taken into consideration and is placed into the category of a technology lifecycle version to better understand the innovation process. This book explores some commonplace versions of innovation, techniques for innovation, and evaluates genericized business methodologies of technology, providing a listing of possible study areas. Growing international demand for innovation in business activities, is intended to grow and provide international financial competitiveness, inclusively as an impact of cognizance regarding the results of economic growth on intake of resources and environment, which calls for layout of new styles of manufacturing and consumption. This book critiques the contributions of technology in modern day society and business.

This volume discusses the models, definitions, and foundations of leadership in business organizations. Before addressing the fundamental concepts of leadership in corporate organizations, it first describes the understanding of the definition and the interrelationship between leaders, leadership, and change management. The author emphasizes the importance of leadership that influences business results and business organizational change processes. The second is the connection between the leader and employees. It recommends that business leaders should have adequate leadership skills, that is, communication, motivation, delegation, enthusiasm, trustworthiness, feedback, responsibility, creativity, dedication, and flexibility. This volume explores the nature of leadership styles in organizations. Some of the topics covered include: Chapter 1: "e;Introduction to Leadership;"e; Chapter 2: "e;Leadership Theories;"e; and Chapter 3: "e;Digitalization and Digital Transformation in Leadership."e; The volume mentions that neither men nor women will show more transactional or transformational tendencies. It is worth noting that women are significantly different from men on the transformational scale of personal considerations. In addition, the volume did not find any age predictive factors in leadership styles. Further research is needed on the leadership forms at different corporate levels, which may in turn help simplify professional training criteria and the prospects of different individuals for managing competence in the business environment.

Writing a research paper will help you develop or improve your reading skills. Writing a research paper is the primary channel for passing on knowledge to scientists working in the same field or related fields. It helps you in developing reading for critical evaluation not just for the purpose of knowledge. This book will strengthen the critical thinking skill of postgraduate students about how to answer the question. We hope that reading this book helps the intended readership to maximize their academic potential.