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Covers all propagation methods, including from seeds, by cutting, and by division, along with information on such topics as layering, grafting, germination time, and strike rate. The book also deals with recent developments in plant tissue culture, and presents a critical assessment of the proven and potential applications of the various in vitro techniques.

Covers the basics of green technologies that are being used in the agriculture. In addition to that the various types of technologies, their implementation, role, and effects in the agricultural sector have been analyzed in various ways.

This book is all about adaptation towards change and new life style choices through urban planning, designing and development. The book is based on a belief that the cities and towns can be made more sustainable and it is a fact that human beings cannot reside in places without sustainable cities and towns.

This book consists of two parts; first part is a general overview on polymer structure, properties and forming. Second part will discuss special types of polymers used for electronics and optoelectronics applications.

The innovation of fuzzy set hypothesis and its function to frameworks, utilizing fuzzy logic, has transformed quickly. Advancements in other hypotheses, for example, probability hypothesis and proof hypothesis (both being components of a bigger gathering of strategies under the rubric ''summed up data speculations'') have revealed more on the genuine ideas of fuzzy logic functions, and a few advancements in machine calculation have made particular components of fuzzy logic considerably more valuable than before. In truth, it is reasonable for express that a few improvements in fuzzy frameworks are very focused on other, straight variable based math based techniques as far as processing speed and related exactness. The innovation keeps on moving so quick that one is regularly gotten in that awkward center ground not having any desire to miss a different imperative advancement which could be incorporated into the book.The book is intended for the expert and scholarly crowd intrigued principally in utilizations of fuzzy logic in building and innovation. Continuously I have discovered that the dominant part of understudies and honing experts are occupied with the uses of fuzzy logic to their specific fields. Henceforth, the book is composed for a crowd of people basically at the senior undergrad also first-year graduate levels. With various cases all through the content, this book is composed to help the learning procedure of an expansive cross segment of specialized orders. The book is essentially centered around applications, yet each of the book's sections starts with the simple model of the basic arithmetic required for an essential comprehension of the methods represented.

aking novel theoretical and practical approaches this book aims to emphasize that surface composition and chemistry are key parameters in nanoparticle properties and applications even though their characterization is seldom adequately performed.

Nowadays, the use of nanomaterials for development of nanomedicine and biosensors has gained significant importance due to their ability to revolutionize diagnosis and treatment of fatal diseases such as cancer, tumors, etc. This book provides an overview of how these imaging particles can be designed to fulfill specific requirements for applications across different imaging modalities.

Addresses the novel application of micro and nanosystems in biological research, diagnostics and therapeutics. Specically the book explores imaging and biological research, nano materials as a bio-sensing tool, oligonucleotides and biopolymer as nano building blocks, nano materials for drug delivery, and the medicinal and therapeutic application and cyto-toxicity of nano-materials.

Provides a comprehensive source of information for graduate level mycology students. Current progress in genomics, molecular genetics and fungal genetics are discussed, with examples. Ths book also deals with the pathogenic effects of fungus on animals and plants, and the symbiotic relationship between fungi and animals and plants.

With contributions from a global group of eminent academics and industry experts, this book is certain to pave the way for new innovations in the exploitation of microorganisms for the benefit of mankind, an integration of the studies with a singular aim to improve the quality and quantity of the product.

This book is an attempts to provide an overview of the various components of industrial enzyme production process and purification of enzymes, followed by enzyme applications. Commercial enzyme production has grown from the traditional natural microbial sources utilization in either submerged or solid state fermentation to a vast range of products in response to ever expanding markets and increasing demand for novel biocatalysts. Microorganisms constitute the major source of genetically modified organisms for recombinant enzymes production, but several enzymes are also obtained from animal and plant expression systems. Traditional enzyme production relied on the natural hosts as raw materials, for screening of enzyme producing microorganisms, most commonly from soil. After isolation of such a microbial source, the enzyme is produced in bulk in fermentation process, followed by the downstream processing of the enzyme to get high concentration of pure enzyme. The desired level of purity is dependent upon the ultimate applicability and use of the enzyme. The applicability of enzymes in solution and in immobilized conditions is discussed in the book.

Focuses on research and development in the measurement, synthesis, assembly and manipulation of molecular wires and nanostructures. Bringing together experiment and theory to enable applications in real-life devices, this handbook and ready reference provides essential information on how to control and direct charge transport.

