Bøker av Adel Tundey

Cancer is the second leading cause of mortality worldwide. Over 10 million new patients are diagnosed with cancer annually with over 6 million associated deaths, representing roughly 12% of worldwide mortality. The occurrence of new cancer cases is expected to grow by about 70% over the next two decades and estimated to reach over 15 million new cases diagnosed annually by the end of year 2020. This rapid increase is due to both an aging and growing population, along with carcinogens, infections, genetic mutations, hormones, immune conditions, and the adoption of behavioral and dietary risk factors, such as smoking, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and environmental pollutants. The risk factors may act singly or in concert to cause mutation of normal cells. Many of these mutations alter the expression or activity of key gene products, causing unregulated cell division leading to cancer. Currently, the main cancer treatment modalities are surgery, radiation-based therapy, chemotherapy, gene therapy, and/or hormonal therapy, either singly or in combination. The most commonly used chemotherapy drugs are antimetabolites, DNA-interacting agents, antitubulin agents, hormones, and molecular targeting agents, all of which work to destroy cancerous cells or limit their proliferation. However, most cytotoxic drugs act on both cancerous and healthy cells and therefore elicit side effects such as hair loss, bone marrow suppression, drug resistance, gastrointestinal lesions, neurologic dysfunction, and cardiac toxicity. Consequently, development of new anticancer agents with higher efficacy, selectivity, and little or no side effects is an urgent goal.Natural products, especially phytochemicals, have been used to help mankind sustain health since the dawn of medicine. Phytotherapy (also called herbalism or herbal medicine) has provided remedies for ailments, including cancer, to the present day. Dietary phytochemicals have many built-in advantages over synthetic compounds due to their proven safety, low cost, and oral bioavailability. However, it is only recently that researchers have begun to elucidate the mode of action of plant-derived agents at the molecular, cellular, and tissue level. Many natural products have now been extensively researched, and numerous compounds have exhibited anticancer and other beneficial actions in modern controlled studies. Most anticancerous natural products interfere with the initiation, development, and progression of cancer by modulating various mechanisms including cellular proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and metastasis.Extracts from Annona muricata (also known as graviola) are among a myriad of botanical products which have shown promising medicinal value. Studies have linked A. muricata-derived compounds to a variety of anticancer effects including cytotoxicity, induction of apoptosis, necrosis, and inhibition of proliferation on a variety of cancer cell lines, including breast, prostate, colorectal, lung, leukemia, renal, pancreatic, hepatic, oral, melanoma, cervical, and ovarian cancers. Moreover, all aerial parts of this plant, including the bark, fruit, leaves, root, and seeds, are used as natural medicines in the tropics. However, there is a need for more rigorous studies to establish safe and effective care regimes. This review summarizes the recent advances in the application and mechanisms of A. muricata extracts against several cancers both in vitro and in vivo.

A magic potion that has gained worldwide fame for its amazing effects on health. For the first time began to be used in the traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of lung cancer and various other diseases.He came to the conclusion that malignant tumor cells can survive only with the help of strong meat. He has created the therapy for a period of 42 days during which the patient may be in your body to enter only teas and special vegetable juice, whose main ingredient are beetroot, carrot, apple and lemon. With the help of this method of cure over 45,000 people with cancer and other terminal illnesses.This simple drink miraculous properties owes to the presence of two modest vegetables and one type of fruit. Their medicinal properties, many of you are already well known.Beetroot is rich in vitamins A, C and B and iron, copper, magnesium and potassium. It is known for its beneficial effects on the heart, blood vessels, liver and entire digestive system, and as a natural substance that protects against cancer.The carrot is famous for vitamins A, B, C, E and K. It contains the minerals calcium, magnesium, potassium and selenium. It is natural asset that preserves vision, reduces the risk of stroke and has a strong anticancer effect.Apple is rich in vitamins A, B complex, C, E and K, and the minerals zinc, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, sodium and iron. Thanks to the high concentration of carbohydrates, especially fructose and glucose, Apple provides the body with energy and prevents fatigue. Due to the high content of vitamin C and antioxidants, apple has a strong immunostimulatory effect. It is very effective in fighting viruses, bacteria and free radicals, promotes weight loss and stimulates digestion.Lemon are a popular fruit that people use in small quantities to add flavor to food. However, they rarely consume them alone due to their intense, sour taste.Lemons give flavor to baked goods, sauces, salad dressings, marinades, drinks, and desserts, and they are also a good source of vitamin C.

