Bøker av Stephen Blaha

Presents SuperCivilizations Theory and shows the consequences at present and far into the future.

Quaternion & Octonion Unified SuperStandard Theories

Theory of Everything based on quaternions and octonions

A more complete united theory of our universe and the enclosing Megaverse based on QUeST and MOST. These theories are based on quaternions and octonions respectively. Noteworthy features include four sectors of fermions and interactions - three of which are Dark; a Darkness quantum number and Superselection law preventing interactions among the four sectors; particle - dimension duality, dimension - particle - functional triality; octoquarks in 8-dimension space; a spin - Darkness connection; and a clean connection between our universe and the Megaverse.

A detailed derivation of the Unified SuperStandard Theory from Complex General Relativity and Quantum Field Theory withour assumptions about group structure. Highlights include: 192 fermion spectrum, exact QED Fine Structure Constant and Standard Model coupling constants from vacuum polarization considerations, a detailed view of Dark Energy and universe expansion - the Hubble Constant, gravity regimes from earth to the distant quasars and large scale universe structures, and a SuperUniverse Model for the Megaverse beyond our Universe.

Exact QED Calculation, and vacuum polarization relation to universe evolution.

A quantum theory of the Big Bang and a quantum vac.uum polarization theory of universe expansion

The recent flurry of reports suggesting difficulties with our understanding of the evolution of the universe has led the author to consider a new universal scale factor that specifies the expansion of the universe. Remarkably, it well describes the universe's growth in the large starting from the Big Bang up to the present. But, surprisingly, the growth is punctuated by a major, hitherto unremarked, dip in growth that the author calls the Big Dip. It occurs about the time of the transition from a radiation-dominated to a matter-dominated universe. The implications of the universal scale factor are presented in a large number of plots of the Hubble Constant, the scale factor, energy density, pressure, and so on that provide a complete picture of the large scale growth of the universe.After describing the universal scale factor theory the author justifies its form by a close analogy with electron vacuum polarization in QED. This requires we view the entire history of the universe simultaneously. The universe grows in the vacuum.Based on this analogy the book suggests a new unknown interaction (force) that "guides" the growth of the energy density of the universe, and thereby determines its expansion (and contraction).

Third Edition Unifies God Theory and SuperStandard Theory

The coupling constants of the Standard Model are calculated from scratch as well as running coupling constants. The fine structure constant is found to great accuracy!

A theory of God based on Logic with explanations for Predestination/free will, and Creationism vs. Evolution (preferred by God in our view.)

The first Physical theory of important aspects of God's nature. Resolves many theological questions. Proves the Cosmos exists forever-no beginning, no end.

"Quantum entanglement resolved by a new wave-particle duality, precepts for creating a cosmos, shape of the universe, refined superstandard axioms and language, particle functional space, Fourier wave space, psychology of the superstandard language."

This book provides an explanation of the number of space-time dimensions in our universe based on the number of qubit interactions and on the nature of the Asynchronous Logic parallelism requirements (both discussed in earlier books). Both approaches set the number of dimensions of our space-time to 4.The book also shows that our Unified SuperStandard Model can be viewed as a distinct variant of SuperString theory due to the presence of strings within dressed free particles and the presence of SuperSymmetry. In brief the theory dresses particles with strings unlike SuperString theories which make strings into particles.These topics are followed by a close study of the nature of a derivation of a fundamental theory of physics based on a three player model: Unchanging Concept of Reality (Theory), Map to material Reality, and the 'Unmoved Mover.'It finishes with a detailed outline of the derivation of the Unified SuperStandard Model. Some aspects of the model are changed and typos in previous books hopefully corrected.

"Why Many Universes? Dynamics. Creation, Features, Expansion, Annihilation. Escaping via Starships. Life in the Megaverse?"

A discussion of the types of unification in elementary particle physics and gravitation. It concludes that, at present, the unification of the seven interactions: four known and three 'new' interactions, is properly done using the Riemann-Christoffel curvature tensor. We describe the three 'new' interactions in detail.

