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This road map shows how Bangladesh can swap diesel irrigation pumps for solar powered systems to reduce fuel imports, increase farmers' incomes, and support the country's clean energy transition.

This publication introduces the Global Integration Index as a tool to explore how global and regional integration affect development outcomes.The 43 indicators in the index include digital connectivity and environmental cooperation and build on the Asian Development Bank's framework to measure progress in regional cooperation and integration. The index confirms deeper global economic linkages in Asia and the Pacific and enables comparison with other regions and across dimensions. The publication considers how policymakers can combine global and regional integration efforts with domestic policies for sustainable and inclusive economic growth.

ADB's South Asia Department conducted a study to assess the status and responses to the needs of disadvantaged groups in its member countries and identify entry points for greater gender equality and social inclusion impacts in its operations.This publication presents the results, providing an analysis of nine dimensions of exclusion and vulnerability- gender inequality; old age, disability, social identity, diverse sexual orientation, gender identity and expression, and sex characteristics; geographic location; income poverty; young age; and migrant status-and how these dimensions overlap in the lives of people with intersecting disadvantaged identities. Drawing from the good practices of governments, civil society organizations, and ADB-financed projects in South Asia, the publication provides SARD a 10-point guide for designing and operationalizing programs for gender equality and social inclusion.

This note is intended to guide the Asian Development Bank, executing and implementing agencies, consultants, and contractors in setting up, adapting, and managing grievance redness mechanisms assigned to receive reports on sexual exploitation, abuse, and harassment in ADB-financed projects with civil works. The proposed reporting mechanisms and case handling processes in this publication are based on good practices by international development agencies and multilateral development banks. This good practice note may be used independently but is better understood when read together with the Good Practice Note on Addressing Sexual Exploitation, Abuse and Harassment in ADB- Financed Projects with Civil Works.

Indonesia's micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) are crucial drivers of economic growth, and this joint publication with Gojek looks at the potential of digital sales to strengthen their resilience. It shares findings from a study of MSME merchants using Gojek's GoFood platform during the COVID-19 pandemic. It notes that Gojek played an important role in the continued operation of MSMEs that otherwise would have been cut off from customers. The publication explores the pandemic's impacts on merchants, including the particular burdens faced by women. It suggests ways of enhancing merchants' experience with online platforms and developing mutual benefits.

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Detailing how Australia's Therapeutics Goods Administration conducted horizon scanning for new vaccines during the pandemic to assist ADB, this report is designed to help countries in Asia and the Pacific prepare for future outbreaks.It provides details of 16 vaccine manufacturers with novel and established vaccine technologies adapted to new pathogens like SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. Offering information on their vaccine pipeline and partnerships, the report shows their approach to working with ADB's developing member countries and can be used to inform decisions related to vaccine manufacturing and procurement.

This publication explores how data from ships' Automatic Identification System (AIS) can be used to produce near real-time, granular statistics for analyzing maritime activities and detecting disruptions to port operations. Recent global supply chain disruptions have underscored the need for more timely and accurate data. This publication shows how indicators from AIS data can be used to supplement official statistics. Highlighting how AIS data can swiftly capture the impact of events on major ports and maritime highways, it outlines a framework to leverage this data and support a broader understanding of maritime activities from major hubs and cases of disruptions.

Introducing a data-driven framework aimed at closing the digital education gap, this report assesses 10 developing member countries and illuminates how a multi-stakeholder, systemic approach-including engagement with the private sector-can enhance the delivery of digital education.Utilizing five overarching categories of the framework-infrastructure, government policy, educators, students, and service providers-as lenses to examine each country's unique landscape, the report identifies tailored pathways for incremental and staged development. The report envisages adopting sustainable, scalable solutions that contribute to a more cohesive and inclusive digital education ecosystem.

This publication provides updated statistics on a comprehensive set of economic, financial, social, and environmental measures as well as select indicators for the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The report covers the 49 regional members of ADB. It discusses trends in development progress and the challenges to achieving inclusive and sustainable economic growth across Asia and the Pacific. This 54th edition of Key Indicators examines how the increased cost-of-living crisis combined with the lingering impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic are pushing millions of people in Asia and the Pacific deeper into poverty. The report identifies the need for more galvanized efforts to ensure poor people are able to cope with inflationary pressures and ongoing economic uncertainties.

This publication provides a case study of how digital tools can help optimize road design to strengthen climate resilience, safety, and efficient resource use.It explains how virtual models can be used to simulate and analyze the effects of potential design choices and future scenarios such as climatic conditions. It shows how greater use of data and digital solutions can help build greener, more durable transport infrastructure and bolster safety. The case study was developed in collaboration with ORIS as part of a project to upgrade a section of the A380 Highway in Uzbekistan.

