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Modern Permanent Magnets provides an update on the status and recent technical developments that have occurred in the various families of permanent magnets produced today. The book gives an overview of the key advances of permanent magnet materials that have occurred in the last twenty years. Sections cover the history of permanent magnets, their fundamental properties, an overview of the important families of permanent magnets, coatings used to protect permanent magnets and the various tests used to confirm specifications are discussed. Finally, the major applications for each family of permanent magnets and the size of the market is provided. The book also includes an Appendix that provides a Glossary of Magnetic Terms to assist the readers in better understanding the technical terms used in other chapters. This book is an ideal resource for materials scientists and engineers working in academia and industry R&D.

Low-Grade Thermal Energy Harvesting: Advances in Thermoelectrics, Materials, and Emerging Applications provides readers with fundamental and key concepts surrounding low-grade thermal energy conversion while also reviewing the latest research directions. The book covers the most promising and emerging technologies for low-grade heat recovery, harvesting and conversion, including wearable thermoelectrics and organic thermoelectrics. Each chapter includes key materials, principles, design and fabrication strategies for low-grade heat recovery. Special attention on emerging materials such as organic composites, 2D materials and nanomaterials are also included. The book emphasizes materials and device structures that enable the powering of wearable electronics and consumer electronics. The book is suitable for materials scientists and engineers in academia and R&D in manufacturing, industry, energy and electronics. Introduces key concepts and fundamental principles of low-grade thermal energy harvesting, storage and conversion Provides an overview on key materials, design principles and fabrication strategies for devices for low energy harvesting applications Focuses on materials and device designs that enable wearable thermoelectrics and flexible electronics applications

Epitaxial Growth of Complex Metal Oxides, Second Edition reviews techniques and recent developments in the fabrication quality of complex metal oxides, which are facilitating advances in electronic, magnetic and optical applications. Sections review the key techniques involved in the epitaxial growth of complex metal oxides and explore the effects of strain and stoichiometry on crystal structure and related properties in thin film oxides. Finally, the book concludes by discussing selected examples of important applications of complex metal oxide thin films, including optoelectronics, batteries, spintronics and neuromorphic applications. This new edition has been fully updated, with brand new chapters on topics such as atomic layer deposition, interfaces, STEM-EELs, and the epitaxial growth of multiferroics, ferroelectrics and nanocomposites.

Thermal Management of Gallium Nitride Electronics outlines the technical approaches undertaken by leaders in the community, the challenges they have faced, and the resulting advances in the field. This book serves as a one-stop reference for compound semiconductor device researchers tasked with solving this engineering challenge for future material systems based on ultra-wide bandgap semiconductors. A number of perspectives are included, such as the growth methods of nanocrystalline diamond, the materials integration of polycrystalline diamond through wafer bonding, and the new physics of thermal transport across heterogeneous interfaces. Over the past 10 years, the book's authors have performed pioneering experiments in the integration of nanocrystalline diamond capping layers into the fabrication process of compound semiconductor devices. Significant research efforts of integrating diamond and GaN have been reported by a number of groups since then, thus resulting in active thermal management options that do not necessarily lead to performance derating to avoid self-heating during radio frequency or power switching operation of these devices. Self-heating refers to the increased channel temperature caused by increased energy transfer from electrons to the lattice at high power. This book chronicles those breakthroughs.

Nano-scale materials have unique electronic, optical, and chemical properties that make them attractive for a new generation of devices. In the second edition of Modeling, Characterization, and Production of Nanomaterials: Electronics, Photonics, and Energy Applications, leading experts review the latest advances in research in the understanding, prediction, and methods of production of current and emerging nanomaterials for key applications. The chapters in the first half of the book cover applications of different modeling techniques, such as Green's function-based multiscale modeling and density functional theory, to simulate nanomaterials and their structures, properties, and devices. The chapters in the second half describe the characterization of nanomaterials using advanced material characterization techniques, such as high-resolution electron microscopy, near-field scanning microwave microscopy, confocal micro-Raman spectroscopy, thermal analysis of nanoparticles, and applications of nanomaterials in areas such as electronics, solar energy, catalysis, and sensing. The second edition includes emerging relevant nanomaterials, applications, and updated modeling and characterization techniques and new understanding of nanomaterials.