The relation of quantum and classical phenomena has been a subject of continuing interest. Most studies approximate the quantum description of a phenomenon to obtain a classical or semi-classical approximation. This book develops a new formalism that contains both fully quantum and classical sectors, and a continuous transformation between them that provides an intermediate partly quantum - partly classical sector. This intermediate sector can play the role of a bridge between the quantum and classical descriptions of a process. Using this new formalism we consider the case of the harmonic oscillator in detail relating the quantum oscillator through the bridge to the classical oscillator. We then develop a generalization of the Feynman path integral formalism that has both a normal quantum sector and also a 'new' classical path integral sector - again with a partly quantum-partly classical intermediate sector. Our path integral generalization yields a generalization of the Schroedinger equation with both quantum and classical 'wave function' solutions. We also apply this formalism to the Fokker-Planck equation, for which it is naturally adapted. Next we apply the new formalism to quantum field theories that are known to be chaotic, and then generate a classical sector - also with chaotic behavior. We also take the standard approach to quantum entanglement and show how to extract a semi-classical entanglement as well as a classical limit without entanglement. The Boltzmann equation is easily placed within the framework of our new formalism. We solve a special case of the Vlasov equation as an example. A special relativistic Boltzmann equation is also developed within the framework of our formalism. Lastly, we develop our formalism for boson and fermion quantum field theory. We give a sensible reason why Nature must be quantum.

This Second Edition of The Unified SuperStandard Model and the Megaverse deepens the basis of the theory as presented in the First Edition by introducing a factorization feature for fermion and boson second quantized particle fields.

This book clarifies, extends and revises parts of The Unified SuperStandard Model and its extension from our universe to the Megaverse of universes. The naturalness and simplicity of the derivation from first principles (primarily Relativity) leads us to suggest that the derivation is correct. More importantly, the directness of the derivation to a unified theory encompassing the known features of The Standard Model of elementary particles and Gravitation also enables us to exclude possibilities that might have been conjectured for elementary particle theory and gravity based on their unnaturalness within the framework of the derivation.The book begins by providing an explanation of the number of space-time dimensions in our universe (4) based on the number of qubit interactions and also based on the requirement that parts of physical processes must be able to run in parallel. Parallelism necessitates Asynchronous Logic which also requires a minimum 4 space-time dimensions.From this start we show Complex Special and General Relativity lead to the known spectrum of fermions and vector boson interactions - The Standard Model - plus much more.Assuming a lagrangian formalism we then show that additional groups emerge - the Generation group that gives fermion generations, and Layer groups that give four layers of fermions and vector bosons. We know only of one layer of fermions at present.Having developed the backbone of a Quantum Field Theory we eliminate all the infinities that crop up in perturbation using fuzzy, string-like, coordinates obtained by generalizing to Two-Tier Quantum Field Theory. We also eliminate issues with the particle interpretation of states by using our PseudoQuantum Field Theory. Having removed the diseases of Quantum Field Theory we turn to the Megaverse. First we describe evidence for something big beyond our universe. Then we create a Megaverse composed of universes and describe its size, age, contents and other attributes including its likely atomic nuclei, Chemistry, and life forms.We show that a universe has surface tension analogous to drops of liquid. From this concept we suggest starship designs that could lead to an exit from our universe via sling shot trajectories around neutron stars as well as other approaches. These possibilities are not likely to be feasible for tens of thousands of years yet they merit consideration.The book also shows that our Unified SuperStandard Model can be viewed as a distinct alternative to SuperString theory due to the presence of strings within dressed free particles and the presence of SuperSymmetry. In brief Two-Tier theory clothes particles with strings unlike SuperString theories which make strings into particles.The easy flow of the derivation is perhaps the best argument in its favor. In a sense our derivation yields a culmination by derivation. Other theories do not start on the bedrock of Relativity. As our derivation progresses one sees an example of a Principle of Maximal Serendipity - processes (such as our derivation) tend to proceed with maximal simplicity to better-than-expected ends. The concept of this principle was first expressed by Horace Walpole (1754) who defined serendipity as "[people] making discoveries, by accidents and sagacity, which they were not in quest of"In conclusion, here and there within this fundamental work there arise hints of a yet deeper level of Physics. The author believes that this work - although an attempt at a final theory - is not the end.

This technical book introduces an extension to our Theory of Everything in which we unify the Strong Interaction and Gravitation sectors. The basic rationale for this unification is the simple fact that the Strong Interactions and General Relativity are the only interactions without broken symmetry, and the closeness of the strength of the Strong Interaction and Gravitation when properly viewed. This higher derivative theory yields quark (color) confinement explicitly with a linear potential. It is consistent with the Charmonium spectrum potential of the Cornell group. The gravitation sector yields the usual Newtonian potential plus two very massive gravitons (of mass 0.119/sqrt(G) and 0.152/sqrt(G) where G is Newton's constant) that modify the extreme short distance (Planck length distance) behavior of gravity. Gravity is initially complex in this unification. The introduction of scalar (Higgs) bosons enables us to define U(4) Reality group transformations to reduce complex General Relativity to the real General Relativity that we observe in Nature. The unified theory directly generates a complex 16-dimensional space (using a vierbein formalism) that we have previously called the Megaverse. Thus our previous studies of the Megaverse, the home of universes, are further supported.