This edition shows how a modest improvement in economic fundamentals has buoyed East Asia's local currency bond (LCY) markets, but potential renewed increases in inflation and further interest rate hikes could pose risks for the region's borrowers.Covering the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), the People's Republic of China, Hong Kong, China, and the Republic of Korea, the report notes that positive investment sentiment supported a narrowing of risk premiums, a rally in equity markets, and net foreign portfolio inflows. However, interest rates in the region remained elevated, partly due to a rise in bond yields in major advanced economies. Higher borrowing costs have contributed to debt stress and bond defaults in some markets in the region over the past few months.

Providing high-level climate risk assessments for cities in Armenia, Georgia, and Uzbekistan, this report is designed to mainstream mitigation and adaptation into urban planning to help ensure climate resilient growth. For each country, it harnesses climate data, models, and projections. It offers a range of scenarios, assesses potential risks to key infrastructure, and sets out ways to combat the impacts of events such as increasingly severe floods and heatwaves. Targeted at focal agencies, ADB project teams, and development practitioners, it proposes urban planning and policy measures that can help each of the countries reach their ambitious climate commitments.

This publication analyzes the evolution of Central Bank Digital Currencies (CBDC) in Asia and the Pacific, assesses their potential risks and technical challenges, and shows their potential to improve cross-border payments and financial inclusion.Ahead of the launch of any large-scale Asian CBDC, it details various models and explores how Cambodia, the People's Republic of China, Singapore, and Thailand are taking the lead. Outlining global developments and emerging trends, it shows why a robust digital infrastructure, strong public-private collaboration, and fintech literacy are central to ensuring CBDCs help drive the transition to a digital economy.

This report assesses climate finance in Asia and the Pacific and analyzes how it can be harnessed by developing member countries to expand climate action and spur low-carbon, resilient growth. Designed to help governments and development partners identify and address barriers, it offers a subregional breakdown and underscores the need for equitable access to funds to help countries meet their climate targets. It assesses financing gaps, considers how to increase investment, and outlines ways to scale up climate finance so that it reaches the countries and sectors that need it most.

Outlines how sector agencies in South Asia can develop gender equality and social inclusion (GESI) strategies, highlights their key elements, and shows how to effectively integrate them into projects and policies. Offers tips on how to adopt participatory processes to help develop and implement inclusive frameworks.

This edition presents recent developments in emerging East Asian local currency bond markets and features a special section about how increased climate risk awareness can influence investors' trading decisions.Bond yields in emerging East Asia declined from March to May amid easing inflationary pressures in the region and slower monetary tightening in the United States. The region's local currency bond stock grew 9.1% from a year earlier to $23.8 trillion at the end of March. The increase was largely driven by governments frontloading debt issuance to finance programs to support economic recovery. Corporate bond issuance remained moderate, partly due to higher interest rates.

Pacific economies are bouncing back as tourism recovers and infrastructure projects resume, but inflationary pressures and vulnerability to natural hazards remain downside risks.This edition of the Pacific Economic Monitor tracks the rebound of some tourism-dependent economies; explores new opportunities from agriculture, digitalization, and fisheries; and analyzes ways to mitigate fiscal risks and support sustainable economic growth. It highlights how policies can better support women entrepreneurs and how strengthening fiscal reserves can help countries recover more quickly from shocks.

This Energy Sector Directional Guide provides the strategic direction of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) for the energy sector.This sector guide describes the context and rationale that will guide ADB's agenda in supporting developing member countries (DMCs) with financing, knowledge, convening ability, and technical assistance (TA) to ensure improved coherence, relevance, efficiency, and effectiveness of ADB's energy sector investments. The guide also outlines the priorities and focus for the energy sector in line with Strategy 2030.This sector guide is designed to be a living document, to be updated as needed to remain relevant to the dynamic development context of Asia and the Pacific. A midterm review is to be conducted following the expected review of the Energy Policy in 2025.This guide is volume 2 in the seven-volume collection, Strategy 2030 Sector Directional Guides.

Analyzing the potential of carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) to secure a low-carbon environment for Asia and the Pacific, this Asian Development Bank (ADB) compendium features 11 CCUS technologies and tools.As ADB strives to facilitate this low-carbon future for the region within the next half of this century, the compendium explores how CCUS can enhance sustainable energy security and compliance with international commitments, while decarbonizing industries-without substantial disruptions to existing operations. Featuring technical, economic, and financial insights into pioneering technologies, the publication encourages collaborations between ADB members and stakeholders to nurture such urgently required innovations.

Analyzing how the role of ASEAN economies in global value chains has helped spur their recovery and cut poverty, this publication shows the need to future-proof these critical networks to ensure inclusive, sustainable, and greener growth.It explains how the expansion of cross-border trade networks has helped Southeast Asian economies bolster manufacturing and spark a wave of job creation and innovation. On the flipside, it considers the associated environmental impact and social inequality. Highlighting systemic shocks to global trade, it explains how economic momentum, stronger institutions, and more inclusive growth can help mitigate risks and build resilient economies.

