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Biofuels are renewable resources that can be derived from agricultural crops, forestry, fishery products, food industry, wastes, etc. This volume presents a collection of recently published works related to biofuels and their production.

The human genome study and genetics have emerged as a key concept and important aspect of public health and medicines. The complete characterization of genetic disorders and other related diseases can offer valuable information in the diagnosis of the patients. This book offers an insight on common molecular techniques and advances in molecular diagnostics.

Rice is one of the major crops in the world and provides the staple food for over half of the world's population. Rice (Oryza sativa) belongs to the genus Oryza, which includes more than 25 wild species either perennial or annual, which are either diploid or tetraploid. Indica and japonica rice are two main subspecies of Asian cultivated rice. Indica rice is mainly cultivated in tropical and subtropical environments, whereas japonica rice is grown mainly in more temperate environments. Successful rice cultivation is intimately linked with hormonal signaling and proper responses to biotic and abiotic stresses, which can be bacterial or fungal disease, and salt and drought stresses. Both the rice varieties have clearly diverged in their morphological characteristics, agronomic traits and physiological and biochemical features, as well as in yield, quality and stress resistance. The challenge is to develop technologies that lead to the increased rice production commensurate with the increasing world population. There is a need to develop strategies providing long- lasting disease resistance against a broad spectrum of pathogens and giving protection to the crop for a longer period of time over a broad geographic area, for sustainable rice production in the future. Rice blast, caused by pathogenic fungi Magnaporthe oryzae represents a major biotic constraint over rice production and yield. Then the rise in population has put the burden on rice consuming countries for more production, and it is estimated that we will have to produce 40% more rice in 2030 (Khush, 2005).Moreover, unreliable and regular rainfall is the biggest hurdle encountered by farmers esp in developing countries where access to irrigation is minimal. Rice is a model crop for genetic and breeding research with small genome and high density molecular map. In early 1980s, to meet the demand of the growing world population, conventional breeding methods took a make shift and combined achievements in rice biotechnology based on recombinant DNA technology and lead to the birth of 'transgenic rice'. Over the last few decades, a significant progress has been made in the development of new and efficient transformation methods for the introduction of novel genes into rice genome to confer novel traits such as improving nutritional qualities, resistance to pests etc. Delivery of foreign DNA to rice plants via Agrobacterium tumefaciens is a routine technique in a growing number of laboratories. The highly successful genetic approaches to gene identification are based on the disruption of a gene function which leads to a new phenotype. However, one of the prime fear related to biotechnology of GM rice is that may lead to monoculture and devastate the biodiversity that may be like a self serving bio-weapon on a target nation. The revelation of the rice genome sequence is a major milestone as it paves the way for understanding the biology of the crop that feeds more than half of the world's population. Recent advances in agriculture have brought rice productivity to a higher level to feed the present world population. An international organization, International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Philippines is dedicated for rice improvement programs in different countries have collected and maintained more than 150,000 germplasm accessions which had been used in improvement of variety from time to time. This article summarizes highlights of the progress in transgenic rice technology over decade with the use of new recombinant techniques, with particular emphasis on the various molecular and biotechnological approaches to genetically improve rice crop for effective, durable and/or broad-spectrum resistance to major diseases.

The aim of this book is to review some of the major scientific advances made in non-thermal dairy processing technical approaches, starter and nonstarter lactic acid bacteria during the past ten years, including genomic studies on dairy starter cultures, engineering of culture attributes, and advances in phage control and transgenic animal technology.

Bioprocess technology is based on the principle engineering of biochemical processes on a technical scale. This book reviews the key advances and emerging trends in the bioprocessing industry which have greater adoption and potential.

Technologies outlined in this book are categorized as derived from the key disciplines of biochemistry, molecular biology, cell biology, and microbiology or with relevance to impact on life sciences that assemble the detailed necessities in terms of sensitivity, selectivity and high-throughput in order to broaden their applicability.

Provides a complete and reader-friendly introduction to the field making it an ideal companion for students throughout their study of nutrition. This book brings together a range of perspectives in human nutrition and provides information about protein, fats, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins.

Life is a practical version of Hazard Potential of Chemical Residuals in Food. This book provides the basic knowledge in the field of science, no matter where you are standing - in an office, in a bedroom, or in a field the knowledge about the food you eat is important. You are observing the manifestation of food exposed to other materials in one way or another.