This book is a supplement to Unification of the Seven Boson Interactions based on the Riemann-Christoffel Curvature Tensor ... (I). Together these works provide a unified picture of the boson sector of The Theory of Everything: vector bosons, gravitation and Higgs bosons.

A unified Theory of Gravity, ElectroMagnetism and the Strong Interactions. Solves quark confinement, gravity anomalies at galactic distance, and possibly the proton spin puzzle.

Derives the form of The Extended Standard Model with 192 Fermions and shows that particle interactions can be united with Omega-Symmetry.

This technical book introduces an extension to our Theory of Everything in which we unify the Strong Interaction and Gravitation sectors. This sub-theory unifies color confinement and MOND - Modified Newtonian Gravity - in one relatively simple lagrangian formulation. The basic rationales for this unification is the simple fact that the Strong Interactions and General Relativity are the only interactions without broken symmetry, and also the closeness of the strength of the Strong Interaction and Gravitation when properly viewed. This higher derivative theory yields quark (color) confinement explicitly with a linear potential. It is consistent with the Charmonium spectrum potential of the Cornell group. The gravitation sector yields the usual Newtonian potential plus two very, light gravitons that modify the extreme long distance behavior of gravity at the galactic level. It well approximates MOND modifications of gravity at galactic distances. The present work extends the previous study through the introduction of a yet higher derivative lagrangian term with major consequences.

In this book we range over the features of the pseudoquantum Higgs Mechanism. We begin by describing the -new- pseudoquantum scalar boson theory and then describe important applications of the theory in our Theory of Everything. We discuss the pseudoquantum Higgs Mechanism (which is easily mapped to the conventional Higgs Mechanism) for Generation group contributions to fermion and gauge boson masses, and for the Layer group contributions as well in detail. We show that Higgs particles may originate in complex ElectroWeak gauge fields which are made real by the extraction of phases. Then gauge fields are real-valued as usually assumed. In the case of Strong Interaction gauge fields we find that we cannot extract Higgs particles because Strong Interaction gauge fields are inherently complex since they are functions of complex coordinates in our Extended Standard Model. Thus Strong gauge fields are necessarily massless. Our pseudoquantum approach is also shown to imply a local Arrow of Time, the special role of inertial reference frames, and inertial mass equals gravitational mass (formerly an assumed principle - now a result of complex General Relativity when decomposed to real General Relativity and Higgs fields). We describe the full set of fermion Higgs mass contributions: from the ElectroWeak sector, from complex General Relativity, from the Generation group (which also yields the four generations of fermions), and from the Layer group which yields four layers of fermions. Higgs contributions to gauge fields' masses are also described in detail. The Periodic Table of Fermions is described, and its interactions and Higgs masses are found. As noted in our earlier books it gives the proportion of Dark Matter in the universe to be 83.33% - a result in close agreement with astrophysical estimates. Recent studies of the proportion of Dark matter in the universe have yielded two estimates: 84.5% by Aghanim et al in Astronomy and Astrophysics 1303;5062 and 81.5% from a NASA fit to various models. Since there is continuing speculation about mass values changing in time (and perhaps in locale) we show our pseudoquantized Higgs Mechanism supports space-time dependent masses should they be found. We also describe our Higgs Mechanism formalism for the eight coupling constants. Again the mechanism can support constant coupling constants as well as space-time dependent coupling constants (a continuing speculation). We show that the coherent field formulation of the pseudoquantum vacuum states enables us to see that all known coupling constants (including gravity) emerge from constants that are all about one in value! Layer group mass mixing is described in detail as it introduces the somewhat unfamiliar concept of mass mixing between generations in the four layers. Similarly, the unusual pattern of Layer group interactions is described using a new triplet notation for fermion species s, layer l, and generation g: (s, l, g) that uniquely specifies each of the 192 fermions in our Theory of Everything. We define a non-Abelian pseudoquantum theory that supports non-zero gauge field vacuum expectation values - non-Abelian - Higgs particles and -almost- classical non-Abelian gauge fields. These almost classical gauge fields may be relevant in the study of the quark-gluon plasma that has been created at Brookhaven and CERN recently. The book ends with a description of a pseudoquantum spin 1 boson theory which can support the Higgs Mechanism.

This technical book describes the origin of the U(4) Layer group in our Theory of Everything - a U(4) symmetry that leads to three new duplicates of the known spectrum of fermions - quarks and leptons, and of gauge and Higgs bosons. It brings the number of distinct fermions to 192 arrayed in four layers with four generations in each layer. It defines an Equipartition Principle for fermions that leads to an 83.33% Dark Matter percentage in the universe in accord with astrophysical estimates.