Phosphor Handbook: Process, Properties and Applications provides a comprehensive overview of the latest advances in research on the synthesis, characterization and applications of organic and inorganic phosphors. There is detailed information presented on the characterization of the relevant phosphor groups, such as up-conversion and down-conversion phosphors, inorganic LED phosphors, organic LED phosphors and thermoluminescence and dosimetric phosphors using various physical and chemical advances. Finally, the advances in phosphor technologies are discussed, including current barriers to their use in commercial applications and emerging opportunities. This book is suitable for researchers and practitioners in academia and those working in R&D in industry in the disciplines of materials science and engineering, materials chemistry, materials physics, photonics science and technology, nanotechnology and physical chemistry.

Lanthanide Doped Aluminate Phosphors: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications overviews advances in research on aluminate-based long persistent phosphors and their applications in lighting, display, radiation dosimetry and imaging. The book reviews the most important categories of rare earth aluminate-based phosphors, including aluminosilicates and aluminoborates. This category of material is attractive for a wide range of applications because of their high quantum efficiency, long afterglow life, chemical stability and optical properties, which is discussed throughout. Optical properties, in particular, are emphasized in the book along with the relationship of the chemical composition and doping of these materials and their optical performance. This book is suitable for researchers and practitioners working in academia and research and development in industry in the disciplines of materials science and engineering, chemistry and physics.

Carbon Quantum Dots for Sustainable Energy and Optoelectronics reviews the synthesis, properties, and applications of carbon nanodots. This book provides readers with an overview of the key advances in the development of carbon quantum dots including synthesis and surface engineering strategies such as pyrolysis-based synthesis, biomass-based synthesis, functionalization, and other methods toward large-scale development of these carbon nanomaterials. The emerging applications of carbon quantum dots in different fields, such as energy harvesting, energy storage, and biomedical applications, are thoroughly reviewed, emphasizing the impact of enhanced properties of carbon quantum dots for these applications. Carbon Quantum Dots for Sustainable Energy and Optoelectronics is suitable for graduate students, materials scientists, and engineers working in academia and industry. This book is also beneficial for the interdisciplinary community of researchers and practitioners working in the field of nanotechnology.

Nanotechnology-based E-Noses reviews advances in nanomaterials and their modification for use in e-sensors. "E-noses" or "electronic sensors" are emerging as advanced technologies for the fast detection of chemicals, gases, and explosives. The concept behind the "e-nose" is similar to the capability of humans and dogs in detecting materials based on odors. Nanomaterials can be used for e-nose technologies but their properties must be modified to make them effective sensors. The sensing capability and performance of these materials depend on several factors, such as morphology, dopants, microadditives, design of sensors, phase, and structure of the nanomaterials. Theoretical understanding of nanomaterials and technologies for improving sensors with better detection limits are covered. The most relevant nanomaterials, their synthesis strategies, and the relationship between properties and device performance are provided. Current state-of-the-art progress in nanotechnology device fabrication along with directions for future applications and challenges are discussed.

Advances in Electronic Materials for Clean Energy Conversion and Storage Applications reviews green synthesis and fabrication techniques of various electronic materials and their derivatives for applications in photovoltaics. The book investigates recent advances, progress and issues of photovoltaic-based research, including organic, hybrid, dye-sensitized, polymer, and quantum dot-based solar cells. There is a focus on applications for clean energy and storage in the book. Clean energy is defined as energy derived from renewable resources or zero-emission sources and natural processes that are regenerative and sustainable resources such as biomass, geothermal energy, hydropower, solar and wind energy. Materials discussed include nanomaterials, nanocomposites, polymers, and polymer-composites. Advances in clean energy conversion and energy storage devices are also reviewed thoroughly based on recent research and developments such as supercapacitors, batteries etc. Reliable methods to characterize and analyze these materials systems and devices are emphasized throughout the book. Important information on synthesis and analytical chemistry of these important systems are reviewed, but also material science methods to investigate optical properties of carbon-nanomaterials, metal oxide nanomaterials and their nanocomposites.

Graphene Extraction from Waste: A Sustainable Synthesis Approach for Graphene and its Derivatives introduces readers to strategies of graphene extraction from waste, an important advance in graphene material development to support the low-cost and large-scale production of this valuable material. The book compares the various green synthesis routes for graphene materials and its derivatives, with a view on environmental consequences, cost-effectiveness, scalability, possible health hazards and toxicity. Other sections discuss different categories of waste, such as plastic waste, agricultural waste and household waste and the specific considerations of deriving graphene from these sources.Throughout the book, attention is paid to the potential applications of graphene-derived from waste, including challenges and emerging strategies. The book is suitable for researchers and practitioners in research and development in industry who work in the disciplines of materials science and engineering, green chemistry and sustainability.