We live immersed in a world of electronics where it becomes more and more difficult to imagine a day without the aid of modern technology. whether we talk about electronic circuits, memory elements, processors, sensors, lasers, LCD or LED displays, light emitting diodes, solar cells, etc. those devices are indispensable tools of our daily routine. The impressive technological achievements of our time are the result of the ongoing electronics revolution where inorganic semiconductors with their archetypical examples silicon and gallium arsenide continue to be fundamental.Carbon enters as a revolutionary material, taking the lead in new advances with such promising results. The most archetypical of these are fullerenes, these are carbon structures whose electronic properties and mechanical characteristics are touching science fiction type applications. Graphene and its child carbon nanotubes have the leading roles in this wonderful revolution. Graphene was first isolated in 2004, but largely known from theoretical point of view since the 30s. Carbon nanotubes are basically graphene layers folded on itself. Both have exceptional capacity to conduct electricity, but furthermore can be manipulated to become insulators, given the possibility to construct electronics devices, such as transistors and manage to make more fast, cheap and reliable electronics technologies.The Book starts with an introduction to carbon devices, historical and basis. Section 1 is mainly focus on the introduction of carbon allotropes and its characteristics.Section 2 is devoted to Carbon nanotubes, some applications, physical properties and advantages respect to non-carbon counterparts.Section 3 presents some characteristics of Graphene, and how it is influencing the "new" electronics.Section 4 covers some specific applications of graphene and nanotubes devices of interest and how are impacting the modern world technology.

Discusses various categories of composite materials and their applications in modern composite industry. The book contains a comprehensive collection of data on all brands of fibres, matrices and composite structures employed to develop a wide range of materials from polymers, metals, ceramics, plastics and natural fibres.

An interesting way to achieve hydrogen using solar energy is to drive a photoelectrochemical (PEC) reaction, in which a semiconductor material is excited, producing an electron-hole pare that would be directly used to drive the electrochemical reaction of water electrolysis, also called water splitting. This book gives an account of the main physical principles governing this process.

Provides an overview of the most used ab initio quantum methods and their applications in different fields. Ab initio calculations offer results and details that are not obtainable from experimental data and a degree of assurance which is not accessible with the empirical methods. The methods Hartree-Fock, Moller-Plesset Perturbation theory and Coupled Cluster theory are discussed.

This book will start with analyses of 60 different models in an attempt to uncover how numerous DBF (Database Forensics) activities are really public even when the actions vary. First chapter generated a unified abstract view of DBF in the form of a metamodel. It identified, extracted, and proposed a common concept reconciled concept definitions to propose a metamodel.Authors applied a metamodelling process to guarantee that this metamodel is comprehensive and consistent. In chapter 2 we will be discussing forensic assessments as a phenomena predominantly focused on psychosocial factors. Authors are claiming that better understanding of the neurobiology of violent criminal behavior and biological risk factors could improve forensic assessments.We will continue with a survey of 206 forensic psychologists where they tested the Filtering effects of preexisting expert attitudes in adversarial proceedings. Results confirmed the hypothesis that evaluator attitudes toward capital punishment influence willingness to accept capital case referrals from particular adversarial parties. Stronger death penalty opposition was associated with higher willingness to conduct evaluations for the defense and higher likelihood of rejecting referrals from all sources.Forensic infography is a technique that facilitates the virtual reconstruction of different facts through computer science and digital image management. Chapter 4 presents a new method based on 3D reconstruction from images that demonstrates the utility and integration of close-range photogrammetry and computer vision as an efficient alternative to modelling complex objects and scenarios of forensic infography and as a result, each ocular inspection of a crime scene with any camera performed by the scientific police can be transformed into a scaled 3d model.We will use an example od South Africa in chapter 5 as the country that has one of the highest homicide and assault rates in the world and Forensic medicine is an intersection between medicine and the law which embraces a range of activities conducted to while chapter 6 deals with perceived obstacles and potential solutions in the evaluation of the probative value of forensic biology results, such as DNA profiles, when the competing propositions of interest relate to activities rather than the source of the recovered trace materials build an effective prosecution to assist courts in reaching the correct decision. The review in chapter 7 briefly recapitulates 30 years of progress in forensic DNA analysis which helps to convict criminals, exonerate the wrongly accused, and identify victims of crime, disasters, and war. Benefits and risks of expanding forensic DNA databases are discussed and we ask what the future holds for forensic DNA fingerprinting. Chapter 8 will follow with Forensic entomology which is based on the identification of necrophagous insects and the study of their biology. It is a useful tool to estimate scientifically the time elapsed since death. The use in legal veterinary medicine has been limited but appears to be gaining momentum. The information currently available in the literature from human death or abuse investigation is applicable to the veterinary arena.Forensic Dentistry has become an integral part of Forensic Sciences over the past 100 years and utilizes dental or orofacial findings to serve the judicial system. This has been due to the dedication of many researchers that established the essential role that Forensic Dentistry plays, mainly in the identification of human remains. And this is the subject of chapter 9.Crime scene processing and forensic evidence has catapulted into modern day law enforcement. The value of fingerprint and DNA evidence is becoming incrementally more important in prosecutions. Law enforcement agencies across the nation have developed Crime Scene Units to keep up with the collection, preservation, and presentation of this valuable evidence. You can read about this in chapter 10. Chapter 11 provides a paradigm for the creation of a civilian review board. To illustrate this model, themes of a civilian board's connection to the community, establishment of the board, and criminal psychological implications for the future of the selection and retention of police officers are discussed.Interesting subject of evidence provided by the geosciences that can be supportive in a judicial investigation is the subject of shapter 12. Although the CSI Effect suggests that the TV program and its spin-offs wildly exaggerate and glorify some forensic geosciences, burdening both the prosecution and the defense by creating greater expectations, currently, when the geosciences are involved in real forensic investigations, they are used to search and analyse buried targets following a precise protocol. Bite marks, defined as, a physical alteration in a medium caused by the contact of teeth, analysis can be used for comparison of a known person's dentition to a patterned injury which appears consisistent with a bitemark. This type of comparison is used to confirm or eliminate the identity of a suspect in relation to the bitemark. You san read about it in chapter 13. Hair evidence is also one of the most common types of evidence encountered in criminal investigations. The present preliminary study in chapter 14 aimed to investigate the racial discrimination through hair morphology and professor JW Swindle, Criminal Defense Attorney in the west Georgia gives his view on foresic science in chapter 15.An examination experiment has been carried out to investigate whether fingerprint powder and lifting technique can recover and transfer latent fingerprints from human skin surfaces of dead bodies. For recovery Swedish Black powder and for transfer White Fingerprint Gelatine were used. More on this in chapter 16. Chapter 17 will focus on one aspect of the debate: the framing of conclusions involving elements of probability. In particular, we will examine the contentious issue of whether forensic scientists, when asked to provide evidence that will be used to evaluate various competing propositions about physical evidence, should consider the prior probabilities that those propositions are true.Human migration patterns are of interest to scientists representing many fields. Theories have been posited to explain modern human evolutionary expansion, the diversity of human culture, and the motivational factors underlying an individual or group decision to migrate. While the determination of individual attributes such as age, sex, and ancestry is often integral to migration studies, the positive identification of human remains is usually irrelevant. However, the positive identification of a deceased is paramount to a forensic investigation in which human remains have been recovered and must be identified. We will conclude our book with this subject.