Research has shown that mushrooms are low in carbs and sugar and are a source of natural bioactive coompounds which are anti-diabetic, and help prevent gestational diabetes or type 2 diabetes. The dietary fibre in mushrooms can help reduce blood sugar level.Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia with defects in insulin secretion and/or insulin resistance. Despite great efforts that have been made in the understanding and management of diabetes, its prevalence continues to grow. Recent discoveries have opened up an exciting opportunity for developing new types of therapeutics from medicinal mushrooms to control DM and its complications. To date, more and more active components including polysaccharides and their protein complexes, dietary fibers, and other compounds extracted from fruiting bodies, cultured mycelium, or cultured broth of medicinal mushrooms have been reported as to having anti-hyperglycemic activity. These compounds exhibit their antidiabetic activity via different mechanisms. This article presents an overview of the multiple aspects of diabetes mellitus and the efficacy and mechanism of medicinal mushrooms for glucose control in diabetes, including the inhibition of glucose absorption, protection of beta-cell damage, increase of insulin release, enhancement of antioxidant defense, attenuation of inflammation, modulation of carbohydrate metabolism pathway, and regulation of insulin-dependent and insulin-independent signaling pathways. However, there is insufficient evidence to draw definitive conclusions about the efficacy of individual medicinal mushrooms for diabetes. In addition, the wide variability, the lack of standards for production, and the lack of testing protocols to assess product quality are still problems in producing medicinal mushroom products. Moreover, well-designed randomized controlled trials with long-term consumption are needed to guarantee the bioactivity and safety of medicinal mushroom products for diabetic patients.Here's why diabetics should add mushrooms to their daily diet:1.Health conditions like diabetes and cardiovascular diseases are linked with increased inflammation in the body. Mushrooms have anti-inflammatory properties that help regulate such conditions.2.Mushrooms make a great snack for diabetics as they have low glycaemic index as they contain very low amount of carbs, which means they do not raise blood sugar levels as significantly as high-carb foods like breads and pasta.3.Fresh mushrooms are great for weight management, which is also a key factor to keeping blood sugar levels in check. It is a low-calorie food having high water content and fibre that keeps you fuller for longer.4.Fresh mushrooms have both soluble and insoluble fibre, of which soluble fibre is shown to keep blood sugar levels in check.Given that diabetes is characterized by high blood sugar levels, following a healthy diet that helps manage blood sugar is essential to treatment (1).However, that can be easier said than done, and people with diabetes may find it difficult to decide which foods to eat and avoid.Mushrooms are low in carbs and sugar and considered to have anti-diabetic properties. This article explains why mushrooms are an excellent choice if you have diabetes.

Erectile dysfunction is a common problem in men. Garcinia kola is claimed to possess aphrodisiac effects and as such is used traditionally in the treatment of erectile dysfunction. A G. kola seeds was prepared and used for treating male Wistar rats (n=8 /group); two doses of G. kola (200 and 400 mg/kg body weight) were used for the treatment of people. All the treatments were orally administered daily for 28 days. On day 28, mounting frequency (MF), intromission frequency (IF) and ejaculation frequency (EF) were quantified during sexual behaviour tests. At termination, body and organ weights, gastric ulceration and cauda epididymal sperm counts were determined. Serum was collected for determination of testosterone levels. Dose showed marked aphrodisiac activity with significantly increased sexual behaviour parameters compared to controls. However lower dose of G. kola was more effective than the higher dose. Testosterone levels were higher in both treatment groups compared to controls. Sperm counts were similar to controls however testes weights were higher in G. kola treated people compared to controls.