Every bit of information that circulates the internet across the globe is a pulse of light, that at some point will need to be converted to an electric signal in order to be processed by the electronic circuitry in our data centers, computers, and cell phones. Photodetectors (PD's) perform this conversion with ultra high speed and efficiency, in addition to being ubiquitously present in many other devices ranging from the mundane TV remote controls, to ultra high resolution instrumentation used in Laser Interferometer Gravitational Wave Observatory (LIGO) that reach the edge of the universe and measure gravitational waves. The second edition of "Photodetectors" fully updates the popular first edition with updated information covering the state-of-the-art in modern photodetectors. The 2nd edition starts with basic metrology of photodetectors and common figures-of-merit to compare various devices. It follows with chapters that discuss single-photon detection with Avalanche Photodiodes; organic photodetectors that can be inkjet printed; and silicon-germanium PDs popular in burgeoning field of Silicon Photonics. Internationally recognized experts contribute chapters on one-dimensional, nanowire, PDs as well as high speed zero-dimensional, quantum dot, versions that increase the spectral span as well as speed and sensitivity of PDs and can be produced on various substrates. Solar-blind PDs that operate in harsh environments such as deep space, or rocket engines, are reviewed and new devices in GaN technology . Novel Plasmonic PDs, as well as devices which employ micro-plasma of confined charge in order to make devices that overcome speed limitation of transfer of electronic charge, are covered in other chapters. Using different, novel technologies, CMOS compatible devices are described in two chapters, and ultra high speed PDs that use low-temperature-grown GaAs (LT-GaAs) to detect fast THz signals are reviewed in another chapter. Photodetectors used in application areas of Silicon-Photonics and Microwave-Photonics are reviewed in final chapters of this book. All chapters are of a review nature, providing a perspective of the field before concentrating on particular advancements. As such, the book should appeal to a wide audience that ranges from those with general interest in the topic, to practitioners, graduate students and experts who are interested in the state-of-the-art in photodetection.

Graphene Quantum Dots: Biomedical and Environmental Sustainability Applications provides an overview of fundamentals and advances in applications of graphene quantum dots. Concepts covered include a brief introduction on the topic, an overview of structure and chemistry, fundamental properties of different characterization techniques, methods for the preparation of graphene quantum dots, and recent and emerging applications in various fields including antimicrobial therapy, bioimaging, biomedical tools development and clean energy for environmental sustainability. The book is a critical resource in materials selection for biomedical and environmental sustainability applications as well as various advanced imaging, disinfectant and environmental remediation technologies. As such, it is suitable for those in academia working in the discipline of materials science and engineering and practitioners working on biomedical tool development and environmental remediation.

Semiconductor Memories and Systems provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of semiconductor memory at the technology and system levels. After an introduction on market trends and memory applications, the book focuses on mainstream technologies, illustrating their current status, challenges and opportunities, with special attention paid to scalability paths. Technologies discussed include static random access memory (SRAM), dynamic random access memory (DRAM), non-volatile memory (NVM), and NAND flash memory. Embedded memory and requirements and system level needs for storage class memory are also addressed. Each chapter covers physical operating mechanisms, fabrication technologies, and the main challenges to scalability.Finally, the work reviews the emerging trends for storage class memory, mainly focusing on the advantages and opportunities of phase change based memory technologies. Features contributions from experts from leading companies in semiconductor memory Discusses physical operating mechanisms, fabrication technologies and paths to scalability for current and emerging semiconductor memories Reviews primary memory technologies, including SRAM, DRAM, NVM and NAND flash memory Includes emerging storage class memory technologies such as phase change memory

Conjugated Polymers for Next-Generation Applications, Volume One: Synthesis, Properties and Optoelectrochemical Devices describes the synthesis and characterization of varied conjugated polymeric materials and their key applications, including active electrode materials for electrochemical capacitors and lithium-ion batteries, along with new ideas of functional materials for next-generation high-energy batteries, a discussion of common design procedures, and the pros and cons of conjugated polymers for certain applications. The book''s emphasis lies in the underlying electronic properties of conjugated polymers, their characterization and analysis, and the evaluation of their effectiveness for utilization in energy and electronics applications. This book is ideal for researchers and practitioners in the area of materials science, chemistry and chemical engineering. Provides an overview of the synthesis and functionalization of conjugated polymers and their composites Reviews important photovoltaics applications of conjugated polymeric materials, including their use in energy storage, batteries and optoelectronic devices Discusses conjugated polymers and their application in electronics for sensing, bioelectronics, memory, and more