Offers a detailed explanation of the basics of solar cell technology and provides an overview of some aspects of the historical background, present-scenario, currently popular applications and future prospects of dye sensitized solar cells. The structural aspects and working principle of this promising class of solar cells has been dealt in detail for providing a good understanding of the basics.

Provides an introduction to the history, structure, classification and mechanism of action of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). In this book, AMPs are categorized by their target and mode of action. For natural AMPs, we will emphasis on those from eukaryotes.

Provides an overview of the most used coarse-grained (CG) techniques and their applications on different systems. CG methods offer results for larger systems over a long period of time that are not obtainable with the all-atom description of these systems.

Today, it is considered that intelligence includes at least two skills: the ability to memorize and store knowledge, and the ability to process knowledge. The person (or machine) without any knowledge cannot be considered intelligent. The ability of learning - acquisition of new knowledge, is also one of the aspects of the intelligence, although we can classify it as an ability to solve problems. As an "intelligent feature" we can also consider the ability to communicate with other intelligent beings. For the concept of intelligence - two questions are essential: the question of knowledge and the reasoning (making conclusions), and, this corresponds to the terms of a knowledge base and a reasoning process. The component of reasoning (inference) also represents a kind of knowledge - it is knowledge about the process of carrying out new information from an existing knowledge base.This edition covers different topics from bio-intelligence science, and application of bio-intelligence in different domains - the bio-medical domain, the learning, the medicine etc.Section 1 focuses on biological aspects of the intelligence, describing biological vs. artificial intelligence, brain as an emergent finite automaton, biological neural network structure and spike activity prediction based on multi-neuron spike train data, an experiment in use of brain computer interfaces for cognitive researches, and chessboard model of human brain and an application on memory capacity.Section 2 focuses on topics from neuroscience, describing patterns discovery in brain signals using decision trees, an interactive immersive tool for brain education, art, and neuro-therapy, analyzing brain functions by subject classification of functional near-infrared spectroscopy data using convolutional neural networks analysis, modeling neuromorphic persistent firing networks, and creativity as central to critical reasoning and the facilitative role of moral education. Section 3 focuses on pattern recognition in neuro and medical applications, describing Brain-k for structural image processing: creating electrical models of the human head, application of machine learning in postural control kinematics for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease, and semi supervised clustering by iterative partition and regression with neuroscience applications.Section 4 focuses on neural networks applications, describing quantum-inspired neural networks with application, training feedforward neural networks using symbiotic organisms search algorithm, artificial intelligence for speech recognition based on neural networks, and deep recurrent neural network-based auto-encoders for acoustic novelty detection.