Hypertension is a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease, and medications aimed at reducing blood pressure levels have been shown to reduce the morbidity and mortality. However, many of these medications produce undesirable side effects. As a result, there is much inter-est in the use of alternative medicine in the treatment of hypertension and in the search for plants with hypoten-sive activity and less adverse side effects, reported that a decoction made from the fruits, leaves, and twigs of Annona muri-cata Linn (Annonaceae) is drunk to treat high blood pressure, and there have been reports that the plant extract has antihypertensive properties .A. muricata is found widely in the West Indies, South and Central America, tropical West Africa, and Asia. In the West Indies, various parts of the plant, including the leaves, bark and roots have been used to treat disease conditions such as diabetes and arthritis. Other reported medicinal uses of A. muricata include its anticancer, antibacterial and antifungal actions, as well as, its antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects.Phytochemical screening of the leaves of A. muricata has shown it to consist of alkaloids such as reticuline, coreximine, coclarine and anomurine, annomuricin E, annomuricin C, muricato-cin C, gigantetronenin and muricapentocin with anti-oxidant and antitumor properties, as well as, essential oils such as β-caryophyllene, δ-cadinene, epi-α-cadinol and α-cadinol.Although there are reports that the A. muricata plant may have antihypertensive properties, the mechanism of action has not been investigated and remains unknown. e present study therefore sought to investigate the pos-sible mechanisms of action of the hypotensive effect of the aqueous leaf extract of A. muricata in normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats.

The consumption of mushrooms probably occurred during prehistory, in the hunting and gathering period. Unlike plants, mushrooms could not be cultivated at first and were collected for a long period of time. Even today, relatively few species of mushrooms can be cultivated compared to the number of edible species. Mushrooms were thought to be special and supernatural in origin - 4600 years ago, the Egyptians believed mushrooms to be plants of immortality; the Pharaohs decreed that only they could eat mushrooms. The Romans thought mushrooms were the food of the gods. Many people collect mushrooms for the purpose of consumption, but lots of myths and false concepts still survive today.The Chinese and Japanese have utilised mushrooms for medicinal purposes for thousands of years. Lentinus edodes, Shiitake, was originally cultured in China about 800 years ago. Research in Japan claims that this mushroom has medicinal use - Shiitake was combined with AIDs drugs to boost immune response, combat chronic fatigue and induce antibody formation to Hepatitis B; it also stimulated antitumor activity. Auricularia polytricha, "ear fungus", was first cultivated in ancient China around 300 to 200 B.C. This mushroom is now cultivated in many South Pacific countries. Flammulina velutipes, Enokitake, has been cultivated for several centuries; this small delicate mushroom was cultivated on sawdust.Different cultures cultivated different species - cultivation of mushrooms in Western cultures was first recorded in Paris, France, around 1650. Agaricus bisporus, the quintessential "shop mushroom", was first observed growing in melon crop compost. This mushroom was cultivated in open fields for 160 years and then moved underground into caves, excavated tunnels or quarries - this form of cultivation is still used in France today. From France, the gardeners of England found Agaricus bisporus a very easy crop to grow which required little labour, investment and space. By 1865, the United States began mushroom cultivation. There are two widely known genetic variants of Agaricus bisporus - these are Portobello and Crimini.Truffles have been collected as far back as 1600 B.C. As recently as 1903, truffles were believed to be a product of oak trees. Until after World War II, the only means of obtaining truffles was collecting them in the wild. These subterranean mushrooms cannot be "cultivated" in the usual sense because they form a mycorrhizal (symbiotic) relationship with the roots of trees. The two most popular species "cultivated" are Tuber melanosporum, the Perigord Truffle, and Tuber magnatum, the White Truffle (both are not British). The idea of "growing" truffles began in 1972, in an oak plantation - this required up to 10 years or more before the first truffles were harvested. Numerous efforts have been made to grow oaks outside of their native area that mostly failed, until 1987, when some New Zealanders attempted to grow truffles - this was successful and it only took 5 years to harvest the mushrooms.Numerous attempts have been made to cultivate morels but this mushroom has never been successfully cultivated commercially. Although there are several species of edible morels, Morchella esculenta is the most sought after; during 1980 in the United States, Ron Ower grew the first Morchella esculenta, but his yield was very low. Several years later, Gary Mills of Neogene Corporation, collaborated with Ron and seemed to successfully produce a high yield method, but it only worked in Michigan; attempts to use this method elsewhere failed.