Conjugated Polymers for Next-Generation Applications, Volume Two: Energy Storage Devices describes the synthesis and characterization of varied conjugated polymeric materials and their key applications, including active electrode materials for electrochemical capacitors and lithium-ion batteries, along with new ideas of functional materials for next-generation high-energy batteries, a discussion of common design procedures, and the pros and cons of conjugated polymers for certain applications. The book''s emphasis lies in the underlying electronic properties of conjugated polymers, their characterization and analysis, and the evaluation of their effectiveness for utilization in energy and electronics applications. This book is ideal for researchers and practitioners in the area of materials science, chemistry and chemical engineering. Provides an overview of the synthesis and functionalization of conjugated polymers and their composites Reviews important photovoltaics applications of conjugated polymeric materials, including their use in energy storage, batteries and optoelectronic devices Discusses conjugated polymers and their application in electronics for sensing, bioelectronics, memory, and more

A comprehensive look combining experimental and theoretical approaches to graphene, nanotubes, and quantum dots-based nanotechnology evaluation and development are including a review of key applications. Graphene, nanotubes, and quantum dots-based nanotechnology review the fundamentals, processing methods, and applications of this key materials system. The topics addressed are comprehensive including synthesis, preparation, both physical and chemical properties, both accepted and novel processing methods, modeling, and simulation. The book provides fundamental information on key properties that impact performance, such as crystal structure and particle size, followed by different methods to analyze, measure, and evaluate graphene, nanotubes, and quantum dots-based nanotechnology and particles. Finally, important applications are covered, including different applications of biomedical, energy, electronics, etc. Graphene, nanotubes, and quantum dots-based nanotechnology is appropriate for those working in the disciplines of nanotechnology, materials science, chemistry, physics, biology, and medicine.

Radiation Dosimetry Phosphors provides an overview of the synthesis, properties and applications of materials used for radiation dosimetry and reviews the most appropriate phosphor materials for each radiation dosimetry technique. The book describes the available phosphors used commercially for their applications in the medical field for dose measurements. Although radiation dosimetry phosphors are commercially available, continuous efforts have been made by the worldwide research community to develop new materials or improve already existing materials used in different areas with low or high levels of radiation. Moreover, researchers are still working on developing dosimetric phosphors for OSL, ML, LL and RPL dosimetry. This book provides an overall view of the phosphors available, low cost synthesis methods, mechanisms involved, emerging trends and new challenges for the development of emerging materials for radiation dosimetry. It is suitable for those working in academia and R&D laboratories in the discipline of materials science and engineering, along with practitioners working in radiation and dosimetry. Provides the fundamental concepts, historical context and review of current phosphors available for radiation dosimetry Reviews low-cost material methods to synthesize and characterize rare earth doped inorganic phosphors for different kinds of radiation dosimetry techniques Discusses key barriers and potential solutions for enabling commercial realization phosphors for radiation dosimetry applications

Rare Earth Metal-Organic Framework Hybrid Materials for Luminescence Responsive Chemical Sensors primarily focuses on rare earth functionalized metal-organic framework (MOF) hybrid materials for sensing applications. Sections cover an introduction to the field and key concepts like luminescence, rare earth ion luminescence and luminescence response for chemical sensing. Other section emphasize the luminescence response mode and sensing mechanisms of these important materials, including single mode and dual mode sensing, as well as chemical sensing mechanisms. Final sections outline different kinds of sensing analytes by rare earth functionalized MOFs hybrids and delve into emerging application. This book is suitable for materials scientists and engineers, materials chemists, chemists and chemical engineers. In addition, the material is appropriate for those working in academia and R&D in industry. Authored by one of the world''s leading experts on rare earth metal-organic framework hybrid materials Introduces advanced concepts in luminescence and sensing mechanisms of metal-organic framework hybrid materials Discusses the use of luminescence responsive chemical sensors (based on metal organic frameworks) for logic gate or imaging applications