Biofilm structure is composed of pillars of bacteria surrounded by a matrix, which is essentially slimy water channels with DNA, proteins, and enzymes that allow nutrients to reach biofilm-associated bacteria and allow toxic metabolites to diffuse out of the biofilm. This volume examines microbial biofilms.

As the human endeavors have advanced in the various fields of technology and science, so has advanced our need for new and improved material. From ancient natural materials like, rocks, stone, plant fibers, jute, hemp, hair, wool, silk and animal hide, mankind has moved to new materials like rubbers, resins, glass, synthetic fibers, plastics, and has now advanced to a variety of polymers. These polymeric material include foams, fibers, films, membranes, emulsions and coatings. These synthetic materials have wide range of applications that range from baby diaper, packaging, manufacturing cars, light weight aircrafts for aerospace industry, dental implants, medical devices and building construction material. Structurally, polymers are substances containing a large number of repeated small structural units, joined by a particular type of linkage. All polymers are not synthetic, like nylon, teflon, epoxy, polyethylene, synthetic rubber. Interestingly, there are many naturally occurring polymers, like DNA, proteins, wool, cellulose, silk, pectin, chitin etc. This book is an attempts to provide an overview of the current understanding of biopolymers and free radical polymerization process, as well as applications of polymers.

Immunology and serology are two major science fields. Immunology is defined as the study of the molecules, cells, organs, and systems responsible for the recognition and disposal of foreign material. Serology is the diagnostic identification of antibodies in the serum and other bodily fluids. This book offers an introduction to immunology and serology.

ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) revolutionized the way to detect antibodies and antigens, by using an enzymatic system instead of radioactive labelling. Thos text provides a history and general overview of ELISA methods.

Fertile soils are defined by the presence of a balanced amount of organic and inorganic elements, as well as soil pH that are essential to maintain a homogenous environment for plants to flourish. This book provides an introduction to soil fertility, the effects of plant growth on soil, and the effects of soil characteristics on plant growth.

Plasmids are DNA molecules present in almost all bacteria. They can play an important role in the adaptation of the bacteria to different environments. This volume offers comprehensive coverage of plasmid biology.

Provides an introduction and description of the Human Microbiome Project. The book covers the microbiota and microbiome of specific body fluids, and tissues (oral and nasopharyngeal sites, lungs, skin, gastrointestinal tract, vagina and others), in vitro and in vivo models for the study of the Human Microbiota and Microbiome, and the metabolome.

Offers a collection of selected papers and chapters on recent developments and research on sustainable energy solutions. After a brief introduction covering some key aspects of sustainable energy solutions and an overview of the selected papers, the book is organised into five thematic sections.

Focuses on pesticide residue in our food, food safety, its impact on our health, effects on honey bees, and methods for its removal. The aim of this book is to raise awareness about the use of pesticides and the associated risks.

The physiology of minerals deals with the normal functioning of minerals. The pathology of minerals deals with deviation from the normal function of minerals. This book provides information regarding minerals for life. It also includes agriculture and livestock knowledge.

Brings together recent developments and research on organic electronic devices. Focuses on light-sensing devices; it reviews the development and known physical principles of organic solar energy harvesting devices.

Aims to provide insight into ethical problems within the modern scientific enterprise such as Scientific Research, Healthcare, and Publishing. It attempts to cover the full range of ethical challenges including common ethical dilemmas, misconduct, and plagiarism. This spectrum is large so that young researchers and many experienced scientists may discover something interesting or useful.

Focuses on the applicability of microorganisms in the treatment of environmental pollutants that have accumulated as a result of urbanization and industrialization. Microbial enzymes have the inherent ability to break down complex molecules into simpler ones along with the release of energy and by products.

Provides an excellent introduction Solid State Fermentation (SSF) Technology and its applications widely used in manufacture of many commercially valuable compounds ranging from drugs, cosmetic products, enzymes, dyes and so on. It will be insightful for the readers and help them explore the interesting aspects of this latest but popular technology in depth.

Waste management is a systematic approach towards disposal of waste which not only involves scientific but management principles. This book focuses on various aspects of waste management, current problems and solutions to tackle them sustainably.