IntroductionMushrooms have been regarded as gourmet cuisine across the globe since antiquity for their unique taste and subtle flavor. Recently, it has been discovered that many mushroom species are miniature pharmaceutical factories producing hundreds of novel constituents with miraculous biological properties. They have a long history of use in Oriental medicine, but their legendary effects in promotion of good health and vitality are being supported by contemporary studies only. Of late, mushrooms have emerged as wonderful source of nutraceuticals, anti-oxidants, anti-cancer, prebiotic, immunomodulating, anti-inflammatory, cardiovascular, anti-microbial, and anti-diabetic. The ongoing research projects are aimed to promote mushrooms as new generation "biotherapeutics".Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide. The current anti-cancer drugs available in market are not target specific and pose several side-effects and complications in clinical management of various forms of cancer, which highlights the urgent need for novel effective and less-toxic therapeutic approaches. In this context, some prized mushrooms with validated anti-cancer properties and their active compounds are of immense interest. Numerous clinical trials have been conducted to assess the benefits of using commercial preparations containing medicinal mushroom extracts in cancer therapy. Their potential uses individually and as adjuncts to cancer therapy have emerged. Mushrooms are known to complement chemotherapy and radiation therapy by countering the side-effects of cancer, such as nausea, bone marrow suppression, anemia, and lowered resistance. Recently, a number of bioactive molecules, including anti-tumor agents, have been identified from various mushrooms. The bioactive compounds of mushrooms include polysaccharides, proteins, fats, ash, glycosides, alkaloids, volatile oils, tocopherols, phenolics, flavonoids, carotenoids, folates, ascorbic acid enzymes, and organic acids. The active components in mushrooms responsible for conferring anti-cancer potential are lentinan, krestin, hispolon, lectin, calcaelin, illudin S, psilocybin, Hericium polysaccharide A and B (HPA and HPB), ganoderic acid, schizophyllan, laccase, etc. Polysaccharides are the best known and most potent mushroom-derived substances with anti-tumor and immunomodulating properties. The polysaccharide, β-glucan is the most versatile metabolite due to its broad spectrum biological activity. These β-glucans consist of a backbone of glucose residues linked by β-(1 → 3)-glycosidic bonds, often with attached side-chain glucose residues joined by β-(1 → 6) linkages. Their mechanisms of action involve their being recognized as non-self molecules, so the immune system is stimulated by their presence. Hispolon, an active polyphenol compound, is known to possess potent anti-neoplastic properties and potentiate the cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic agents. The scientific investigations to back the claims have gained momentum in recent years. Findings suggest that some mushrooms in combination with commercial anti-cancer drugs work in synergy as an effective tool for treating drug-resistant cancers. In this study, the mechanisms underlying apoptosis induced by medicinal mushrooms are summarized. This compilation is expected to provide new insights into the possible therapeutic use of the mushroom extracts against different cancers. These results are significant in that they provide a mechanistic framework for further exploration of the use of bioactive compounds as novel anti-tumor agents. The purpose of the present review is to summarize the available information and to reflect the current status of this research area with a view for future direction.