Toxicological research targets the identification of risk factors that trigger harmful effects as a result of exposure, which may leads to acute illnesses, chronic disease or even death. This book sheds light on the tools, benefits and applications of this newly developed field. In addition, an emphasis is put on toxicogenomic databases and how they have improved throughout the last decade.

This book highlights the various approaches, tools and techniques that are used in a qualitative way in order to support the work of public administrators. The book is divided into ten chapters which are thematically arranged in order to encapsulate the principal aspects of this type of research paradigm. This book is meant to support those who take an interest in research for purposes of supporting the work of government and non-governmental agencies. It is also relevant to public administrators in as far as it gives them an insight into how and why the data which they use in their work is collected. The book highlights methodological challenges and opportunities that might be of interest to a researcher. It then raises heuristic dimensions by challenging the notion that qualitative research is inherently inferior to quantitative research. The first chapter introduces the reader to the tenets of a qualitative research exercise as well as its relevance to the practice and implementation of public administration. The second chapter explains the process of transitioning from quantitative to qualitative research methodologies. It specifically highlights the practical dimensions of each method and how they differ; even if they are both associated with the generation of scientific knowledge. The third chapter critically examines the applicability of the fact-value dichotomy which qualitative researchers routinely face. From the fourth chapter, we begin to examine the specific tools and techniques that are used in qualitative research for purposes of public administration. It begins with an overview of interviewing as a research tool, method and skill. The fifth chapter examines the use of narrative inquiry. In the sixth chapter, we examine ethnography and its categorizations. The seventh chapter introduces the case study as a research method. These are some of the major approaches and techniques that are used for qualitative research. They are critical for any public administrator and researcher because their proper execution will enable the researchers to come up with accurate, relevant and appropriate information. The next two chapters are concerned with the modalities of actually carrying out the qualitative research. In the eight chapter we consider how research projects are designed and executed in order to achieve maximum gain for the public administrators that eventually make us of the resultant information. The ninth chapter introduces the reader to the various types of qualitative data that can be gleaned from the research process as well as the most appropriate analytical techniques that ought to be used. The book closes with a summary of the key skills and competences that are expected for undertaking qualitative research. This is a critical point for the public administrator who is sometimes called upon to discover new information and knowledge as part of their personal and organizational development process.

Examines the sustainability agenda of development as it applies to the principles and practices of public administration. The book also looks at the definitions and theories of sustainable development and public administration, and the application of sustainable development to public administration.

"Cognitive computing", or "real-world computing", has a varied set of working methodologies, such as fuzzy logic, approximate reasoning, genetic algorithms, chaos theory, and the Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). The objective of this book is to introduce the problematic of the latter: definitions, principles and typology, as well as concrete applications in the field of information retrieval.

Continuous software engineering is an approach in which equipment maintains the production of software in short cycles of time, ensuring that the product can be released reliably in any moment. Thos volume offers an introduction to the subject.

Considers a number of applications including integrated through the horizontality of the methods for solving complex application problems. Modern software is included directly in each method, where each should be programmed as a mark of professional practice due.

This comprehensive book presents classical tools in the experimental approach to mechanical engineering, as well as a survey of the methods that have revolutionized the field over the past two decades. It forms an invaluable resource for graduate students and engineers and can also serve as a reference for researchers and professionals in structural and materials engineering.

Presents the research, concepts and various key aspects of the field of metabolomics with various techniques used in researching the metabolome and the applications of metabolomics. The authors hope that the book is a unique fingerprint as it offers a comprehensive tool to study the chemical fingerprints of various biological systems.

Provides an introduction into the history and principles of centrifugation as well as an in depth explanation of the history and principles surrounding centrifugation. The book also provides an explanation of commonly used centrifugation techniques and their related practical applications in various industries.

A tool is defined as a device or implement used to carry out a function. We can usually classify a tool based on its function such as cutting and edge tools, moving tools, tools that enact chemical changes, perception tools, shaping tools, fastening tools, information and data management tools and simple machine tools.

Microorganisms found in nature are involved in various processes essential to life. Contributors to this volume provide information on microorganisms to the advantage of environmental management. It is intended for researchers and students interested in microbial physiology, microbial ecology, environmental sciences, and extremophilic biotechnology.

With the world population growth, food demand grows. Aquatic foods provide high quality protein, essential for human health. It is clearly visible that the production of aquatic organisms using aquaculture will have to increase, to the extent that the fishery productivity holds steady over the past few years, even increasing fishing effort.

In order to optimize cell growth and product yield, it is essential to study the metabolism of each cell line to allow for the adjustment of the growth conditions and culture medium composition accordingly. This book provides numerous examples of the in vitro cultivation of different mammalian, insect and plant cell lines, as well as their biotechnological applications.