Water pollution due to discharge of various lifestyle compounds from municipal wastewater has always been an important concern since it directly affects human health, pose risks to aquatic ecosystems and drinking water resources. Firstly, we discuss about the general information about treatment and reuse of Municipal wastewater. We also discuss Ultrafiltration (UF) Pilot Plant for Municipal Wastewater Reuse in Agriculture: Impact of the Operation Mode on Process Performance and Incidence and Distribution of Microfungi in a Treated Municipal Water Supply System in Sub-Tropical Australia. Then we present Full-Scale Implementation of a Vertical Membrane Bioreactor for Simultaneous Removal of Organic Matter and Nutrients from Municipal Wastewater and Assessment of Biological Kinetics in a Conventional Municipal WWTP by Means of the Oxygen Uptake Rate Method.After that we described Use of Ionizing Radiation Technology for Treating Municipal Wastewater and Dynamics of Bacterial Community Abundance and Structure in Horizontal Subsurface Flow Wetland Mesocosms Treating Municipal Wastewater. Irrigation of Castor Bean (Ricinus communis L.) and Sunflower (Helianthus annus L.) Plant Species with Municipal Wastewater Effluent: Impacts on Soil Properties and Seed Yield and Wastewater Reuse Planning in Agriculture: The Case of Aitoloakarnania, Western Greece also discussed in this book. We also described Sustainable and Innovative Solutions for Sewage Sludge Management and The Role of Transnational Municipal Networks in Transboundary Water Governance. Application of Emergy Analysis to the Sustainability Evaluation of Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plants and Microalgae Cultivation on Anaerobic Digestate of Municipal Wastewater, Sewage Sludge and Agro-Waste are also presented.We also try to describe Electricity Recovery from Municipal Sewage Wastewater Using a Hydrogel Complex Composed of Microbially Reduced Graphene Oxide and Sludge and Impact on Water Quality of Nandoni Water Reservoir Downstream of Municipal Sewage Plants in Vhembe District, South Africa. Class 1 Integrons and the Antiseptic Resistance Gene (qacEΔ1) in Municipal and Swine Slaughterhouse Wastewater Treatment Plants and Wastewater--Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Copper Tube Pitting in Santa Fe Municipal Water Caused by Microbial Induced Corrosion. Then, we give information about Scenario Analysis of Nutrient Removal from Municipal Wastewater by Microalgal Biofilms and Bilateral Collaboration in Municipal Water and Wastewater Services in Finland

The textbook provides an excellent introduction for students to appreciate the relevance of economic analysis to the solution of real life tourism issues as well as its importance for decision-making by both destination managers and tourism operators.

Environmental Regulation is the most important single influence on corporate environmental behaviour and permeates all substantive areas of environmental law. Firstly, we discuss about the general information about Environmental law. We also discuss The Impacts of Environmental Regulation on Industrial Activities: Evidence from a Quasi-Natural Experiment in Chinese Prefectures and External Knowledge Sourcing and Green Innovation Growth with Environmental and Energy Regulations: Evidence from Manufacturing in China. Then we present Alternative Splicing in Plant Genes: A Means of Regulating the Environmental Fitness of Plants and Emission Control in River Network System of the Taihu Basin for Water Quality Assurance of Water Environmentally Sensitive Areas.After that we described DEA Efficiency of Energy Consumption in China's Manufacturing Sectors with Environmental Regulation Policy Constraints and The Role of Sustainability Resources of Large Greenhouse Gas Emitters: The Case of Corporations in Alberta, Canada. A Framework for Building Efficient Environmental Permitting Processes and Multinational Firm's Production Decisions under Overlapping Free Trade Agreements: Rule of Origin Requirements and Environmental Regulation also discussed in this book. We also described Impact of Environmental Regulation and Technical Progress on Industrial Carbon Productivity: An Approach Based on Proxy Measure and Low Carbon Urban Transitioning in Shenzhen: A Multi-Level Environmental Governance Perspective.Impact of Partial and Comprehensive Smoke-Free Regulations on Indoor Air Quality in Bars and Environmental Regulation, Economic Network and Sustainable Growth of Urban Agglomerations in China are also presented. We also try to describe The Interaction between FSC Certification and the Implementation of the EU Timber Regulation in Romania and Ascorbate Peroxidase and Catalase Activities and Their Genetic Regulation in Plants Subjected to Drought and Salinity Stresses. Regulation Systems of Bacteria such as Escherichia coliin Response to Nutrient Limitation and Environmental Stresses and Transferring the Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) Approach and Best Available Techniques (BAT) Concepts to Egypt, Tunisia and Morocco are also described. Then, we give information about Regulation of Water Pollution from Hydraulic Fracturing in Horizontally-Drilled Wells in the Marcellus Shale Region, USA and The Importance of Regulation-Induced Innovation for Sustainable Development. Using Community-Based Social Marketing Techniques to Enhance Environmental Regulation are also presented.