This report uses a broad range of indicators to assess the individual and collective development progress made by the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN).Building on a previous study released in 2014, it assesses 39 indicators that consider dimensions such as overall human development, gender equality, climate change, and living conditions. The report intends to help policy makers pinpoint priority development interventions and to align strategies to support regional recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. It highlights the need for the 10 ASEAN member states to increase investments in areas such as skills development, education, health, and nutrition.

The new Asian Development Bank (ADB) Energy Policy, approved in October 2021, guides ADB's energy sector operations to support energy access improvement and low-carbon transition in Asia and the Pacific.It is consistent with ADB's Strategy 2030, the Sustainable Development Goals, and the Paris Agreement on climate change and anchored on five principles: (i) securing energy for a prosperous and inclusive Asia and the Pacific; (ii) building a sustainable and resilient energy future; (iii) supporting institutions, private sector participation, and good governance; (iv) promoting regional cooperation and integration; and (v) maximizing development impact through integrated cross-sector operations.

This guide provides practical tips for addressing menstrual health as part of urban development, water, and sanitation work in the Pacific to promote gender equality and well-being.It outlines the need to improve education about menstruation, eliminate stigma and discrimination, and boost access to sanitation facilities to support inclusive development and economic growth. It identifies how project design and implementation can immediately strengthen menstrual health. While the guide is intended to inform projects supported by the Asian Development Bank, it will also be relevant to other urban development and water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions.

This publication outlines why post-disaster needs assessments (PDNA) should provide comprehensive details of the economic and social impacts of disasters on countries to swiftly mobilize resources and support resilient recovery.Using a theoretical case study highlighting the aftermath of an earthquake and subsequent flooding, the publication shows how the cost to property, infrastructure, and production can be calculated and built into a PDNA. It illustrates why PDNAs should consider key sectors such as health and energy, and factor the macroeconomic and personal impacts of catastrophic events into the total estimate of post-disaster recovery and reconstruction.

This report reveals how state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in Asia's emerging economies can play a key role in helping to tackle climate change and biodiversity loss, by using green bonds to upgrade their economic activities from polluting to green. The report explores how SOEs can develop and deploy sustainable financial instruments, in particular green bonds, to help finance their green transition. To accelerate the successful adoption of green finance tools in Asia's emerging economies, the publication examines how their SOEs can improve operations to make better use of green capital markets, enabling a healthier environment and a more resilient future.

As fast-evolving education technology (EdTech) revolutionizes learning, this report examines the evidence for effective digital learning, the key interventions and innovations in education technology, and how best to implement effective digital transformation initiatives in the education sector.Outlining how rapid technological advances are disrupting the employment landscape and creating a skills gap challenge, it sets out ways EdTech can be rapidly scaled up and integrated into national education strategies. Explaining how education technology is already driving a shift away from teacher-centric learning, the report offers tools to assess digital education readiness and shows why the ecosystem approach is essential to transform and reimagine learning.

For tackling complex global challenges, this publication advises how a Gateway Process (GP) can help the Asian Development Bank's developing member countries channel scarce public resources into viable, sustainable, efficient infrastructure investments.Supporting ministries of finance and related agencies, the publication explains how GPs can enhance the preparation, procurement, and execution of public-private partnership projects, as well as traditional public investment projects. To advance the environmental, social, and fiscal priorities of diverse economies and build institutional capacities, the publication describes an adjustable GP model-allowing policymakers to develop bespoke GPs within broader public investment management strategies.

This publication is designed as a field kit to help Nepal's Kathmandu Upatayaka Khanepani Ltd. (KUKL) follow standard environmental planning, monitoring, and reporting in its work to supply water and sanitation to the Kathmandu Valley.Practical and detailed, the kit will support the Project Implementation Directorate of KUKL as it works to prepare the environmental safeguard documents and build structured monitoring tools to ensure sustainable infrastructure development practices. Including outlines for environmental assessments, management plans, and bidding documents, it offers readily accessible forms and templates to support overall project implementation uniformity and quality, and will serve as a useful resource for other stakeholders.

This publication examines well-being across Kazakhstan's regions. It suggests how a deeper understanding of regional differences can help policymakers tailor interventions and promote more equitable development. The publication shares findings from a study that used data from a 2022 survey of well-being across Kazakhstan to create two indices. One index measures people's subjective well-being and the other combines perceptions data with objective socioeconomic data to build a broader picture of well-being. The authors analyze regions' index scores and suggest how policymakers can use an understanding of regional differences in well-being to contribute to more equitable, inclusive, and sustainable development in Kazakhstan.